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Pengantar Teknik Industri TIN 4103

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Page 1: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Pengantar Teknik Industri

TIN 4103

Page 2: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Lecture 6 & 7

• Outline:

– Perencanaan dan Perancangan Tata Letak Pabrik

• Penentuan Lokasi Pabrik

• Perancangan Layout Fasilitas

• References: Heragu, S. (2008). Facilities Design (3rd Ed.). CRC Press.

Wignjosoebroto, Sritomo. 1996. Pengantar Teknik dan Manajemen Industri. Jakarta: Guna Widya.

Page 3: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Tata Letak Fasilitas

Page 4: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Pentingnya Perencanaan Fasilitas

Industrialisasi >>>

long-term capital assets

Perawatan dan modifikasi >>> kinerja produksi

Overall planning process <<< anggaran belanja besar

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Page 5: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Pentingnya Perencanaan Fasilitas

• 20-75% of product cost attributed to materials

handling (Sule, 1991 and Tompkins et al.

2003)

• Layout of facilities affects materials handling

costs

Facilities

machines, departments, workstations,

locker rooms, service areas, etc.

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Page 6: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Tujuan Perencanaan Fasilitas

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• Mencapai visi organisasi/enterprise

(perbaikan material handling, pengontrolan aliran material dan pencapaian ‘good housekeeping’)

• Meningkatkan efektivitas

personil, peralatan, ruang, dan energi

• Meminimalkan investasi biaya

• Menunjang proses perawatan yang teratur dan adabtable

• Menunjang keselamatan dan kepuasan pekerja

Page 7: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

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Facilities Planning

Facilities Design

Structural Design

Facilities Layout Design

Material Handling System

Design

Facilities Location

Page 8: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

PENENTUAN LOKASI

Page 9: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Facilities Location

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Facilities Location

Retail outlets

Retail outlets

Manufacturing plant

Manufacturing plant

Assembly plant

Central distribution center(s)

Raw material(s)

Supplier

Supplier

Regional distribution center(s)

Regional distribution center(s)

Supply Chain Management Logistics

Management Transportation and Distribution

of Goods (raw materials, subassemblies and finished goods)

Page 10: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Faktor - Faktor Pertimbangan dalam Analisa & Pemilihan Lokasi Pabrik

1. Projected Requirement in Production Inputs

• Human resources (skills, amounts, quality, etc)

• Raw materials, parts, components, etc

• Energy, water & other utilities/services

• Transportation/distribution & communication facilities

• Physical space for planned facilities & future expansion

2. Objective Factors

• Factors will affect the cost and profits of new installation

• Projected levels of annual demand

• Projected annual operating costs (transportation, wages, energy, water, taxes, etc

• Costs of construction of new facilities

• Other economic factors

3. Subjective Factors

• Factors will influence the community and site selection

• Existing laws that will affect the firm’s activities

• Labor market characteristics, transportation & distribution networks, supporting infra-structure (power, water, waste treatment, telephone, etc.)

• Community characteristics (demography/population make-up; cultural background, attitudes & tradition; quality of life (noise, congestion); housing, recreation & education facilities; financial services; and other services

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Procedure for Selecting a Location for New Facilities/Plant

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Classifications of logistics management problems

• Location problems Determining the location of one or more new facilities

in one or more of several potential sites

• Allocation problems Determine how much each facility is to supply each

customer center

• Location-Allocation problems Determining how much each customer is to receive

from each facility, number, locations, and capacities of facilities

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Page 13: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Classification of Location Models

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Location Location-Allocation

Multi-facility

Single-facility

Finite / Discrete

Infinite / Continuous

Qualitative Quantitative

Qualitative & Quantitative

Minimize Total Cost

Minimize Maximum Cost

Page 14: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Techniques of Discrete Space Location Problems

• Qualitative Analysis – Ranking procedure

• Quantitative Analysis – Transportation Simplex

• Heuristic

• Northwest corner

• Vogel’s approximation

• Hybrid Analysis – Brown-Gibson (1972) / Buffa-Sarin (1987)

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Penyelesaian Awal

Page 15: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Ranking Procedure •Metode kualitatif & subyektif •Untuk analisa & evaluasi untuk problem yang sulit untuk bisa di”kuantitatif”kan

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Buat Daftar Faktor2 ( Yij ) Lokasi Yang Relevan

Beri Bobot Berdasar Derajat Kepentingannya untuk Setiap

Faktor ( Wi )

Pengembangan Alternatif Lokasi & Skoring

Bobot x Skor (Zj) (untuk setiap alternatif lokasi)

• Raw material supply • Labor supply • Market location

• Climate condition • Law & rules • Factory utilities & services • etc.

