materi i transportasi dan lingkungan

8/16/2019 Materi I Transportasi Dan Lingkungan

1/14

TRAF{SPORTASI

DAN

LII{GKUNGAIY

(Trunsportation

und

the

Environment)

by

Putu

Alit

Suthanaya

Program

Pascasarjana

Jurusan Teknik

Sipil,

Fakultas

Teknik

LTh{IVERSITAS

UDA}{]\{6


2/14


3/14

1.

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMEI{T

DevelopmeLt.

Economic Growth

and

Sustainabilit-v

r

Development

has

usually

been

equated

with economic

growth;

Economic

growth

has

met the

needs

of

million

of

people

for

food, shelter

and

clothing

and

many

people

have

access

beyond

those basic

needs,

improving

their standard

of

living

and

the

quality

of

their

lives;

Most

governments

in

the

world

aim to

achieve

economic

growth.

The

two

words

sustainable

and

development

are

contradictory.

Sustainable

implies

the

elements

of

long-terrn

renewal,

maintenance,

recycling,

minimal

raw

material

exploitation

and

management

of

people's

needs on a collective

basis.


4/14

-

Development

can

be interpreted

as

economic

growth.

It

can

social,

culfural

and

spiritual

also

mean

evolution.

Definition:

Sustainable

Development

is

development

that

meets

the

needs

of

the

present

without

compromising

the

ability

of

the

future

generations

to meet

their

own needs

{World

Commission

on

Environment

and

Development:

Our

Common Future,

1990,

p.

87)

This

means

that:

Economic

activity

which

is carried

out now

to

meet

current

requirement

should

not

degrade

or

deplete

the

environment

so much

that

people

will

not

be

able

to

meet

their

needs

in

the

fufure.


5/14

Ecotrogically

sustainable

development

:

IJsing,

conserving

and

enhancing

the

communitylr

resources

so

that

ecological

process,

on

which

life

depends,

are

maintained

and

the

total

quality

of

life,

now

and

in

the

fufure,

can

be increased

(Commonwealth

Government,

I 990)

Principle

of

Sustainable

Development

{Int

e rnat

i o

nal

Env

ir

o

nm

e nt

al

or

g

ani

s at i

o

ns)

1.

Respect

and

care

for

the

cofirmunity

of

life:

Development

should

not be

at

the

expense

of

other

groups

or later

generations.

All

life

on

earth

is

part

of one

great

interdependent

system,

which

influences and

depends

on the

non-

living

components

of

the

planets:

rocks,

soils,

waters

and

air.


6/14

How

to manage

development

so

that

it

does

not

threaten

or

eliminate

other

species.

2. Improve

the

qualrty

of

human

life:

The

real

aim of

development

is

to

improve

the

quality

of

human

life.

Economic

growth

is

an important

component

of

development,

but

it

can not

be

a

goal

in

itself

nor

can

it

go

on

indefinitely.

-

Development

is

real

only

if

it makes

our

lives

better in

all

respects

such

as: a long

and healthy

life,

education,

access

to

the

resources

needed for

standard

of

livirg,

political

freedom,

human

right,

freedom

from

violence.

3.

Conserve

the

earth's

vitality

and

diversity

-

Conserve life

support

systems

(the

ecological

process

that keep

the

planet

fit for

life).


7/14

Conserve

biodiversity

(a11

species

of

plants,

animals

and other

organisms)

Ensure

that

uses

of

renewable

resources

are sustainable

(within

the

resource's

capacity for renewal).

4.

Minimize

the

depletion

of

rlon-

renewable

resources.

-

Minerals,

oil,

gas

and

coal

are lton-

renewable,

so

they

can not be

used

sustainably.

Their

life

can

be

extended,

for

example,

by recycling,

by

using less

materials,

or

by

switching

to renewable

substitutes

where

possible.

5. Keep

within

the

earth's

carrying

capacity

-

Needs

a

careful

management

that

bring

human numbers and

life

styles

into

balance.


8/14

6.

Change

personal

attitudes

and

practices

-

Society must

promote

values

that

support the new

ethic

and

discourage

those

that

are

incompatible

with

sustainabilify

way

of

life.

7. Enable

Communities

to care fbr

their

own

environments

Communities

can

contribute

to

decisions

that

affect them

and

play

an

indispensable

part

in creating

a

securely-based

sustainable

socief

.

