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STRATEGY
TO DEVELOP INDONESIAN
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGYCONVERSION (OTEC) RESOURCES
Donny Achiruddin
Darma Persada University, Indonesia
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OTEC POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
Since Indonesia is a vast archipelago country (> 18,000islands), ocean energy technologies should play an
important role in the future
One such technology is Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC)
The tropical oceans, approximately defined by latitudesless than 20 degrees, as enormous passive solar
collectors
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OTEC POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
Indonesia, a country of 1.9 million km stretching from
latitudes 6"08'N to 11°15'S and longitudes 94°45'E to
141°05'E, globally has excellent and potentially significant
OTEC resources
The amount of available OTEC energy has often been
evaluated on the basis of how much solar radiation is
absorbed by the upper layer of the ocean. Temperature ofupper layer of Indonesia ocean, all year mostly 30°C
The absence of typhoons in Indonesia is a very positive point
to laid offshore OTEC plants
2
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℃ ℃ ℃
Temperature Difference between Surface and 1000m Depth
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A MAP OF THE OTEC RESOURCE(Nihous, G.C., 2, 043104, JRSE , 2010; from NODC WOA05
database)
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/WOA_2005_finer_revised_16-26.ppt
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1000m Depth or more
OTEC POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
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OTEC POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
Surface Temperature of Indonesian Sea Water
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ASEAN_20%20m-1000%20m_Monthly%20Animation.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ASEAN_20%20m-1000%20m_Monthly%20Animation.ppt
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Estimation of potential of OTEC inIndonesia
Length of coastline of Indonesia : 95,181 kmPotential OTEC about 70% of coastline of Indonesia : 0.7 x 95,181 =
66,627 kmDistance between 100 MW OTEC plant : 30 km
Estimation OTEC potential in Indonesia
{ 66,627 / 30 } x 100 MW = 222,089 MW
= 222 GW of electricity
0.8 x 24 x 365 x 222 GW = 1,555,776 GWh
or
1,555 TWh of electricity
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OTEC PARADOX
Most of OTEC resources lain in developing countriessuch as Indonesia
Main target of OTEC plan could produce electricity 50 – 100 MW, due to
significant expected economies of scale
The capital-intensive OTEC technology has failed to attract investors for
the smaller commercial plants that are nevertheless necessary as
stepping stones toward a mature stage
A command-and-control have to available, or the commercial
development of OTEC requires the identification of niche markets where
small OTEC plants could compete
In case of Indonesia, a command-and-control available for remote islands
and touristic resorts as niche markets
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p =
ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTION COST OF
ELECTRICITY (p) by SMALL OTEC PLANT
CC . f
87,600 . CF . RP
CC = Capital Intensive RP = Rate Power
d
f =1 -
1
(1+d)n
d = discount rate
n = Project life = 30 years
With CC/RP = 20,000 US$/kW, CF= 80%, n= 30 years and d= 10% - 20%
p = 30 to 60 c$/kWh
p is clearly too high in a broad-market, especially for Indonesia
Today, Indonesian electric company (PLN) buy electricity from investorselectric plant 7 – 9 c$/kWh
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Offshore Distance, Km Capital Cost, $/kW Cost of Electricity(CEO), $/kWh
10 4,200 0.07
50 5,000 0.08
100 6,000 0.10
200 8,100 0.13
Based on estimation cost by L. A. Vega, Ph.D. of PacificInternational Center for High Technology Research
(PICHTR), Honolulu, Hawaii
Cost estimates for 100 MW CC-OTEC Plantship(CEO for 10% fixed rate and 20 years)
Estimation of Unit Cost of Electricity from OTEC in India (1999)by Saga University
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PAYBACK TIME100 MW
It is useful to consider here the cost payback time N for a 100 MW OTEC
plant, which may represent a targeted technological limit for OTEC
Adopting a formula based on zero net present value, we can write:
N = Log {1-CC(d-i)/A}/Log{(1 + i)/(1 + d)} [year]
N = 11 years, favorable compares with the projected life OTEC plan,
typically 20 – 30 years
CC : Capital Investment
With the present state-of-knowledge, US$ 7,000/kW for 50-100 MW OTEC plan
CC = US$ 700,000,000.
