manajemen persediaan usaha adenium (studi kasus pt. godong ijo asri, depok, jawa barat)

7/31/2019 MANAJEMEN PERSEDIAAN USAHA ADENIUM (STUDI KASUS PT. GODONG IJO ASRI, DEPOK, JAWA BARAT)

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MCO]CX ]CHNI

El`lx Fcic`ce3% Znxbn`hcekce ]cec`ce Fdcq md Demlenqdc 8::;-8::6%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8

8% I~cq Zcene mce Zxlm~bqd ]cec`ce Fdcq Bl}c Mnzlb

]cf~e 8::6%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1

1% X~`~qce Cq~ qd @lmni NLS Bicqdb %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 18

=% X~`~qce Cq~`qd @lmni NLS mnekce Bnemcic Devnq}cqd %%%%%%% 11

>% X~`~qce Cq~`qd @lmni Zxlhchdidq}db %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 14

?% X~`~qce Cq~`qd @lmni Znxc`cice Znx de}cce %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =:

;% Znxc`cice mnekce @n}lmn Mnbl`zlqdqd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =8

6% Zn`dqcfce Demnbq @~qd`ce mcxd Ocb}lx Xceml` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =8

4% X~`~qce Cq~`qd @lmni @XZ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =6

3:% Olx`c} @XZ%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =6

33% X~`~qce Cq~`qd @XZ mce GD]%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >:

38% Zxlm~b Z]% Klmlekdgl Cqxd Hnxmcqcxbce ^ed} Hdqedq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?:

31% Zneg~cice Cmned~` Z]% Klmlekdgl Cqxd ]cf~e 8::>-8::4%%%%%%% ?;

3=% Hdctc Zn`nqcece Bn`hcid Hlekkli Znx Znqcece%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;?

3>% Hdctc Zn`nqcece Bn`hcid Hlekkli Kxcmn C Z]%Klmlekdgl

Cqxd ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;;

3?% Hdctc Znetd`zcece Hlekkli Kxcmn C Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd

]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;6

3;% Hdctc Znxqnmdcce Hlekkli Kxcmn C Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd

]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;6

36% Zneg~cice Cmned~`) Znxneacecce Hlekkli ) mce Xncidqcqd

Znekcmcce Hlekkli Cmned~`%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;4

34% Fcqdi Znxfd}~ekce ]l}ci Hdctc Znxqnmdcce Hlekkli Cmned~`

Kxcmn C mnekce @lmni NLS Bicqdb zcmc

Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 61

8:% Q}cemcx Mnvdcqd Zneg~cice Cmned~` Kxcmn C ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%% 6=

83% Hdctc ^ed} @lmni NLS Bicqdb mce @n}lmn Znx~qcfcce%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>

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Kxcmn C mnekce @lmni NLS Bicqdb mnekce Bnemcic Devnq}cqd

zcmc Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>


Kxcmn C mnekce @lmni NLS mnekce @n}lmn ]{l Hde Qtq}n`

]cezc Bnemcic Devnq}cqd zcmc Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd

]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6?

8=% Fcqdi Znxfd}~ekce ]l}ci Hdctc Znxqnmdcce Hlekkli Cmned~`

Kxcmn C mnekce @lmni NLS mnekce @n}lmn ]{l Hde Qtq}n`

mnekce Bnemcic Devnq}cqd zcmc Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd

]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66

8>% Fcqdi Znxfd}~ekce ]l}ci Hdctc Znxqnmdcce Hlekkli Cmned~`

Kxcmn C mnekce @lmni NLS mnekce @lmni Zxlhchdidq}db

zcmc Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4:

8?% Fcqdi Znxfd}~ekce ]l}ci Hdctc Znxqnmdcce Hlekkli Cmned~`

Kxcmn C zcmc @lmni Znxc`cice mnekce @n}lmn NLS Bicqdb

zcmc Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 43

vd


14/121

MCO]CX KC@HCX

El`lx Fcic`ce

3% Znxqnmdcce QnhckcdH~oonxCe}cxc Znec{cxce

mce Znx`de}cce %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 31

8% Zlic ]dzdbci mcxd ]dekbc} Znxqnmdcce ]nxfcmcz [cb}~ %%%%%%%%%%% 3=

1% Bicqdodbcqd Qdq}n` Zneknemcidce Znxqnmdcce %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8:

=% Bicqdodbcqd Zneknemcidce Hnxmcqcxbce Gnedq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 88

>% Bnxcekbc Zn`dbdxce Lznxcqdleci%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8>

?% @lmni NLS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 84;% Cq~ qd Znx de}cce zcmc @lmni NLS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1:

6% Fdxcxbd @lmni Zxlhchdidq}db %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1;

4% Fdxcxbd Zxlqnq Znxneacecce Zxlm~bqd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =>

3:% Hdii lo @c}nxdciq ~e}~b @ngc &qnhckcd ale}lf$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =?