8. Provide

a

national

framework

for

integrating

development

and

conservation

Treat

each

region

as

an

integrated

system,

taking

account

of

the

interactions

among

land,

ait, water,

organisms

and

human

activities;

-

Recognize

that

each

system

influences

and

is

influenced

by

larger

and smaller

systems;


9/14

Consider

people

as the

central

element;

Relate

economic

policy

to

env

ironmen

tal

carrying

cap

ac

ity

;

Promote

technologies

that

use

resources

more

efficiently;

Ensure

that

resource

users

pay

the

fulI

social

costs

of the

benefits

they

enjoy.

9.

Create

a

global

alliance

No nation

is

self-sufficient.

If

we

are

to

achieve

global

sustainability

a

firm

alliance

must

be

established

among

all

countries;

-

The

levels

of

development

in

the

world

are

unequal,

and

the

lower-

income

countries

must

be helped

to

develop

sustainably

and

protect

their

environments;

Global

and

shared

resources,

especially

the

atmosphere,

oceans

and

shared

ecosystems,

can

be


10/14

maruaged

only

on

the basis

of

cofirmon

puqpose

and

resolve;

-

All

nations

stand

to

gain

from

sustainability,

and

are threatened

if

we

fail

to

attain it.

The

Concept of

Sustainability_has

Emergesl

from

A

Global

Political

Process

It

has

tried

to

bring

together,

simultaneously,

the

most

powerful

needs

of our

time:

l.The

need

for

economic

development

to

overcome

poverty;

2.The

need

for

environmental

protection

of

air, water,

soil, and

biodiversity,

upon

which

we all

ultimately

depend;

3.The

need

for

social

justice

and

cultural

diversity

to

enable

local

communities

to

express

their

values

in

solving

these

issues.

Thus

Sustainability

simply

means

the

achievement

of

global

environmental


11/14

gains

along

with

any

economic

and

social

development.

Sustainabilitv

Goals

fbr

Cities

The

goal

of

sustainability

in

a city is

the

reduction

of the

crty's

use

of nafural

recouraes

and

production

of

wastes,

while

simultaneously

improving

its

livability,

so

that

it

can

beffer

fit

within

the

capacities

of

local,

regional

and

global

ecosystems.

Economic

Development

Sustainable Ilevelopment

Community

Development

Ecological Ilevelopment/

Environmental

Protection


12/14

Land,

water,

food,

energy,

building

material,

Other

resources

Transportation

priorities,

Economic

priorities,

Cultural

priorities

Health,

employmert,

income,

education,

housiugr

leisure

activities,

accessibility,

urban

design

quality,

community

Solid

wastg

liquid

wasteo

toxics,

sewage,

air

pollutarts,

greenhouse

gases,

waste

heat,

noise

The

best

way

to

ensure

reductions

in

impact

is

to reduce

resource

inputs.

Livability

Dynamics

of

settlements

Resource

Inputs

Waste

outputs

-l


13/14

Table 1

Trends in

Certain

per

Capita

Material Flows in

Sydney,

1970

and

1990

r970 1

990

Population

2,790,000

3,656,500

Resource

Inputs

Energylcapita

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Transport

88,589

MJ/cap

L0%

tr%

44%

35%

114,236

MJlcap

9%

6%

47%

38%

Waste Outputs

Sewage/capita

Air

waste lcapita

-

coz

rco

-

SOx

r

NOx

Particulates

108

ton/cap

7 .6 ton/cap

7 .l

ton/cap

2A5

kglcap

2l

kg/cap

20

kg lcap

31 kg/cap

128

tonlcap

9.3 ton/cap

178 kg/cap

4.5 kglcap

18

kg lcap

5

kg/cap


14/14

Sustainability

for

a city is not

only

about

reducirg

metabolic flows

(resource

inputs

and waste

output*);

rt

must

also

be about

increasing human

livability

(social

amen ity,

health, arrd well-being).

-

How

a city

goes

about

achieving

an

integrated

approach to all

aspects

of

sustainability?

City

comparisons

can

be

made

by

comparing

indicators

for resource

use,

wastes,

and

livability

in

different

cities.

It

is

possible

to

identiff

those cities

that

have

something

to

contribute

to

policy

debates

on

sustainability.

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