A : Revenue from electricity sales at the end of the first year of the project
With CF 80% and electricity price 10 c/kWh, A = $ 70,000,000.
d : Discount rate = 10% (Indonesia d = 20%)
i : Inflation = 10%
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STRATEGY TO DEVELOP SMALL
OTEC PLANTS IN INDONESIA
In case of Indonesia, it is surmised could provide such niche market :
1. Small remote islands communities
Compare to production cost of electricity by small diesel generators
2. Touristic resorts
The idea of combining OTEC with other Deep Ocean WaterApplications (DOWAs), to boost the cost effectiveness of OTEC
The most popular DOWAs are:
- Desalinated water
- Deep-seawater air-conditioning (A/C)
- Aquaculture
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Specific conditions could make small OTECplants competitive, consists of small remote
island communities
Main needs of small islands communities areelectricity and fresh water
Indonesia has 92 small islands as border of
Indonesia authorities. To defend of territorialwaters of Indonesia could become a command-and-control is available for small OTEC plants
SMALL REMOTE ISLANDS
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Name of island ProvinceDistance from shore to
Depth 1,000 m (km)
1 Sabang Aceh 3 – 5
2 Simeulue Sumatra Utara 5 – 15
3 Nias Sumatra Utara 5 – 15
4 Siberut Sumatra Barat 5 – 15
5 Pagai Sumatra Barat 5 – 15
6 Enggano Bengkulu 5 – 15
7 Bali Bali 3 – 5
8 Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat 5 – 109 Sumbawa Nusa Tenggara Barat 5 – 10
10 Flores Central Nusa Tenggara 5 – 10
11 Sumba Nusa Tenggara Timur 5 – 10
12 West Timor Nusa Tenggara Timur 5 – 10
13 Ambon Maluku Tengah 3 – 10
14 Seram Maluku Tengah 5 – 1015 Buru Maluku Tengah 5 – 10
16 Morotai Maluku Utara 3 – 10
17 Ternate Maluku Utara 3 – 10
18 Miangas Sulawesi Utara 1 – 5
19 Sangir Sulawesi Utara 3 – 5
20 Sapiori Papua 5 – 10
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Combining OTEC with other Deep Water Applications(DOWAs), to boost the cost effectiveness of OTEC
The most popular DOWAs are combination ofdesalinated water and deep-seawater air-conditioning
(A/C)
Typically, using deep cold seawater for an A/C load of1,000 tons, roughly equivalent to the cooling needs of
1,000 hotel rooms, would result in energy savings
larger than 800 kW
The following question, what A/C load (Z) would makethe combined value of p competitive, for a
developmental land-based OTEC plant
RESORTS
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Land-based OTEC 1.2 MW, drawing 3,000 kg/s of deep coldseawater, project life n= 30 years, and if s = 10 c$/kWh.
Z =
1.2 MW OTEC COMBINED
WITH A/C
( 371 f – 7.2 G )
(-0.016 + 7.74 x 10 G)-3
Where G =f
(d – i)
(1 + i)
1 – (1 + d)
n
d = discount rate
i = inflation
G = Present worth factor
(n,d,i)
Z =
i 0% 5% 10%d
10% 6,660 2,760 970
20% 14,760 9,450 5,475
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Bali and Lombok Islands has good OTECresources
Major hotels in Bali roughly from three
clusters around Denpasar, (correspond toapproximately overall hotel room numbers):Kuta (2,500 rooms), Nusa Dua (1,200) and
Sanur (1,000)
Currently, more than 1,000 rooms availablein near Senggigi, Lombok Island as one of thebest resort in Bali eastern neighbor
BALI AND LOMBOK ISLANDS
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OTEC & DOWA’s Small RemoteIslands
Resorts CommercialPlants
Electricity v v vDesalinated Water v v v
Aquaculture v v vCool Green House
Plantv v v
Local Area Chilling
Systemv v
Lithium vHydrogen v
OTEC and DOWA’s
p = [CC(Z) f - S(1, 2, 3, …..)]/{70,080 RP(Z)[¢/kWh]
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For the past decade, the issue of global warming hasreceived considerable attention in the world
What has been recently established is the reality of agreenhouse effect induce by human atmospheric
emissions of some gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2)
OTEC offers one of the most benign power productiontechnologies, since derived a very small carbon release
of 5.0 g-C/kWh
OTEC power plant producing 70 MW of net electricitywould save about 120,000 t-C/year when compared to
coal-fired units
GLOBAL WARMING AND OTEC
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The Kyoto Protocol calls for Japan to reduce greenhouse gasemissions by 6 percent from 1990 levels by 2008 to 2012