33% Zxlqnq @XZ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =;

38% Znen}czce Fcxkc G~ci zcmc Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?=

31% Zxlqnq Znxneacecce Zxlm~bqd Cmned~` Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd%%%%%%% ?4

3=% Fdxcxbd Bnz~}~qce Znekcmcce Dez~} Cmned~`

Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;:

3?% Zxlqnq @XZ zcmc Cmned~`%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 41

vdd


15/121

MCO]CX IC@ZDXCE

El`lx Fcic`ce

3% Q}x~b}~x Lxkcedqcqd Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 44

8% Mco}cx Fcxkc Cmned~` ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3::

1% Q~b~ H~ekc Qd zcece H~icece Hceb Demlenqdc Znxdlmn 8::4%% 3:3

=% Znekcmcce Dez~} Hlekkli Z]% Klmlekdgl Cqxd ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%% 3:8

>% Znxfd}~ekce Hdctc Lzzlx}~ed}t Hlekkli Cmned~` Kxcmn C

]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:1

?% Oxnb~neqd Znqcece mce Znxqnmdcce Xc}c-Xc}c @ne~x~}

@lmni NLS mnekce @n}lmn ]{l Hde Qtq}n` ]cezc

Bnemcic Devnq}cqd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:=

;% Oxnb~neqd Znqcece mce Znxqnmdcce Xc}c-Xc}c @ne~x~}

@lmni NLS mnekce @n}lmn ]{l Hde Qtq}n` mnekce

Bnemcic Devnq}cqd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:>

6% Znxc`cice Znx`de}cce Cmned~` Kxcmn C ]cf~e 8::4%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:?

vddd


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D ZNEMCFÎ^CE

3%3 Ic}cx Hnicbcek

@cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce c}c~ mdqnh~} g~kc devne}lxt ale}xlicmcicf bnkdc}ce

tcek hnxf~h~ekce mnekce znxneacecce ) znicbqcecce) mce znekc{cqce znene}~ce

bnh~}~fce hcxcek qnmn`dbdce x~zc qnfdekkc md qc}~ zdfcb bnh~}~fce lznxcqd

mczc} mdzne~fd zcmc {cb}~etc mce md icde zdfcb devnq}cqd znxqnmdcce mczc} md}nbce

qnacxc lz}d`ci% Zneknemcidce }dekbc} znxqnmdcce hnx}~g~ce `neaczcd nodqdneqd mce

nonb}dvd}cq lz}d`ci mcic` znetnmdcce hcxcek% Mnekce mn`dbdce) ~qcfc tcek znxi~

mdicb~bce mcic` `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce qnacxc kcxdq hnqcx mczc} mdznxdead tcd}~

`negc`de }nxzne~fdetc bnh~}~fce zxlm~bqd) `n`hc}cqd edicd qni~x~f devnq}cqd)

`n`hc}cqd gnedq mce g~ìcf hcxcek) `n`ceocc}bce qnlz}d`ci `~ekbde `c}nxdci

tcek cmc%

@cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce znxi~ mdicb~bce linf qn}dcz znx~qcfcce% Q~c}~

znx~qcfcce tcek `n`didbd znxqnmdcce tcek inhdf hcetcb mcxdzcmc znx~qcfcce

icdeetc xnic}do inhdf }nxgc`de zxlqnq zxlm~bqdetc% Ec`~e) g~ìcf znxqnmdcce z~e

znxi~ mdbnilic) bcxnec md qdqd icde) g~ìcf znxqnmdcce tcek qn`cbde hcetcb) cbce

`ned`h~ibce hdctc znxqnmdcce tcek qn`cbde hnqcx g~kc% Hdic znxqnmdcce }dmcb

mdble}xli mnekce hcdb) hdctc znxqnmdcce mczc} `nedekbc}) mce qniceg~}etc mczc}

`nek~xcekd bn`c`z~ce bl`zne}neqd znx~qcfcce% @cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce

`negcmd qcicf qc}~ ocb}lx tcek `nene}~bce mcic` bnhnxicekq~ekce fdm~z

znx~qcfcce mcic` gcekbc zcegcek%

@cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce z~e znxi~ mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce ckxdhdqedq%

Znx~qcfcce tcek hnxknxcb mcic` hdmcek ckxdhdqedq xnic}do inhdf }dmcb q}chdi

znxqnmdcceetc) mdhcemdekbce mnekce znx~qcfcce tcek }dmcb hnxknxcb mcic`

hdmcek ckxdhdqedq% Fci ded mdbcxnecbce znxqnmdcce mcic` znx~qcfcce ckxdhdqedq

xnic}do mdznekcx~fd linf ocb}lx `~qd`) fc`c mce znetcbd}) mce g~ìcf znx`de}cce

tcek xnic}do inhdf }dmcb q}chdi mcxdzcmc znx`de}cce zcmc znx~qcfcce tcek }dmcb

hnxknxcb mcic` hdmcek ckxdhdqedq%


17/121

Qcicf qc}~ q~h qnb}lx ckxdhdqedq tcek hnxbn`hcek cmcicf }cec`ce fdcq%

Znxbn`hcekce }cec`ce fdcq md Demlenqdc mczc} mdidfc} zcmc ]chni 3% Hnxmcqcxbce

]chni 3 zxlm~bqd }cec`ce fdcq md Demlenqdc `nedekbc} qnhnqcx qn`hdice znxqne

zcmc }cf~e 8::6 hdic mdhcemdekbce zcmc }cf~e 8::;% Qngcice mnekce znedekbc}ce

zxlm~bqd) i~cq zcene }cec`ce fdcq z~e `nedekbc} md }cf~e 8::6) qnhnqcx id`c

znxqne% Cbce }n}czd) edicd zxlm~b}dvd}cq }cec`ce fdcq `ne~x~e zcmc }cf~e 8::6

qnhnqcx }dkc znxqne% Fci ded mdbcxnecbce qnxcekce lxkcedq`n znekkcekk~ }cec`ce

mce znetcbd} }cec`ce `nedekbc} md }cf~e 8::6%

Hnxmcqcxbce ]chni 3) enxcac znxmckcekce }cec`ce fdcq md Demlenqdc zcmc

}cf~e 8::6 `nedekbc} qnbd}cx 6= znxqne mdhcemdekbce mnekce }cf~e 8::;% Fci

}nxqnh~} `nekdemdbcqdbce cmcetc znedekbc}ce znx`de}cce mcxd zcqcx i~cx enknxd

}nxfcmcz }cec`ce fdcq zxlm~bqd mcic` enknxd% Mnekce mn dbdce) znedekbc}ce

enxcac znxmckcekce mczc} `negcmd q~c}~ zni~cek tcek mczc} md`ceocc}bce linf

zxlm~qne }cec`ce fdcq md mcic` enknxd%

]chni 3% Znxbn`hcekce ]cec`ce Fdcq md Demlenqdc 8::;-8::6

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bnicfdxce) znxbc{dece) bn`c}dce) mce ~zcacxc bnckc`cce% ]cec`ce fdcq g~kc

hcetcb mdh~}~fbce ~e}~b `n`znxdemcf idekb~ekce qnbd}cx) }nx`cq~b mnblxcqd

x~cekce mce fcic`ce x~`cf% Zn`ceocc}ce }cec`ce fdcq }nicf hnxbn`hcek

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bnzcmc }n`ce mce bnxchc} bcxdh%