• Raw material supply – X1 • Labor supply – X2 • Market location – X3 • Dst-nya

• Alternatif lokasi A (j) – Skor (Wi) utk faktor Yij? • Alternatif lokasi B (j) • Alternatif lokasi C (j) • Dst-nya

• Nilai alternatif lokasi = ∑ Bobot x Skor utk setiap faktor

Zj = (Wi x Yij)

Tentukan alternatif lokasi ( j )

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Contoh kasus

PT. “X” ingin melakukan ekspansi pabrik dengan beberapa alternatif lokasi sbb :

• Alternatif lokasi 1 = Sidoarjo

• Alternatif lokasi 2 = Pasuruan

• Alternatif lokasi 3 = Krian

Faktor penentu yaitu Ketersedian bahan baku, Tenaga Kerja, dan Transportasi

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Bobot ketiga faktor penentu tersebut : Ketersedian bahan baku = 40% Tenaga Kerja = 35% Total = 100% Transportasi = 25%

Page 17: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

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Penentuan total nilai dari masing-masing alternatif lokasi : ZSidoarjo = (40% x 8) + (35% x 7) + (25% x 9) = 7,9 ZPasuruan = (40% x 5) + (35% x 8) + (25% x 7) = 6,55 ZKrian = (40% x 7) + (35% x 4) + (25% x 8) = 6,2

Total nilai terbesar adalah lokasi Sidoarjo dengan total nilai 7,9

Faktor Penentu Sidoarjo Pasuruan Krian

Ketersediaan bahan baku (40%) 8 5 7

Tenaga Kerja (35%) 7 8 4

Transportasi (25%) 9 7 8

Pemberian skor nilai antara 0 – 10 diberikan sbb:

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Heuristic Method

• Least cost assignment routine methode

• Prinsip :

“alokasi demand sebesar-besarnya pada lokasi sumber yang memberikan biaya transportasi yang sekecil-kecilnya secara berturut-turut”

• Sederhana, cepat, namun hasil tidak selalu optimal

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Page 19: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Pada sel matrik dibawah ini diketahui adanya permintaan sebesar 10,000 ton dari 4 buah lokasi permintaan dengan kemampuan supplai yang sama besar dari 3 buah sumber. Dengan menggunakan metode heuristic akan ditentukan besarnya alokasi ke sel tertentu sbb :

SUMBER TUJUAN

Kapasitas A1 A2 A3 A4

F1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6

2400 ton

F2

$ 5 $ 2 $ 6 $ 3

4000 ton

F3

$ 9 $ 7 $ 4 $ 7

3600 ton

Permintaan 2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton 10000 ton www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

Contoh kasus

Page 20: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Langkah Penyelesaian :

SUMBER TUJUAN

Kapasitas A1 A2 A3 A4

F1 1200

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5

1200

$ 6

2400 ton (6) (4)

F2

$ 5

3400

$ 2 $ 6

600

$ 3

4000 ton (1) (2)

F3 1100

$ 9 $ 7

2500

$ 4 $ 7

3600 ton (5) (3)

Permintaan 2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton 10000 ton

Z = (1200x$10) + (1100x$9) + (3400x$2) + (2500x$4) + (1200x$6) + (600x$3) = $47700

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Page 21: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Northwest - Corner Rule

• Prinsip :

“alokasi pertama pada sel kiri atas, kemudian alokasi horizontal ke sel kanan dan kemudian vertikal kebawah, dst....”

