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Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung

➡ Oleoresin adalah ektrak rempah yang dihasilkan dari proses ekstraksi dengan pelarut organik (heksana, aceton, etilen diklorida, dan etanol).

➡ Mengandung komponen volatile dan non-volatile. ➡ Komponen volatile (=minyak atsiri) menyumbang aroma. ➡ Komponen non-volatile, yang terdiri dari minyak, gum,

resin, antioksidan, dan komponen hidropilik menyumbang rasa dan flavor.

➡ Oleoresin dapat menggantikan rempah-rempah segar utuh ataupun bubuk, tanpa mengurangi rasa dan aroma.

O L E O R E S I N


O l e o r e s i n

Keuntungan Penggunaan Oleoresin: 1. Lebih mudah pada penyimpanan dan pegangkutan.

2. Mutu lebih terkontrol dan mempunyai rasa dan aroma lebih seragam.

3. Bebas kontaminasi mikroba dan lebih bersih dibandingkan dengan rempah-rempahnya.

4. Volume lebih kecil, mengurangi biaya simpan dan angkut.

5. Daya simpan lebih lama karena lebih tahan oksidasi dan kehilangan aroma.


O l e o r e s i n


O l e o r e s i n

Kadar oleoresin dari berat kering rempah-rempahNo. Jenis Rempah Persentase1 Lada (Pepper) 11 - 132 Cabe (Chilli) 19 - 213 Jahe (Ginger) 11 - 124 Kunyit (Curcumin) 5 - 75 Pala (Nutmeg) 24 - 306 Cengkih (Clove) 5 - 107 Kayu manis (Cinnamon) 10 - 12


B E N T U K O L E O R E S I N

1. Dispersed Spice Oleoresin. ➡ Dibuat dengan mendispersikan oleoresin dengan media

pembawa tertentu, seperti tepung atau dextrose. ➡ Banyak digunakan untuk minuman ringan (soft drink) dan

makanan kering, basah, atau semi padat, seperti cake, biscuit, sousage, dan baby foods.

2. Fat-based Spice Oleoresin ➡ Dibuat dengan mendispersikan oleoresin dalam minyak

atau lemak. ➡ Digunakan untuk makanan yang berlemak, seperti salad

dressing dan sauce. ➡ Tidak tahan lama disimpan karena flavornya mudah

menguap. Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung

B e n t u k O l e o r e s i n

3. Encapsulated Spice Oleoresin. ➡ Oleoresin dalam bentuk bubuk (spray drying) dikapsulkan

untuk mempertahankan flavor (lebih tahan disimpan). ➡ Teknik encapsulasi adalah oleoresin diperangkap oleh

edible polymer menjadi mikrokapsul berbentuk bulat berukuran puluhan mikron hingga beberapa milimeter.

➡ Metode enkapsulasi paling banyak digunakan adalah spray drying.

➡ Sangat efektif digunakan untuk makanan olahan, dicampurkan dalam makanan kering, permen, makanan formula, bumbu-bumbu, dan produk dari susu.

B E N T U K O L E O R E S I N


Dispersed Spice Oleoresin. Fat-based Spice Oleoresin

Encapsulated Spice Oleoresin


P E N G G U N A A N O L E O R E S I N1. Untuk produk pangan.

• Produk berbahan baku susu, produk bakery, pudding, pengolahan daging.

• Semua jenis oleoresin. 2. Bahan aditif parfume pada obat-obatan.

• Cinnamon dan Vanilla. 3. Bahan fragrance (wangi-wangian).

• Household product. • Cinnamon dan Vanilla.

4. Bahan parfume dan kosmetik. • Oleoresin yang berasal dari cardamon, cumin,

celery, chive, juniper, vanilla dan nutmeg. 5. Bahan anti mikroba.

• Oleoresin dari black pepper, garlic, cinnamom, nutmeg, cloves, ginger, cumin


METODE EKSTRAKSI OLEORESIN1. SOLVENT EXTRACTION:

➡ Proses ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut non-polar (non aqueous solvent) dilanjutkan dengan penguapan pelarut.

➡ Pelarut yang digunakan: aceton, etilen diklorida, hexana, dan alkohol (metanol, etanol, isopropanol).

➡ Jenis pelarut yang digunkan tergantung pada jenis bahan baku dan jenis oleoresin yang diekstrak: lada (piperin) - etilen diklorida, Cabe/paprika (capsaicin) - alkohol.

➡ Metode ekstaksi pelarut: a) Maceration b) Percolation c) Soxchelation (hot extraction) d) Counter current extraction.


Solvent Extraction: a) Maceration (Soaking Extraction)

➡ Bubuk rempah-rempah dimasukan dalam kontainer dan pelarut (menstruum) dimasukan kedalamnya, diaduk secara berkala selama 4-7 hari, kemudian larutan dipisahkan dengan cara disaring.

➡ Padatan (ampas = marc ) diperas (press) untuk mengelurakan larutan yang tersisa.

➡ Larutan selanjutknya dievaporasi untuk memisahkan oleoresin dan pelarut.

➡ Maceration dapat dilakukan beberapa kali (multiple maceration).

