metodologi penelitian #1 #2 #4

Metodologi Penelitian

Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, Joko Nugroho 1

+


IntroductionIntroduction

Classification of ResearchClassification of Research

Starting ResearchStarting Research

Research ProposalResearch Proposal

1

2



+

Introduction

+Tipikal Kegagalan Riset

Malas membaca/menggali informasi

Tidak sabar Ingin serba instan Cenderung salah fokus Cenderung salah prioritas

Tidak mandiri Ketergantungan yg tinggi pada orang lain Cenderung jadi follower

Time management yang buruk

Tidak percaya diri

3

4



+What Research Is Not

Research isn’t information gathering:Gathering information from resources such as

books or magazines isn’t a research It might be information discovery or something

about reference skills

Research isn’t the transportation of facts:Merely transporting facts from one resource to

anotherNo contribution to new knowledge although this

might make existing knowledge more accessible

5

6



+The Research is

“…the systematic process ofcollecting and analyzinginformation (data) in order toincrease our understandingof the phenomenon aboutwhich we are concerned orinterested.”

+Research

A voyage of discovery; an experience method of critical thinking; a careful critical inquiry in seeking facts from principles

An art of scientific investigation

A systemized effort to gain new knowledge, a movement from known to the unknown

An activity caused by instinct of inquisitiveness to gain fresh insight / find answer to questions / acquire knowledge

7

8



+Nature of Research

Characteristic of scientific research careful search, investigation, seeking answer to question (s) systematically adds/contributes to knowledge for PhDs, research makes an original (incremental) contribution

Research is a critical process of asking and attempting to answer questions about the world.

+Research Characteristics

Originates with a question or problem.

Requires clear articulation of a goal.

Follows a specific plan or procedure.

Often divides main problem into sub-problems.

Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis.

Accepts certain critical assumptions.

Requires collection and interpretation of data.

Cyclical (helical) in nature.

9

10



+Research Cycle

+Research

Research is an extremely cyclic process. Later stages might necessitate a review of earlier

work.

This isn’t a weakness of the process but is part of the built-in error correction machinery.

Because of the cyclic nature of research, it can be difficult to determine where to start and when to stop.

11

12



+In principle

Prove in research can be done: Empirically hypothesis is proven based on facts (gathered or

measured)

Rationally hypothesis or postulate is proven through logical reasoning based on given law

+Research and ScienceA scientific conduct and must be performed in accordance to scientific principle and method

Relies on empirical evidence (empiricism)

Utilizes relevant concepts

Committed to only objective considerations

Presupposes ethical neutrality

Results into probabilistic predictions

Methodology is made known to all for critical scrutiny and testing through replication

Aims at formulating most general axioms or scientific theories

Encourages rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by the demands of logic and objective procedure

13

14



+Qualities of Good ResearchResearches are to be performed based on scientific methodology to ensure:

Purpose/ objectives clearly defined in common concepts

Procedure enumerated to keep continuity

Carefully planned design leading to objective results

Complete frankness; flaws reported and their effect estimated

Adequate analysis of data with appropriate methods of analysis

Carefully checked data for validity & reliability

Conclusions confined to those justified by the data

Confidence, competence/ reputation, experience, honesty & integrity of researcher

+Qualities of Good ResearchTo be performed based on Scientific Approach

SYSTEMATIC Reject the use of guessing & intuition, but does not rule out creative thinking

CONTROLLED Variables are identified & controlled, wherever possible

LOGICAL Guided by rules of logical reasoning & logical process of induction & deduction

EMPIRICAL Provides a basis for external validity to results (validation)

REPLICABLE Verified by replicating the study

SELF CORRECTING Built in mechanism & open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals

15

16



+

Classification of Research

+Classification of Research

Degree of Problem Formulation DESCRIPTIVE / SURVEY ANALYTICAL

Research Orientation APPLIEDFUNDAMENTAL (BASIC OR PURE)

Research Method QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Research Orientation CONCEPTUAL EMPIRICAL

Time DimensionCROSS SECTIONAL (one time)

LONGITUDINAL (trend prediction)

Search Environment FIELD SETTING LABORATORY /SIMULATION

Research Orientation /Search Environment CLINICAL STUDIES DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

Degree of Problem Formulation EXPLORATORY STUDIES FORMULATED STUDIES

17

18



+Research Types

Related to some abstract idea or theory (for thinkers & philosophers)

Relies on literature

Relies on experience or observation alone, i.e., data based research

Capable of being verified by observation or experiment

Experimenter has control over variables

Conceptual Empirical

+Research Types

Intention of applying the results of its finding to solving the problem

Finding a solution for an immediate problem & not rigorous / flexible in application of the conditions

Understanding more on certain phenomena and problems (commonly) occurred, and how they can be solved.