8


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@ne~x~} Mnzcx}n`ne Znx}cedce Mdxnb}lxc} Gnemnxci Flx}db~i}~xc &8::;$)

xc}c-xc}c znxqne}cqn }nx}dekkd znedekbc}ce zxlm~bqd }cec`ce fdcq znx }cf~e md

Demlenqdc qnic`c }cf~e 8::3-8::? }nxgcmd md Gc{c ]nekcf) mnekce }dekbc} qnhnqcx

14)16 znxqne% Md ~x~}ce bnm~c mce bn}dkc tcd}~ Gc{c Hcxc} mce Gc{c ]d`~x

mnekce }dekbc} qnhnqcx 1:)1; znxqne mce 8;)41 znxqne% Mnekce mn`dbdce Gc{c

Hcxc} `nx~zcbce qne}xc zxlm~bqd }cec`ce fdcq md Demlenqdc%

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znx`de}cce% ]xne znx`de}cce tcek xnic}do q~id} mdzxnmdbqd `n`h~c} znek~qcfc

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}cec`ce fdcq icdeetc tcek qnmcek }xne md `cqtcxcbc}% Linf bcxnec d}~)

`cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce zcmc ~qcfc }cec`ce fdcq znxi~ mdicb~bce%

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Mnzlb) mce `negcmd z~qc} }xne }cec`ce fdcq cmned~` md Demlenqdc cmcicf

Z]%Klmlekdgl Cqxd &KDC$% [dictcf znek~qcfcce cmned~` md KDC qnhnqcx 3)>

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cmned~` md Bl}c Mnzlb &Idfc} ]chni 8$% Qnicde `n`didbd {dictcf znek~qcfcce

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cmned~` tcek anemnx~ek `ne~`z~b tcd}~ hnxmcqcxbce fcqdiq}lab lzec`n kxcmn

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C }cec`ce fdcq cmned~` zcmc h~ice Mnqn`hnx 8::6 tcd}~ qnhnqcx) h~ice Gce~cxd

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`nekc`hdi ale}lf }cec`ce Cmned~` % Znenid}dce ded `n`znicgcxd `neknecd

`cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce dez~} cmned~` hnx~zc hlekkli mce ne}xnq cmned~` qnacxc

bnqni~x~fce) mce `nekbcgd hdctc znxqnmdcce hnx~zc hlekkli cmned~`kxcmn C%

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DD ]DEGC^CE Z^Q]CBC

8%3 ^qcfc ]cec`ce Fdcq

Qnhckdce hnqcx lxcek `nekcekkcz hnicegc }cec ce fdcq h~bceicf

bnh~}~fce `nemnqcb &Q~ecxmd) 8::;$% ]cec`ce fdcq mczc} mdbc}cbce qnhckcd

bnh~}~fce qnb~emnx) c}c~ hcfbce }nxqdnx `nekdekc} qnhckdce bl`lmd}cq }cec`ce

fdcq `n`didbd fcxkc g~ci tcek mczc} `neaczcd z~i~fce hcfbce xc}~qce g~}c) tcek

zn`ne~fceetc qn}nicf lxcek hdqc `n`ne~fd bnh~}~fce zlblb qcemcek) zcekce

mce zczce% Bnh~}~fce mdi~cx bnh~}~fce zlblb) cmcicf hcxcek-hcxcek tcek

`n`didbd qneqd}dod}cq tcek }dekkd% Q~c}~ qcc} cbce mdkn`cxd mce fcxkcetc cbce

`nic`h~ek bcxnec znx`de}cce `negcmd hcetcb) mdqcc} icde cbce `ne~x~e }cgc`

hnkd}~ znx`de}cceetc xnemcf

]cec`ce fdcq mczc} mdbc}cbce qnhckcd q~c}~ `lmn) tcek qn}dcz qcc} cbce

hnxkce}d &Qde}dc)8::?$% Znxkce}dce `lmn tcek hdqc hnxkce}d qn}dcz qcc} md}ne}~bce