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Page 22: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

SUMBER TUJUAN

Kapasitas A1 A2 A3 A4

F1 2300

$ 10

100

$ 8 $ 5 $ 6

2400 ton (1) (2)

F2

$ 5

3300

$ 2

700

$ 6 $ 3

4000 ton (3) (4)

F3

$ 9 $ 7

1800

$ 4

1800

$ 7

3600 ton (5) (6)

Permintaan 2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton 10000 ton

Z = (2300x$10)+(100x$8)+(3300x$2)+(700x$6)+(1800x$4)+(1800x$7) = $ 54400

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Contoh kasus

Soal sama dengan di atas:

Page 23: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Vogel’s Approximation Method

• Prinsip :

“alokasi ditentukan berdasarkan selisih terbesar antara 2 unit biaya (Cij) terkecil dalam satu kolom atau satu baris, Perhitungan selisih biaya terbesar berlanjut sebanyak iterasi yang dilakukan, Alokasi suplai maksimal pada sel yg terpilih”

• Lebih panjang prosesnya namun hasil lebih optimal dibanding dua metode sebelumnya

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Page 24: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Langkah 1 :

SUMBER TUJUAN Kapasit

as Cij

A1 A2 A3 A4

F1 $ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6 2400

ton

(6-5)

1

F2 $ 5

3400 $ 2 $ 6 $ 3 4000

ton

(3-2)

1 (1)

F3 $ 9 $ 7 $ 4 $ 7 3600

ton

(7-4)

3

Permintaan 2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton

10000 ton Ci (9-5)

4

(7-2)

5

(5-4)

1

(6-3)

3

1. Perhitungkan selisih 2 unit cost terkecil (Ci) dari tiap baris dan kolom dari sel matrik tersebut

2. Pengalokasian akan dilakukan pada kolom dengan hasil unit cost terbesar (kolom ke-2) dan sel yang unit cost yang terkecil (sel (2,2))

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Contoh kasus

Soal sama dengan di atas:

Page 25: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Langkah 2 :

SUMBER TUJUAN

Kapasitas Cij A1 A2 A3 A4

F1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6

2400 ton (6-5)

1

F2 600

$ 5

3400

$ 2 $ 6 $ 3

600 ton (5-3)

2 (2) (1)

F3

$ 9 $ 7 $ 4 $ 7

3600 ton (7-4)

3

Permintaa

n 2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton

6600 ton

Ci (9-5)

4

(5-4)

1

(6-3)

3

1. Arsirlah kolom kolom ke-2, karena kolom tersebut sudah terpenuhi semua permintaannya 2. Hitung kembali selisih unit cost tiap kolom dan baris. 3. Dari sel matrik diatas (langkah 2), nilai selisih unit cost terbesar pada kolom 1, dan alokasi unit cost

terkceil pada sel (2,1). Namun karena supplai dari sumber 2 hanya memiliki 600 ton/minggu, maka alokasi hanya bisa sebesar 600 ton/minggu ke sel (2,1).

4. Arsirlah baris ke-2.

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Langkah 3 :

SUMBER TUJUAN

Kapasitas Cij A1 A2 A3 A4

F1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6

2400 ton (6-5)

1

F2 600

$ 5

3400

$ 2 $ 6 $ 3

600 ton (5-3)

2 (2) (1)

F3

$ 9 $ 7

2500

$ 4 $ 7

3600 ton (7-4)

3 (3)

Permintaan 1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton

6000 ton

Ci (10-9)

1

(5-4)

1

(7-6)

1

1. Selisih unit cost terbesar berikutnya adalah pada baris ke-3, dan alokasi unit cost terkecil pada sel (3,3) sejumlah 2500 ton/minggu.