Concerned with generalizations & formulation of theory

‘Knowledge for knowledge’

Applied Fundamental (basic or pure)

19

20



+Research Types

Uses facts or information already available and analyze to make a critical evaluation

Surveys & fact-finding enquiries (ex-post facto)

State of affairs as it exists

No control over variables

Try to discover causes (i.e., ex-post facto)

Analytical Descriptive

+Research Types

Measured & expressed in terms of quantity (numerical terms)

Research is undertaken to tests the formulation (theory, hypothesis)

Generate statistics through large scale survey

Quantitative research helps:

Precise measurement

Knowing trends or changes overtime

Comparing trends or individual libraries / units

Explores attitude, behavior, experiences

Involves quality or kind

Exploration of subject is taken without prior formulation (theory, hypothesis)

Help in having insight into problems or cases basedresearch

Capable of being verified by observation or experiment

Quantitative Qualitative

21

22



Walliman, N. (2011), Research Methods: The Basics, Routledge, UK

23

24



25

26



27

28



29

30



31

32



33

34



35

36



+Reasoning

Reasoning is a logical thinking about some facts. Mostly reasoning produces conclusions about the facts.

Types of reasoning? Deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning means to reach a logical conclusion from one or more statements. If A=B and B=C, then we can say that A=C

Inductive reasoning is from seen cases to unseen cases. Seen cases provides historical data and with the help of this historical data, we generate some results that can be true or false.

+Inductive

37

38



+Triangulation

Validity, in qualitative research, refers to whether the findings of a study are true and certain—“true” in the sense that research findings accurately reflect the situation, and “certain” in the sense that research findings are supported by the evidence.

Triangulation is a method used by qualitative researchers to check and establish validity in their studies by analyzing a research question from multiple perspectives.

Triangulation is the combination of at least two or more theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, data sources, investigators, or data analysis methods. (Thurmond, 2001)

The intent of using triangulation is to decrease, negate, or counterbalance the deficiency of a single strategy, thereby increasing the ability to interpret the findings. (Thurmond, 2001)

+Triangulation

Data triangulation

Methods triangulation

Investigator triangulation

Theory triangulation

Environment triangulation

39

40



+

Starting Research

+ General Framework ofResearch Process

Theory

Hypothesis

Operationalization of Concepts

Selection of Respondents or Subjects

Experimental DesignSurvey Correlation Design

Data Analysis

Data Collection

Findings: (results, conclusions) Recommendations

Conduct Interviews / Administer Questionnaires

Create Experiment & Control Groups

Carry Out Observations / Administer Test/Questionnaires

Further Research

Implementation

41

42



+Basic Format of Research Process

+Data Analysis Spiral

43

44



+Starting Research

Research begins with a problem. This problem need not be earth-shaking

Problem formulation is a key

Identifying the research problem can actually bethe hardest part of research

In general, good research problem should be: address an important issue

advance knowledge

in-line with the cycle

+Starting Research

The following kinds of projects usually don’t make for good research: Self-enlightenment.

Comparing data sets.

Correlating data sets.

Problems with yes / no answers.

45

46



+Starting Research

Good research requires: The scope and limitations of the work to be

clearly defined.

The process to be clearly explained so that it can be reproduced and verified by other researchers.

A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as possible.

+Starting Research

Good research requires:Highly ethical standards be applied.

All limitations be documented.

Data be adequately analyzed and explained.

All findings be presented unambiguously and all conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.

47

48



+Step 1:

A Question Is Raised

A question occurs to or is posed to the researcher for which that researcher has no answer. This doesn’t mean that someone else doesn’t

already have an answer.

The question needs to be converted to an appropriate problem statement like that documented in a research proposal.

+Step 2:

Suggest Hypotheses

The researcher generates intermediate hypotheses to describe a solution to the problem. This is at best a temporary solution since there is

as yet no evidence to support either the acceptance or rejection of these hypotheses.

49

50



+Step 3:

Literature Review

The available literature is reviewed to determine if there is already a solution to the problem. Existing solutions do not always explain new

observations.

The existing solution might require some revision or even be discarded.

+Step 4:

Literature Evaluation

It’s possible that the literature review has yielded a solution to the proposed problem. This means that you haven’t really done research.

On the other hand, if the literature review turns up nothing, then additional research activities are justified.

51

52



+Step 5:

Developing the methodology

Based on the critical evaluation on the literature

Incorporated with question(s) of the research signs how to answer the question(s)

It’s NOT just a tools! It’s not about the knife but how to cut!

+Step 6:

Acquire Data

The researcher now begins to gather data relating to the research problem. The means of data acquisition will often change

based on the type of the research problem.

This might entail only data gathering, but it could also require the creation of new measurement instruments.

Be smart in data collection!!

53

54



+Step 7:

Data Analysis

Collection – Presenting – Interpretation – Analysis

The data that were gathered in the previous step are analyzed as a first step in ascertaining their meaning.

As before, the analysis of the data does not constitute research. This is basic number crunching

The researcher interprets the newly analyzed data and suggests a conclusion. This can be difficult. Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests a correlation

between two variables can’t automatically be interpreted as suggesting causality between those variables

+Step 8:

Hypothesis Support

The data will either support the hypotheses or they won’t. This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an

earlier step in the process and begin again with a new hypothesis.

This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms associated with the scientific method.