Metode Ekstraksi Oleoresin


Solvent Extraction: b) Percolation (Exhaustive Extraction)

➡ Rempah-rempah dalam bentuk bubuk dimasukan ke dalam perkolator - kontainer yang mempunyai lubang pemasukan pada bagian atas dan pembuangan pada bagian bawah.

➡ Pelarut dimasukan dari lobang bagian atas, dicampurkan dengan bahan rempah, dibiarkan beberapa saat untuk proses perkolasi (perembesan - washing) kedalam sel-sel rempah-rempah dan melarutkan oleoresin, selanjutkan larutan dikeluarkan (draining) melalui saluran bagian bawah,

➡ Resident time = Washing time + Draining time



Percolation (Exhaustive Extraction)

73

EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

and evaporation requirements for concentrated products are reduced. Reduc-ing the cost of evaporation has the further advantage of minimizing the heat damage to thermolabile constituents. Some of the modifi ed maceration pro-cedures used for large-scale extraction are described in the next paragraphs.

3.5.4.1 Circulatory Extraction

The effi ciency of extraction in a maceration process can be improved by arranging the solvent to be continuously circulated through the drug, as indicated in the Figure 1. Solvent is pumped from the bottom of the vessel (through an outlet) and is distributed by spray nozzles over the sur-face of the drug. The movement of the solvent reduces boundary layers and the uniform distribution minimizes local concentration in a shorter time.

Figure 1: Circulatory extraction

3.5.4.2 Multistage Extraction

In the normal maceration process, extraction is incomplete, since mass transfer ceases when equilibrium is reached. This problem can be overcome using a multistage process. The equipment needed for this method is a vessel for the crude drug, a circulating pump, spray distributors and a number of tanks to receive the extracted solution. The extractor and tanks are connected with piping and valves as shown in Figure 2, so that any of the tanks may be connected to the extractor for transfer of the solution. Each batch of drug is treated several times with solvent and, once a cycle is in process, the receivers contain solution with the strongest in receiver 1 and the weakest in receiver 3.

Spray nozzles

Spice

Solution (Oleoresin + Solvent

Pump


Percolation (Exhaustive Extraction)


Solvent Extraction: c) Soxchletation (Hot Continuous Extraction)

➡ Terdiri dari solvent evaporator, reflux condenser, dan extractor.

➡ Pelarut dimasukan kedalam evaporator, pelarut menguap lalu dicairkan kembali oleh condensor dan masuk ke rempah-rempah. Proses infusion (melarutkan oleoresin) terjadi.

➡ Larutan (pelarut dan oleoresin) masuk ke evaporator. Pelarut diuapkan kembali, sedangkan oleoresin tertinggal.



Soxchletation (Hot Continuous Extraction)

3 MACERATION, PERCOLATION AND INFUSION TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

78

3.6.3 Percolators

Different types of percolators are used for small- and large-scale extraction.

3.6.3.1 Small-scale or Laboratory-scale Extraction

The processes for the manufacture of concentrated preparations, maceration and percolations, are involved in extraction followed by the evapora-tion of solvents. The two operations are combined in a continuous extraction process.

The general procedures and apparatus used for small- or labo-ratory-scale extraction are described in the following paragraphs.

3.6.3.1.1 Soxhlet Apparatus

On the laboratory scale, the Soxhlet apparatus is used. It con-sists of a fl ask, a Soxhlet extractor and a refl ux condenser. The raw material is usually placed in a thimble made of fi lter paper and inserted into the wide central tube of the extractor. Alternatively, the drug, after imbibition with men-struum, may be packed in the extractor taking care that the bottom outlet for the extract is not blocked. Solvent is placed in the fl ask and brought to its boiling point. Its vapors pass through the larger right hand tube into the upper part of the extractor and then to the condenser where they condense and drop back onto the drug. During this period, the soluble constituents are extracted. When the level of the extract reaches the top of the syphon tube, the entire volume of extract syphons over into the fl ask. The process is continued until the drug is completely extracted. The extract in the fl ask is then processed. This procedure is thus a series of short macerations.

Figure 4: Soxhlet apparatus for hot extraction

Condenser

Thimble

Spice

VaporTube

Syphon

Solvent

Heater

3 MACERATION, PERCOLATION AND INFUSION TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

80

Figure 6: Continuous extraction: large-scale plant

3.6.3.3 Large-scale Extractor

The drug is supported on a perforated metal plate covered with a layer of sacking or straw. The percolator has a removable lid which contains portholes for running the solvent in and for observing the fl ow of solvent. The outlet from the percolator is fi tted with a tap and pipeline. This outlet permits removal of the percolate for subsequent processing or for use as a menstruum in a second percolator in series, resulting in more effi cient use of the menstruum by carrying out the extraction in a counter-current man-ner. On the small scale, copper percolators were originally used but these are now largely replaced with percolators made of glass or stainless steel. A slightly conical percolator is better than a cylindrical one since the sloping sides permit the eventual expansion of the bed and also allow the solvent to permeate the material present near the sides at the bottom, which is a problem with a cylindrical percolator.

