otec bali.pdf

8/15/2019 OTEC Bali.pdf

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STRATEGY

TO DEVELOP INDONESIAN

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGYCONVERSION (OTEC) RESOURCES

Donny Achiruddin

Darma Persada University, Indonesia


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OTEC POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA

Since Indonesia is a vast archipelago country (> 18,000islands), ocean energy technologies should play an

important role in the future

One such technology is Ocean Thermal Energy

Conversion (OTEC)

The tropical oceans, approximately defined by latitudesless than 20 degrees, as enormous passive solar

collectors


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Indonesia, a country of 1.9 million km stretching from

latitudes 6"08'N to 11°15'S and longitudes 94°45'E to

141°05'E, globally has excellent and potentially significant

OTEC resources

The amount of available OTEC energy has often been

evaluated on the basis of how much solar radiation is

absorbed by the upper layer of the ocean. Temperature ofupper layer of Indonesia ocean, all year mostly 30°C

The absence of typhoons in Indonesia is a very positive point

to laid offshore OTEC plants

2


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℃ ℃ ℃

Temperature Difference between Surface and 1000m Depth


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A MAP OF THE OTEC RESOURCE(Nihous, G.C., 2, 043104, JRSE , 2010; from NODC WOA05

database)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/WOA_2005_finer_revised_16-26.ppt


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1000m Depth or more



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Surface Temperature of Indonesian Sea Water


8/31Average Temperature Difference (20 m and 1000 m)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ASEAN_20%20m-1000%20m_Monthly%20Animation.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ASEAN_20%20m-1000%20m_Monthly%20Animation.ppt


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Estimation of potential of OTEC inIndonesia

Length of coastline of Indonesia : 95,181 kmPotential OTEC about 70% of coastline of Indonesia : 0.7 x 95,181 =

66,627 kmDistance between 100 MW OTEC plant : 30 km

Estimation OTEC potential in Indonesia

{ 66,627 / 30 } x 100 MW = 222,089 MW

= 222 GW of electricity

0.8 x 24 x 365 x 222 GW = 1,555,776 GWh

or

1,555 TWh of electricity


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OTEC PARADOX

Most of OTEC resources lain in developing countriessuch as Indonesia

Main target of OTEC plan could produce electricity 50 – 100 MW, due to

significant expected economies of scale

The capital-intensive OTEC technology has failed to attract investors for

the smaller commercial plants that are nevertheless necessary as

stepping stones toward a mature stage

A command-and-control have to available, or the commercial

development of OTEC requires the identification of niche markets where

small OTEC plants could compete

In case of Indonesia, a command-and-control available for remote islands

and touristic resorts as niche markets


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p =

ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTION COST OF

ELECTRICITY (p) by SMALL OTEC PLANT

CC . f

87,600 . CF . RP

CC = Capital Intensive RP = Rate Power

d

f =1 -

1

(1+d)n

d = discount rate

n = Project life = 30 years

With CC/RP = 20,000 US$/kW, CF= 80%, n= 30 years and d= 10% - 20%

p = 30 to 60 c$/kWh

p is clearly too high in a broad-market, especially for Indonesia

Today, Indonesian electric company (PLN) buy electricity from investorselectric plant 7 – 9 c$/kWh


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Offshore Distance, Km Capital Cost, $/kW Cost of Electricity(CEO), $/kWh

10 4,200 0.07

50 5,000 0.08

100 6,000 0.10

200 8,100 0.13

Based on estimation cost by L. A. Vega, Ph.D. of PacificInternational Center for High Technology Research

(PICHTR), Honolulu, Hawaii

Cost estimates for 100 MW CC-OTEC Plantship(CEO for 10% fixed rate and 20 years)

Estimation of Unit Cost of Electricity from OTEC in India (1999)by Saga University


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PAYBACK TIME100 MW

It is useful to consider here the cost payback time N for a 100 MW OTEC

plant, which may represent a targeted technological limit for OTEC

Adopting a formula based on zero net present value, we can write:

N = Log {1-CC(d-i)/A}/Log{(1 + i)/(1 + d)} [year]

N = 11 years, favorable compares with the projected life OTEC plan,

typically 20 – 30 years

CC : Capital Investment

With the present state-of-knowledge, US$ 7,000/kW for 50-100 MW OTEC plan

CC = US$ 700,000,000.