2. Arsirlah kolom 3.

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Page 27: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Langkah 4 :

SUMBER TUJUAN Kapasi

tas Cij

A1 A2 A3 A4

F1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5

1800

$ 6 2400

ton

(10-6)

4 (4)

F2 600

$ 5

3400

$ 2 $ 6 $ 3 600

ton (5-3) 2 (2) (1)

F3

$ 9 $ 7

2500

$ 4 $ 7 1100

ton

(9-7)

2 (3)

Permintaan 1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton

3500 ton

Ci (10-9)

1

(5-4)

1

(7-6)

1

1. Selisih terbesar pada langkah ke-4 adalah pada baris pertama, dan alokasi unit cost terkecil untuk sel (1,4) A

2. Arsirlah kolom 4.

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Page 28: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Langkah 5 :

SUMBER TUJUAN

Kapasitas Cij A1 A2 A3 A4

F1 600

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5

1800

$ 6

600 ton 4 (5) (4)

F2 600

$ 5

3400

$ 2 $ 6 $ 3

600 ton (5-3)

2 (2) (1)

F3 1100

$ 9 $ 7

2500

$ 4 $ 7

1100 ton 9 (5) (3)

Permintaa

n

1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton

1700 ton

Ci (10-9)

1

(5-4)

1

(7-6)

1

1. Selisih terbesar pada baris ke-3, alokasi unit cost terkecil pada sel (3,1) 2. Arsirlah baris ke-3. 3. Sel terakhir yang tersisa adalah sel (1,1) akan dialokasikan sebesar 600 ton/minggu.

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Page 29: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Hasil Akhir :

SUMBER TUJUAN

Kapasitas A1 A2 A3 A4

F1 600

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5

1800

$ 6

1600 ton (5) (4)

F2 600

$ 5

3400

$ 2 $ 6 $ 3

600 ton (2) (1)

F3 1100

$ 9 $ 7

2500

$ 4 $ 7

1100 ton (5) (3)

Permintaan 1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton 1700 ton

Z = (600x$10) + (600x$5) + (1100x$9) + (3400x$2) + (2500x$4) + (1800x$6) = $46500

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Page 30: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

Perbandingan Hasil

METODE HASIL (Z) KESIMPULAN

LEAST COST $47700 BELUM OPTIMAL

NORTHWEST $ 54400 BELUM OPTIMAL

VOGEL $46500 SUDAH OPTIMAL???

Untuk mengoptimalkan hasil dari metode2 penyelesaian awal diggunakan metode Stepping Stone

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Stepping Stone Method

• Langkah Optimalisasi

• Prinsip : Alokasikan kembali supply pada sel yang kosong (belum teralokasikan)

dengan perbedaan biaya transportasi tiap sel yang terkecil

Semua sel kosong dihitung indeks cost sebagai indeks penyesuaian dan dipilih sel yang negatif nilainya

Alokasi dilakukan pada rangkaian sel-sel dalam suatu “unique closed path”

Iterasi dilakukan sampai semua indeks penyesuaian bernilai positif

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Menggunakan konsep “Preference of measurement” konsep penilaian terhadap suatu alternatif solusi dengan kriteria tertentu

berdasarkan prinsip preferensi, yang menggabungkan faktor-faktor kristis (critical), kuantitatif (obyektif) dan kualitatif (subyektif).

Langkah penyelesaian metode ini adalah sbb: 1. Eliminasi alternatif yang jelas tidak memenuhi syarat / tidak layak

(critical factor). Misalnya : Harga lahan melebihi budget untuk investasi lahan,

2. Tentukan Performance of measurements dari Objective Factor (OF)

Ci adalah total annual cost untuk alternatif i

Metode Brown-Gibson

)1

(

1

CiC

OF

i

i

p

i

ijipiii CFCFCFCFCF1

21 ...

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Contoh:

Alternatif

Yearly Cost (Rp,1,000,000,000,-) Total (Ci) 1/Ci Labor Distribution Tax Others

Lokasi A 3,62 2,08 0,25 4,0 9,95 0,100503

Lokasi B 3,4 2,75 0,3 4,0 10,45 0,095694

Lokasi C 3,75 2,9 0,4 4,0 11,05 0,090498

Total: 0,286695

Sehingga dapat dihitung besarnya Performance of Measurement dari tiap alternatif :

Total OFi = 0,35056 + 0,33378 + 0,31566 1

286695,095,9

1

x

= 0,35056

OFA = 286695,045,10

1

x

= 0,33378

OFB = 286695,005,11

1

xOFC =

= 0,31566

Page 34: Pengantar Teknik Industri - aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.idaeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2012/10/Pertemuan-6-7-PTI.pdf · Handling System Design Facilities Location . PENENTUAN LOKASI

3. Tentukan Faktor Subyektif yang berpengaruh secara significant

terhadap penentuan lokasi dan tentukan SFi.