55

56



+Step 9:

Built the Conclusion

Every question demands an answer

Conclusion is.. The answer of the research question(s)

Fulfill the research objective

Summary of proven/unproven the hypotheses

Recommendation is.. Suggestion(s) to continue the research

Research is a cycle!!

+

Research Proposal

57

58



+Checklist for Research Proposal

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Research objective(s)

Hypotheses of the study

Scope and limitation of the study

Supporting literatures

Research methodology

Strategies for data (collection and analysis)

Research schedule

+Background of the study

Establish the area of research in which your work belongs, and to provide a context for the research problem

Provides information to the research topic

In an introduction, it should create: interest in the topic � attracting the reviews/readers

lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to the study

59

60



+Statement of the problem

a question that wishing to seek answer for.

The question leads to a problem that needs to be solved by the research.

Begin the research with A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM or THESIS STATEMENT

+Research Objectives

Only ONE research objective and write down in ONE sentence…

The objective can be break down into several sub objective

Each sub objective should be a single and independentresearch activity

61

62



+Hypotheses of the study

General answers of the research problem(s)

Leading the data analysis

Proven in the conclusion not just yes/no answer

+Scope and limitation of the study

A too wide area of investigation is impractical and will lead to problems. SPECIFY THE BOUNDARIES of your research.

It is not possible to include ALL aspects of a particular problem. STATE WHAT IS NOT INCLUDED! Somehow appeared in research remark….

Definition of terms Terms or concepts should be defined and explained unless they

are familiar or obvious

63

64



+Scope and limitation of the study

Scope of the study is related to the study area, e.g.: Specific administration area

Catchment area

Up to 5 level building

Limited soil cement application

Soft soil only not peat, and so on

+Supporting literatures

Shows that you are aware of the literature study that is required in your research area research cycle!!

Literature review is NOT For showing your knowledge or amount of reading materials

Just collection of paper or theories

Literature review MUST Show the methodology background that related to research

methodology

Figure out your research position

REMEMBER…. The research position is not a list of use/not use of research method or research tools

65

66



+Supporting literatures

By reviewing related literature at this stage, it will make you: aware of other similar work which has been done;

expose methodologies that have been adopted and which you may use or adapt;

provide sources of information that you do not have yet.

By reviewing related literature at this stage, it will inform you: if a chosen area has already been researched extensively;

approaches that you do not know before

+Research methodology

Describe data that you will use in the research, the methodology to be adopted and justify your choice of methodology

Research tools is NOT research methodology

Inform readers kinds of data going to be collected

research procedure (interviews? observations? questionnaires?)

List of research activities ≠ Research methodology

67

68



+Strategies for data

List of data needed The list of data SHOULD be specific and manageable

Specify clearly the characteristic of data

Explain how you are going to get hold of the data. Indicate why the methodology is used.

If existing methodology is not to be used, explain why you need to use an adapted methodology.

+Research schedule

Needed to control research activities

One should not focus only one or two specific work items

A research may consist of Reading assignment Construct a research proposal Data collection (field survey, laboratory activities, simulation,

interview, etc.) Data analysis (numerical analysis, model development, forecast

and evaluation, etc.) Reporting (thesis/dissertation writing, including scientific paper) Research publication

69

70



+

End of this part

+

Lecture Notes

71

72



Tipikal Laporan Penelitian

Topik/Judul

Latar Belakang

Perumusan Masalah

Tujuan Penelitian

Batasan Penelitian

Lingkup Kajian

Hipotesis

Sistematika Laporan

Kajian Pustaka

Metodologi / DisainEkperimen

Rencana Pengumpulan Data

Jadwal Riset

Rangkuman Data danKompilasi Data

Analisis Data danInterpretasi Hasil Analisis

Diskusi

Kesimpulan

Saran

Outline Proposal Penelitian

Judul

Latar Belakang

Perumusan Masalah

Tujuan Penelitian

Batasan Penelitian

Lingkup Kajian

Hipotesis

Kajian Pustaka

Metodologi / DisainEkperimen

RencanaPengumpulan Data

Jadwal Riset

73

74



+Practical Research Work

Duplication/ Repetition

Causal Analysis / Investigation

Modeling / Simulation

Benchmarking

+ Studi Eksperimen Perilaku Balok dan Kolom Beton yang Diberi Perkuatan Carbon Wrap FRP Katakunci: Eksperimen, Balok, Kolom, Beton, FRP

Analisis Kebutuhan Penerapan Sistem Isolasi Dasar terhadapTingkat Besaran Gempa Katakunci: isolasi dasar, gempa, kinerja struktur

Model Penentuan Garis Kritis untuk Prediksi Banjir Lahar pada DAS dengan Perubahan Karakteristik Signifikan PaskaErupsi

75

76



+

Thurmond, V A., (2001),” The point of triangulation”, J NursScholarsh. ; 33(3):253-8

+

If you have a mind trained for research, you will be the tortoise –the climb would be slow and steady, but eventually you would win the race.

77

78

metodologi penelitian #1 #2 #4

Documents