A : Revenue from electricity sales at the end of the first year of the project

With CF 80% and electricity price 10 c/kWh, A = $ 70,000,000.

d : Discount rate = 10% (Indonesia d = 20%)

i : Inflation = 10%


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STRATEGY TO DEVELOP SMALL

OTEC PLANTS IN INDONESIA

In case of Indonesia, it is surmised could provide such niche market :

1. Small remote islands communities

Compare to production cost of electricity by small diesel generators

2. Touristic resorts

The idea of combining OTEC with other Deep Ocean WaterApplications (DOWAs), to boost the cost effectiveness of OTEC

The most popular DOWAs are:

- Desalinated water

- Deep-seawater air-conditioning (A/C)

- Aquaculture


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Specific conditions could make small OTECplants competitive, consists of small remote

island communities

Main needs of small islands communities areelectricity and fresh water

Indonesia has 92 small islands as border of

Indonesia authorities. To defend of territorialwaters of Indonesia could become a command-and-control is available for small OTEC plants

SMALL REMOTE ISLANDS


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Name of island ProvinceDistance from shore to

Depth 1,000 m (km)

1 Sabang Aceh 3 – 5

2 Simeulue Sumatra Utara 5 – 15

3 Nias Sumatra Utara 5 – 15

4 Siberut Sumatra Barat 5 – 15

5 Pagai Sumatra Barat 5 – 15

6 Enggano Bengkulu 5 – 15

7 Bali Bali 3 – 5

8 Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat 5 – 109 Sumbawa Nusa Tenggara Barat 5 – 10

10 Flores Central Nusa Tenggara 5 – 10

11 Sumba Nusa Tenggara Timur 5 – 10

12 West Timor Nusa Tenggara Timur 5 – 10

13 Ambon Maluku Tengah 3 – 10

14 Seram Maluku Tengah 5 – 1015 Buru Maluku Tengah 5 – 10

16 Morotai Maluku Utara 3 – 10

17 Ternate Maluku Utara 3 – 10

18 Miangas Sulawesi Utara 1 – 5

19 Sangir Sulawesi Utara 3 – 5

20 Sapiori Papua 5 – 10


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Combining OTEC with other Deep Water Applications(DOWAs), to boost the cost effectiveness of OTEC

The most popular DOWAs are combination ofdesalinated water and deep-seawater air-conditioning

(A/C)

Typically, using deep cold seawater for an A/C load of1,000 tons, roughly equivalent to the cooling needs of

1,000 hotel rooms, would result in energy savings

larger than 800 kW

The following question, what A/C load (Z) would makethe combined value of p competitive, for a

developmental land-based OTEC plant

RESORTS


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Land-based OTEC 1.2 MW, drawing 3,000 kg/s of deep coldseawater, project life n= 30 years, and if s = 10 c$/kWh.

Z =

1.2 MW OTEC COMBINED

WITH A/C

( 371 f – 7.2 G )

(-0.016 + 7.74 x 10 G)-3

Where G =f

(d – i)

(1 + i)

1 – (1 + d)

n

d = discount rate

i = inflation

G = Present worth factor

(n,d,i)

Z =

i 0% 5% 10%d

10% 6,660 2,760 970

20% 14,760 9,450 5,475


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Bali and Lombok Islands has good OTECresources

Major hotels in Bali roughly from three

clusters around Denpasar, (correspond toapproximately overall hotel room numbers):Kuta (2,500 rooms), Nusa Dua (1,200) and

Sanur (1,000)

Currently, more than 1,000 rooms availablein near Senggigi, Lombok Island as one of thebest resort in Bali eastern neighbor

BALI AND LOMBOK ISLANDS


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OTEC & DOWA’s Small RemoteIslands

Resorts CommercialPlants

Electricity v v vDesalinated Water v v v

Aquaculture v v vCool Green House

Plantv v v

Local Area Chilling

Systemv v

Lithium vHydrogen v

OTEC and DOWA’s

p = [CC(Z) f - S(1, 2, 3, …..)]/{70,080 RP(Z)[¢/kWh]


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For the past decade, the issue of global warming hasreceived considerable attention in the world

What has been recently established is the reality of agreenhouse effect induce by human atmospheric

emissions of some gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2)