SFi = (W1xR1)+ (W2xR2)+ (W3xR3)+... Wi = rating faktor untuk setiap faktor subyektif yang ada Ri = rating faktor untuk setiap alternatif berdasarkan tiap faktor subyektif

• Gunakan tabel perbandingan antar faktor subyektif membandingkan tingkat kepentingan (“Faktor mana yang lebih penting dari 2 faktor yang dibandingkan?” ). Jika Faktor A lebih penting dibanding faktor B, maka faktor A diberi

nilai 1, faktor B diberi nilai 0. Jika kedua faktor dinilai memiliki tingkat kepentingan yang sama maka

kedua faktor tersebut diberi nilai 1

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Contoh: Terdapat 3 faktor subyektif yaitu tersedianya : a. Fasilitas pendidikan b. Fasilitas perumahan c. Sikap Masyarakat

Faktor Subyektif

Pairwise Comparation

Total Score Wi Pendidikan Perumahan Sikap Masy.

Pendidikan 1 1 1 3 0,43

Perumahan 0 1 0 1 0,14

Sikap Masy. 1 1 1 3 0,43

7 1,00

Dari tabel diatas diketahui bahwa : Faktor pendidikan lebih penting dari faktor perumahan Faktor pendidikan sama pentingnya dengan faktor sikap masyarakat. Faktor perumahan tidak lebih penting dari faktor sikap masyarakat.

Penentuan Index Faktor Subyektif

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Perbandingan antar alternatif untuk faktor Pendidikan, Perumahan, Sikap Masyarakat:

Faktor Pendidikan

Alternatif

Pairwise Comparation

Total Score Ri A B C

A 1 1 0 2 0,33

B 0 1 0 1 0,17

C 1 1 1 3 0,50

Total 6 1,00

Faktor Perumahan

Alternatif

Pairwise Comparation

Total Score

Ri A B C

A 1 1 1 3 0,50

B 0 1 0 1 0,17

C 0 1 1 2 0,33

6 1,00

Faktor Sikap Masyarakat

Alternatif

Pairwise Comparation

Total Score Ri A B C

A 1 1 0 2 0,33

B 0 1 1 2 0,33

C 1 0 1 2 0,33

Total 6 1,00

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SFA = (0,43x0,33) + (0,14x0,5) + (0,43x0,33) = 0,3538 SFB = (0,43x0,17) + (0,14x0,17) + (0,43x0,33) = 0,2388 SFC = (0,43x0,50) + (0,14x0,33) + (0,43x0,33) = 0,4031

Total SF = 0,3538 + 0,2388 + 0,4031 1

Sehingga dapat ditentukan besarnya faktor subyektif dari tiap alternatif sbb:

4. Tentukan bobot faktor obyektif (k) dan nilai LPMi

• Antara faktor obyektif dan faktor subyektif perlu ditentukan besarnya bobot dari kedua faktor tersebut, faktor mana yang lebih dianggap penting. Jika diberikan bobot untuk faktor obyektif sebesar 80%, k = 80%.

• Maka faktor obyektif memberikan kontribusi terhadap nilai total sebesar 80% dan nilai subyektif hanya memberikan kontribusi sebesar 20% saja. Maka bobot untuk faktor subjective, (1-k) = 20%.

Tahapan terakhir dalam metode ini adalah menentukan nilai

LPM (Location Preference Measure)

LPMi = CFi [k (OFi) + (1-k) (SFi)]

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Contoh: Dari contoh soal diatas sudah dapat ditentukan nilai OF dan SF dari masing-masing alternatif, dengan memberikan bobot untuk faktor obyektif sebesar 80%, k = 80% (sehingga bobot faktor subyektif = (1-k) = 20%), maka dapat ditentukan nilai LPM sbb :

Total LPM = 0,351208 + 0,337784 + 0.323288 1

Kesimpulan : Alternatif terbaik adalah alternatif A dengan nilai LPM terbesar.