STRATEGY FOR JAPAN TO REDUCECARBON EMISSIONS BY DEVELOPING
OTEC PLANTS IN INDONESIA
Ton-carbon
(T-c)
1990 2008 2012
- 6%
Carbon TradingWith Developing Nations
1,155 million tones
Japanese carbon emissions
Illustration Carbon Trading for Japan
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CORRELATION JAPAN AND INDONESIA
Since of the exceptional importance of Indonesia, as a
privileged Asian economic partner, it is hereby proposed
that Japan should undertake the development of
Indonesia's OTEC resources
Most importantly, the proposed policy is a tie-in strategy,or in simpler words, a "win-win" option
This mechanism would provide Indonesia with a fund
for introducing technologies they want (OTEC), while
Japan could be allowed to adopt options in
implementing emissions reduction
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Policy evaluation with respect to Japanese
atmospheric carbon emissions
The proposed long-term policy, that the OTEC resources of Indonesia
be developed jointly with Japan
70 MW OTEC plant would correspond to avoided carbon emissions of
about 120,000 t-C/year. Over n = 30 years, such a plant would reduceemissions by 3.6 x 10° t-C
If only a deployment of the OTEC technology in Indonesia was
contemplated to allow Japan a stabilization of carbon emissions at the
1990 level over the next 30 years, under a JI agreement, the order of
magnitude of the necessary Indonesian OTEC installed capacity wouldbe 10 GW, or about 100 to 150 large OTEC plants
Physically, the deployment of as many OTEC plants as 100 would not
be limited by a lack of easily accessible resource in Indonesia
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Policy evaluation with respect to Japanese
Natural Gas imports from Indonesia
Currently, Japan uses vast amounts of natural gas for both
electricity generation and direct domestic use (city gas)
In 1994, about one half of the approximately 40 million tones of
Japan's natural gas imports came from Indonesia, and that
proportion has been steadily climbing
Aside from relative emission benefits with natural gas instead of
oil or coal, one could wonder what extent of OTEC development
in Indonesia would offset the carbon emissions in Japan induced
by the yearly import of 20 million tones of natural gas
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GLOBAL
WARMING
WIN-WIN POLICY
OfficialDevelopment
Assistance (ODA)or Champion
INDONESIA JAPAN
RegionalGovernment
OTECPlants
PERSADA
Darma PersadaUniversity
SAGA
University
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Conclusions
Indonesia has excellent ocean thermal energy
conversion technology resources, especially along
southern Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara
archipelago and in eastern Indonesia
Since OTEC appears to be potentially cost-effective
at-large for power outputs of 50 to 100 MW, the
financing of smaller experimental plants is anextremely difficult hurdle
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Conclusions
Two types of niche markets were examined here: smallremote islands, and touristic resorts like those in Bali and
Lombok. In the latter case, significant electricity savings from
deep seawater A/C would contribute to the cost effectiveness
of the project
The present study also has attempted to define a policy that
could have bilateral benefits for Japan and Indonesia in the
context of mitigating the threat of global warming
The proposed option is for Japan to help Indonesia develop
its vast OTEC resources over the next five decades, since
OTEC is a renewable and virtually carbon-free electricity
generation technology
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CONTINUATION RESEARCH / ACTIVITIES
1. Mapping of Indonesia OTEC Resources for
Pilot Project 5 MW2. Feasibility Study and Estimation Unit Cost on
Decided Specific Area in Indonesia
3. Proposal for Indonesian Government to Develop
OTEC Plants on Decided Specific Area
4. A Proposal for Japan to Reduce Global Carbon
Emissions by Supporting Technology and Fund to Develop
OTEC Plants in Indonesia
5. Feasibility Study on Establishment Ocean Energy Center
in Indonesia for ASEAN Regional
6. Feasibility Study on Possibility to Deliver Electricity from
Indonesia to Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei and Philippine