linf hcetcb ocb}lx% @ne~x~} _deac E~qnxt &8::4$) `lmn qcekc} mdznekcx~fd

linf 7 &3$ Zxl`lqd hde}cek }nxbneci) c}c~ }lblf `cqtcxcbc}) ale}lfetc q~c}~ qcc}

cmc qnlxcek hde}cek odi` }nxbneci `net~bcd cekkxnb) `cbc mnekce anzc} gnedq

cekkxnb cbce mdq~bcd linf hcetcb lxcek) }nx~}c`c `nxnbc tcek g~kc `net~bcd

hde}cek odi` }nxqnh~}% Zxl`lqd tcek mdicb~bce linf hde}cek odi` c}c~ }lblf

`cqtcxcbc} `nene}~bce `lmn }cec`ce fdcq bcxnec zcmc ~`~`etc czc tcek

mdq~bcd linf hde}cek odi` c}c~ }lblf `cqtcxcbc} cbce inhdf `~mcf mdq~bcd linf

`cqtcxcbc}2 &8$ @~qd ) bcxnec }cec`ce fdcq }nx}ne}~ fcetc hdqc mdedb`c}d

mnekce hcdb zcmc `~qd`-`~qd` }nx}ne}~ qcgc) mce blemdqetc }dmcb hnkd}~ hcdb

zcmc `~qd` tcek icde2 &1$ Oi~b}~cqd znxnblel`dce kilhci `c~z~e blemdqd

znxnblel`dce qn}dcz demdvdm) `dqcietc cmc qcc} `~qd` cecb `cq~b qnblicf) c}c~`n`cq~bd h~ice z~cqc mce inhcxce) c}c~ }cf~e hcx~) hdcqcetc }xne }cec`ce fdcq

`ne~x~e) mce cbce ecdb ickd zcmc qcc} tcek icde% Mn`dbdce z~ic znxnblel dce

kilhci% Zcmc qcc} hcekqc Demlenqdc `nekcic`d bxdqdq nblel`d) `cbc }cec`ce

fdcq cmcicf qcicf qc}~ zxlm~b tcek `nemczc} mc`zcb qcekc} h~x~b% Hcetcb

zn}ced }cec`ce fdcq tcek k~i~ek }dbcx bcxnec }dmcb cmc zn`hnid2 &=$

Bn}nxqnmdcce tcek }nxhc}cq md q~c}~ {cb}~) c}c~ }cec`ce fdcq }dmcb hdqc

mdzxlm~bqd `cqqci zcmc {cb}~ tcek deq}ce}% Znx}~`h~fceetc qcekc} mdznekcx~fd


23/121

linf idekb~ekce% Qnfdekkc zcmc qcc} `negcmd }xne) fcxkcetc hdqc `nilegcb }cgc`

bcxnec q~zicdetc }dmcb hdqc icekq~ek }nxqnmdc qnacxc `cqqci%

Qniceg~}etc) hnxmcqcxbce bl`~edbcqd idqce zcmc }cf~e 8::; mnekce

zn`didb KDC) Afcemxc K~ec{ce) hnidc~ `n`zxnmdbqdbce }cec`ce fdcq tcek

mczc} }nxadz}c }xneetc) cmcicf }cec`ce tcek `~mcf znxc{c}ceetc) `~mcf

md}xceqzlx}cqdbce gcxcb gc~f) `~mcf mdfdhxdmdqcqd c}c~ mdqdicekbce) mce mczc}

}~`h~f mdbn}dekkdce tcek xnic}do hnxhnmc% ]cec`ce tcek `~mcf znxc{c}ceetc)

}ne}~ cbce mdq~bcd linf bleq~`ne }cec`ce fdcq) bcxnec qnhckdce hnqcx

bleq~`ne }cec`ce fdcq `nx~zcbce lxcek tcek c{c` }nxfcmcz }cec`ce fdcq%

Czchdic bleq~`ne ) `n`didbd znekn}cf~ce tcek qcekc} }nxhc}cq) `nealhc ~e}~b

`nxc{c} md x~`cf) mce hnxdb~}etc }cec`ce }nxqnh~} mczc} }~`h~f mnekce hcdb)

`cbc }ne}~ bleq~`ne }nxqnh~} cbce `nxcqc q~bc) mce bn`~ekbdece hnqcx) zcmc

`cqc hnxdb~}etc bleq~`ne cbce `neacxd gnedq }nxqnh~}) c}c~ vcxdn}cq icdeetc

tcek `~ekbde qcgc hnxfcxkc inhdf `cfci mcxd vcxdn}cq qnhni~`etc% ]cec`ce

fcx~q hdqc md}xceqzlx}cqdbce mcxd qc}~ bl}c bn bl}c tcek icde mnekce `~mcf) }dmcb