LPMA = (0,8 x 0,35056) + (0,2 x 0,3538) = 0,351208 (Alternatif Terbaik) LPMB = (0,8 x 0,33378) + (0,2 x 0,3538) = 0,337784 LPMC = (0,8 x 0,31566) + (0,2 x 0,3538) =0,323288

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Application in Location Problems • Seers Inc. telah memiliki 2 plants yang melayani permimtaan di 4 kota.

Saat ini Seers Inc. sedang mempertimbangkan untuk membuka satu cabang lagi. Alternatif yang dimiliki adalah Atlanta atau Pitsburg. Kapasitas maksimum yang diharapkan pada plant yang baru sebesar 330.

Catatan: kedua alternatif tempat baru tidak membatasi kapasitas.

TENTUKAN TEMPAT MANA YANG PALING SESUAI UNTUK MENDIRIKAN PLANT BARU.

Data Costs, Demand, dan Supply adalah sbb:

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Boston Philadel-phia

Galveston Raleigh Supply Capacity

Albany 10 15 22 20 250

Little Rock 19 15 10 9 300

Atlanta 21 11 13 6 No Limit

Pitsburg 17 8 18 12 No Limit

Demand 200 100 300 280

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Latihan Soal

Factors

Critical Objective Subjective

Water Supply

Tax Incentives

Revenue Labor Cost Energy

Cost

Community Attitude

Ease of Transporta

tion

Labor Unionizati

on

Support Services

0.3 0.4 0.25 0.05

Albany 0 1 185 80 10 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.7

Kingston 1 1 150 100 15 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.75

Montreal 1 1 170 90 13 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.8

Ottawa 1 0 200 100 15 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8

Plattsburg 1 1 140 75 8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.55

Rochester 1 1 150 75 11 0.7 0.65 0.4 0.8

Mole-Sun Brewing Company is evaluating six candidate locations-Montreal, Plattsburg, Ottawa, Albany, Rochester, and Kingston-for constructing a new brewery. The two critical, three objective, and four subjective factors that management wishes to incoporate in its decision making are summarized in the table. The weights of the subjective factors are also provided in the table. Determine the best location if the subjective factors are to be weigthed 50% more than the objective factors.

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Layout Problem

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Sistematika Perancangan Fasilitas

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Prinsip-prinsip

Perancangan Fasilitas

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• Integrasi Total

• Jarak Perpindahan Bahan Yang Minimal

• Aliran Proses Kerja

• Pemanfaatan Ruangan

• Kepuasan Dan Keselamatan Kerja

• Fleksibilitas

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Permasalahan Layout?

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• Space Availability

Penempatan fasilitas secara utuh dalam ruangan yang tersedia

• Material Flow Process

Pengaturan untuk kelancaran arus perpindahan

• Material Handling

Perpindahan material yang tidak dapat dihindari

• Flexibility

Penyesuaian bila terjadi investasi lanjutan

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Applications • Manufacturing

• Healthcare

• Service

– Restaurants

– Banks

– Airports

– Entertainment

• Logistics and

Distribution

– Ports/Terminals

– Distribution Centers www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Types of layout problems (Examples)

• JIT manufacturer

• Relayout of an existing facility

• Relayout due to increased traffic (resulting from a

merger)

• Consolidation of manufacturing operations from two

or more sites to one

• Leasing of office space in a multi-story building

• Find a better layout in existing space

• Introduction of new product lines

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Types of layout problems

• Layout of a service system

• Layout of a manufacturing facility

• Warehouse layout

• Nontraditional layout

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Operations review for office layouts

(Suskind, 1989) • Is the company outgrowing its space?

• Is available space too expensive?

• Is building in the proper location?

• How will a new layout affect the organization and service?

• Are office operations too centralized or decentralized?

• Does the office structure support the strategic plan?

• Is the new layout in tune with the company’s image

• Does customer physically participate in service delivery?

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Plan, Factory & Pabrik?

• Plant, factory, production & manufacturing

activities.