Figure 7: Commercial scale percolator

CondenserSolventdistributionnozzle

Spice charge

Spicedischarge

Solutionreturnpipe

Heatingcoil

Product


Soxchletation (Hot Continuous Extraction) ➡ Keuntungan:

a. Hanya pelarut segar yang mengekstrak oleoresin, proses infusi cepat.

b. Laju ekstraksi meningkat, suhu tinggi (suhu titik didih pelarut).

c. Tidak perlu dilakukan penyaringan. ➡ Kerugian:

a. Tidak bisa dilakukan pengadukan. b. Beberapa jenis oleoresin mengalami perubahan

(terutama komponen yang mudah menguap), karena suhu ektrasi yang tinggi.

Metode Ekstraksi Oleorsin


Solvent Extraction: d) Counter current extraction

➡ Pada sistem kontinyu, over flow (aliran pelarut/larutan) dan under flow (rempah-rempah) mengalir secara bersamaan dengan arah yang berlawanan.

➡ Sistem ini menghasilkan larutan dengan konsentrasi oleoresin tinggi, karena larutan kontak dengan rempah-rempah segar.

5 DECOCTION AND HOT CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES

96

EXTRACTIONSTAGE

FRESH SOLVENT OVERFLOW SOLUTION

SOLID UNDERFLOW SOLID FEED

Figure 1: Single-stage solid-liquid extraction

The single-stage system represents the complete operation of contacting the solid feed and fresh solvent. This is rarely encountered in industrial practice because of the low recovery of solute obtained and relatively dilute solution produced. Effi ciency of extraction is somewhat im-proved by dividing the solvent into a number of smaller portions and then carrying out multiple successive extractions instead of only one contact of the entire amount of solvent with the solid.

FRESH SOLVENT OVERFLOW SOLUTION

SOLID FEEDSOLID UNDERFLOW

EXTRACTIONSTAGE 2

EXTRACTIONSTAGE n

EXTRACTIONSTAGE 1

Figure 2: Multistage counter-current solid-liquid extraction

In the continuous counter-current multistage system shown in Figure 2, the underfl ow and overfl ow streams fl ow counter-current to each other. This system allows high recovery of solute with a highly concentrated product because the concentrated solution leaves the system after contact with fresh solid.

FRESH SOLVENTFRESH SOLVENT FRESH SOLVENT

OVERFLOW SOLUTIONOVERFLOW SOLUTION

OVERFLOW SOLUTION

SOLID FEED SOLID UNDERFLOW

EXTRACTIONSTAGE 2

EXTRACTIONSTAGE nEXTRACTION

STAGE 1

Figure 3: Multistage co-current solid-liquid extraction

In the multistage co-current (parallel) system shown in Figure 3, fresh solvent and solid feeds are contacted in the fi rst stage. Underfl ow



Counter Current Extraction


Counter Current Extraction

Rotary Extractor


Metode Ekstraksi Oleorsesin2. SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION

➡ Supercritical fluid adalah cairan yang berada di atas suhu dan tekanan kritis.

➡ Batasan antara gas dan cairan pada kondisi tersebut tidak jelas, karena sedikit perubahan pada suhu dan tekanan menyebabkan perubahan fase (cair-gas, gas-cair) sangat cepat.

➡ Mekanismenya adalah, supercritical fluid (CO2 cair) masuk ke sel (infusion) dan mengekstrak oleoresin. Pemisahan supercrtitcal fluid dengan oleoresin dilakukan dengan cara mengurangi tekanan (depressurization), yang menyebabkan fluid berubah menjadi gas (CO2) dan terpisah dengan oleoersin.


Supercritical Fluid Extraction


Supercritical Fluid ExtractionKeunggulan: a. Proses ekstraksi berlangsung cepat, SFCO2 mempunyai

vicositas rendah dan diffusitas tinggi. b. Ekstraksi dapat selektif, dengan mengatur densitas SFCO2. c. Pemisahan pelarut dan oleoresin sangat mudah, dengan

melakukan penurunan tekanan. d. Harga pelarut mudah (gas CO2 dipadatkan), dapat di

recycled. e. Kualitas oleoresin tinggi, bebas pelarut. Kelemahan: a. Biaya investasi tinggi. b. Polaritan SFCO2 tinggi, perlu penambahan pelarut untuk

mengatur polaritas.


Variabel yang perlu diketahui dan dioptimalkan:

1. Kelarutan ekstrak (bahan yang diinginkan),

2. Selektivitas bahan-bahan yang diekstrak

3. Profile proses ekstraksi (pengaruh suhu dan tekanan terhadap rendemen ekstrak),

4. Metode pemisahan ekstrak dari pelarut.

Catatan:

Variabel di atas dapat diperoleh dengan percobaan SFE skala laboratorium.



Peralatan diperlukan dalam SFE

1. Tangki penyimpanan CO2 cair.

2. Pompa CO2 cair.

3. Pendingin pompa CO2 cair.

4. Alat pindah panas (heat exchanger) sebelum ektrakstor.

5. Tabung ekstraksi.

6. Alat pindah panas sebelum pemisahan CO2 dengan ekstrak.

7. Tabung pemisah CO2 dan ekstrak..

8. Kondensor CO2.


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