OTEC offers one of the most benign power productiontechnologies, since derived a very small carbon release

of 5.0 g-C/kWh

OTEC power plant producing 70 MW of net electricitywould save about 120,000 t-C/year when compared to

coal-fired units

GLOBAL WARMING AND OTEC


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The Kyoto Protocol calls for Japan to reduce greenhouse gasemissions by 6 percent from 1990 levels by 2008 to 2012

STRATEGY FOR JAPAN TO REDUCECARBON EMISSIONS BY DEVELOPING

OTEC PLANTS IN INDONESIA

Ton-carbon

(T-c)

1990 2008 2012

- 6%

Carbon TradingWith Developing Nations

1,155 million tones

Japanese carbon emissions

Illustration Carbon Trading for Japan


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CORRELATION JAPAN AND INDONESIA

Since of the exceptional importance of Indonesia, as a

privileged Asian economic partner, it is hereby proposed

that Japan should undertake the development of

Indonesia's OTEC resources

Most importantly, the proposed policy is a tie-in strategy,or in simpler words, a "win-win" option

This mechanism would provide Indonesia with a fund

for introducing technologies they want (OTEC), while

Japan could be allowed to adopt options in

implementing emissions reduction


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Policy evaluation with respect to Japanese

atmospheric carbon emissions

The proposed long-term policy, that the OTEC resources of Indonesia

be developed jointly with Japan

70 MW OTEC plant would correspond to avoided carbon emissions of

about 120,000 t-C/year. Over n = 30 years, such a plant would reduceemissions by 3.6 x 10° t-C

If only a deployment of the OTEC technology in Indonesia was

contemplated to allow Japan a stabilization of carbon emissions at the

1990 level over the next 30 years, under a JI agreement, the order of

magnitude of the necessary Indonesian OTEC installed capacity wouldbe 10 GW, or about 100 to 150 large OTEC plants

Physically, the deployment of as many OTEC plants as 100 would not

be limited by a lack of easily accessible resource in Indonesia


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Policy evaluation with respect to Japanese

Natural Gas imports from Indonesia

Currently, Japan uses vast amounts of natural gas for both

electricity generation and direct domestic use (city gas)

In 1994, about one half of the approximately 40 million tones of

Japan's natural gas imports came from Indonesia, and that

proportion has been steadily climbing

Aside from relative emission benefits with natural gas instead of

oil or coal, one could wonder what extent of OTEC development

in Indonesia would offset the carbon emissions in Japan induced

by the yearly import of 20 million tones of natural gas


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GLOBAL

WARMING

WIN-WIN POLICY

OfficialDevelopment

Assistance (ODA)or Champion

INDONESIA JAPAN

RegionalGovernment

OTECPlants

PERSADA

Darma PersadaUniversity

SAGA

University


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Conclusions

Indonesia has excellent ocean thermal energy

conversion technology resources, especially along

southern Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara

archipelago and in eastern Indonesia

Since OTEC appears to be potentially cost-effective

at-large for power outputs of 50 to 100 MW, the

financing of smaller experimental plants is anextremely difficult hurdle


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Conclusions

Two types of niche markets were examined here: smallremote islands, and touristic resorts like those in Bali and

Lombok. In the latter case, significant electricity savings from

deep seawater A/C would contribute to the cost effectiveness

of the project

The present study also has attempted to define a policy that

could have bilateral benefits for Japan and Indonesia in the

context of mitigating the threat of global warming

The proposed option is for Japan to help Indonesia develop

its vast OTEC resources over the next five decades, since

OTEC is a renewable and virtually carbon-free electricity

generation technology


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CONTINUATION RESEARCH / ACTIVITIES

1. Mapping of Indonesia OTEC Resources for

Pilot Project 5 MW2. Feasibility Study and Estimation Unit Cost on

Decided Specific Area in Indonesia

3. Proposal for Indonesian Government to Develop

OTEC Plants on Decided Specific Area

4. A Proposal for Japan to Reduce Global Carbon

Emissions by Supporting Technology and Fund to Develop

OTEC Plants in Indonesia

5. Feasibility Study on Establishment Ocean Energy Center

in Indonesia for ASEAN Regional

6. Feasibility Study on Possibility to Deliver Electricity from

Indonesia to Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei and Philippine

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