• Proses fabrikasi & perakitan (assembly)

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Macam-macam pabrik / industri

Berdasarkan Output / Proses:

• Raw Material/Primary

Industries

• Manufacturing

Industries (Producer/

Consumer Goods)

• Distribution/Transpor

tation Industries

• Service Industries

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Macam-macam pabrik / industri

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Service system layout – Dentist’s office

Staff Lounge

Dentist’s Room

Oral Hygienist’s

Room

X-Ray Room

Records Room

Orthodontist’s

Room

Oral Hygienist’s

Room

Men’s Rest Room

Women’s Rest

Room Waiting

Area

Reception

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Service system layout – Grocery store

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Office structures

• Closed structure

• Semiclosed structure

• Open structure

• Semiopen structure

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Closed structure

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Semiclosed structure

Teller Teller Teller

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Open structure

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Semiopen structure

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Manufacturing layout

• Minimize transportation cost of raw materials, sub-assemblies, work-in-process inventory, tools, parts, finished products, etc.

• Facilitate traffic flow

• Improve employee morale

• Minimize or eliminate risk of injury and property damage

• Ease of supervision and face-to-face communication

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Driveway layout

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Warehouse layout

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Nontraditional layout

• Keyboard layout

• IC board layout

• Computer disk storage layout

• Airport gate layout

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Product and Process Analysis

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PRODUCT ANALYSIS

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Data required for developing good layouts

• Product Analysis

Types of products and specifications

Detail of components

Production volume

• Process Analysis

Material flow (patern, diagram, data)

Types of layout

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Product Analysis

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Specification a.Dimension, Weight, Material &

Drawing

b.Quality of product

c.Specific requirement

Volume Production quantity & variation

Part’s

Breakdown

a.Flow process.

b.Assembly process.

c.Processing time.

d.Machine, jig, tool and other.

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Process Flowcharts

Reserve Storage

Quality Assurance

Back to Vendor

UPS

Parcel Post

Next-Day UPS

Mono-gramming

Embroid-ering

Hemming

Gift Boxing

Receiving Active Bins

Picking Packing Shipping

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Process Maps

Place order

Drink

Eat salad or soup

Eat dinner

Receives check

Gives payment to waiter

Collect change, leave tip

Fill in tip amount

Give order to waiter

Prepare dinner order

Prepare soup or salad order

Give order to waiter

Is order complete?

Give soup or salad order to chef

Give dinner order to chef

Get drinks for customer

Deliver salad or soup order to customer

Deliver dinner to customer

Deliver check to customer

Receive payment for meal

Cash or Credit?

Bring change to customer

Run credit card through

Return credit slip to customer

Collect tip

Y

N

Credit

Cash

Customer Waiter Salad Chef Dinner Chef

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Make vs. Buy?

Can item be

purchased?

MAKE

Can we

make the

item?

BUY

Is it cheaper

for us to

make?

BUY

Is the capital

available?

MAKE

Yes

No

Yes Yes

No

No No

BUY

Yes

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Found by superimposing the

route sheets and the

assembly chart, a chart

results that gives an

overview of the flow within

the facility.

Operations Process Chart www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Operator Machine Charts

Time Operator M1 M2 Time Operator M1 M2 M2

0.5 U1 UNLOAD RUN 0.5 U1 UNLOAD RUN RUN

1 U1 UNLOAD RUN 1 U1 UNLOAD RUN RUN

1.5 L1 LOAD RUN 1.5 L1 LOAD RUN RUN

2 L1 LOAD RUN 2 L1 LOAD RUN RUN

2.5 I&P RUN RUN 2.5 I&P 1 RUN IDLE RUN

3 T-2 RUN RUN 3 T-2 RUN IDLE RUN

3.5 U2 RUN UNLOAD 3.5 U2 RUN UNLOAD RUN

4 U2 RUN UNLOAD 4 U2 RUN UNLOAD RUN

4.5 L2 RUN LOAD 4.5 L2 RUN LOAD RUN

5 L2 RUN LOAD 5 L2 RUN LOAD RUN

5.5 I&P RUN RUN 5.5 I&P 2 RUN RUN IDLE

6 T-1 RUN RUN 6 T-3 RUN RUN IDLE

6.5 RUN RUN 6.5 U3 RUN RUN UNLOAD

7 RUN RUN 7 U3 RUN RUN UNLOAD

7.5 IDLE RUN RUN 7.5 L3 RUN RUN LOAD

8 RUN RUN 8 L3 RUN RUN LOAD

8.5 I&P 3 IDLE RUN RUN

Cycle Time 8 min 9 T-3 IDLE RUN RUN

Oper. Idle 2 min

Mach Idle 0 min Cycle Time 9 min

Prod Rate 0.25 pc/min Oper. Idle 0 min

Mach Idle 1 min

Prod Rate 0.333333 pc/min

TWO MACHINES THREE MACHINES

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PROCESS ANALYSIS

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Manufacturing Process: Simple Description

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Inventory

Suppliers$ $$

Material

Manufacturing Manufacturing

Manufacturing Inventory

Quality Assurance

Distribution

CACAT

RECYCLE

RECYCLE

CACAT

CACAT

RECYCLECACAT

WIP Stotage WIP Stotage WIP Stotage

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Five types of layout

• Product layout

• Process layout

• Fixed-position layout

• Group-technology layout

• Hybrid layout

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Types of Departments/Layouts Volume

High

Medium

Low

Low Medium High Variety

Product

Department

Fixed Materials

Location

Department

Process

Department

Product

Family

Department

Product

Layout

Fixed Location

Layout

Group Technology

Layout

Process

Layout

Source: John S. Usher class notes www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Product layout

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Product Layouts

L

L

L L

L M

M

M

D D

D

D G

G

G

G A

A

Product C Department

Product A Department

P

P

P

Product B Department

A

Ship

pin

g De

partm

en

t

Re

ceivin

g De

partm

en

t

Source: John S. Usher class notes www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Process layout

TM

TM TM

TM

DM

DM

DM

VMM VMM BM BM

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The Process Layout

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L M

M

M

M

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

G

G

G

G

G

G

A A A Receiving and Shipping Assembly

Painting Department

Lathe Department Milling

Department Drilling Department

Grinding Department

P

P

Source: John S. Usher class notes www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Flow of Materials in Process Layouts

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L M

M

M

M

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

G

G

G

G

G

G

A A A Receiving and Shipping Assembly

Painting Department

Lathe Department Milling

Department Drilling Department

Grinding Department

P

P

Source: Russell & Taylor, 2007 www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Project (Fixed-Position) Layout

L

L

L

L

M

D D D

G

G G

G

A

A

Receiving and Shipping

P

Storage

Storage

Source: John S. Usher class notes www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Group technology layout

TM

TM

TM

TM

DM

DM

DM

VMM

VMM

BM BM

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Hybrid layout

TM

TM TM

TM

DM

VMM BM

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Automated Manufacturing Cell

Source: John S. Usher class notes www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id

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Systematic Layout Planning Input Data and Activities

1. Flow of materials 2. Activity Relationships

6. Space Relationship

Diagram

5. Space Available 4. Space Requirements

3. Relationship Chart

8. Practical Limitations 7. Modifying Considerations

9. Develop Layout

Alternatives

10. Evaluation

AN

ALY

ZE

SEA

RC

H

SELE

CT

Source: John S. Usher class notes

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Systematic Layout Planning

• Phase I - Determination of the location of the area where departments are to be laid out

• Phase II - Establishing the general overall layout

• Phase III - Establishing detailed layout plans

• Phase IV - Installing the selected layout

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Systematic Layout Planning

• P Product: Types of products to be produced

• Q Quantity: Volume of each part type

• R Routing: Operation sequence for each part type

• S Services: Support services, locker rooms, inspection stations, and so on

• T Timing: When are the part types to be produced? What machines will be used during this time period?

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SLP

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SLP

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COPYRIGHT 2005. RICHARD MUTHER & ASSOCIATES – SLP OVERVIEW

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Sample relationship diagram

1 2

4

3

5

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COPYRIGHT 2005. RICHARD MUTHER & ASSOCIATES – SLP OVERVIEW

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Lecture 8 – Preparation

• Read:

– Ekonomi Teknik

pens and calculator over the engineering drawings image by Elnur from Fotolia.com

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