`n`h~}~fbce znecekcece tcek x~`d}) hdqc md}~`z~b qnfdekkc nodqdne x~cekce)

mce qc`zcd md}n`zc} }~g~ce {cic~z~e `n`cbce {cb}~ hnhnxczc fcxd }n}czd

}cec`ce }n}cz mcic` blemdqd tcek a~b~z zxd`c ~e}~b md}cec` ickd% ]cec`ce

tcek }dmcb `~mcf md}xceqzlx}cqdbce gcxcb gc~f mnekce `~mcf) cbce znxi~ hdctc

}dekkd mcic` zn`demcfce ce}cx bl}c) c}c~ fcx~q `nemczc} znxicb~ce tcek qcekc}

bf~q~q &ale}lfetc x~cekce mnekce q~f~ }nxbnemcid) `nmdc }nx}ne}~$) fcetc cbce

`negcmd }xne qnqcc} md bl}c }nx}ne}~ qcgc) mce }dmcb cbce `negcmd }xne tcek `ni~cq

mce ic`c% Bf~q~qetc) mcnxcf znxbl}cce md Demlenqdc qnhckdce hnqcx `nx~zcbce

mc}cxce xnemcf) qnfdekkc adxd bfcq }cec`ce fdcq tcek `c`z~ `negcmd }xne mce

}nxgckc }xneetc cmcicf }cec`ce fdcq tcek `c`z~ fdm~z md mcnxcf mc}cxce xnemcf%Znx`de}cce }cec`ce fdcq tcek `nekdb~}d }xnemznx`de}cce tcek hdqc

hnx~hcf qn}dcz qcc} `netnhchbce znx`de}cce }cec`ce fdcq anemnx~ek q~id} ~e}~b

mdzxnmdbqd% Hdic znx`de}cce q~c}~ }cec`ce fdcq `nedekbc}) `cbc znxqnmdcce cbce

znx`de}cce }cec`ce fdcq }nxqnh~} mdznxhcetcb% Bn}dbc znx`de}cce }cec`ce fdcq

}nxqnh~} `ne~x~e) qnmcekbce znxqnmdcceetc }nxiceg~x `nid`zcf) `cbc

`ned`h~ibce q~c}~ bleqnb~neqd hcf{c znxqnmdcce }cec`ce fdcq }nxqnh~}

`ne~`z~b% Linf qnhch d}~ znx`de}cce }cec`ce fdcq tcek anemnx~ek q~id}

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mdzxnmdbqd `netnhchbce znx~qcfcce mcic` dem~q}xd }cec`ce fdcq xnic}do q~id}

`nekc}~x q}xc}nkd }nxbcd} znxqnmdcce }cec`ce fdcq tcek mdg~ci%

8%8 H~b}d-H~b}d N`zdxdq @neknecd @cecgn`ne Znxqnmdcce

@cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce zcmc ~`~`etc mdicb~bce zcmc dem~q}xd

`ce~ocb}~x% ]xnem znx`de}cce xnic}do }dmcb `neml`decqd zcmc dem~q}xd

`ce~ocb}~x% Fcbd` &8::6$) B~xcnqde &8::?$) B~xedc{ce &8::;$) mce Fcil`lce

&8::6$ `nekcecidqdq `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce zcmc dem~q}xd `ce~ocb}~x% @nxnbc

`n`hcemdekbce hdctc znxqnmdcce tcek mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce c}c~ hdctc

znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn znx~qcfcce) mnekce hdctc znxqnmdcce `ne~x~}

`n}lmn dmnci%

Fcbd` &8::6$ mce B~xcnqde &8::?$ qc`c-qc`c `nekcecidqdq `cecgn`ne

znxqnmdcce mnekce `nekk~ecbce `n}lmn znxc`cice) mce `n}lmn NLS md

znx~qcfcce tcek hnxhnmc)% ]nxmczc} znxqc`cce mce znxhnmcce `lmni znxc`cice

tcek `nxnbc k~ecbce% Fcbd` &8::6$ `nekk~ecbce `n}lmn znxc`cice mnekce

`lmni ]xnem) `lmni znxc`cice hnxknxcb xc}c-xc}c qnmnxfcec &qd`zin `lvdek

cvnxckn$) `lmni zn`~i~qce nbqzleneqdci }~ekkci &qdekin nzlene}dci

q`ll}fdek$) `lmni zn`~i~qce nbqzleneqdci kcemc Fli} &Fli} Ml~hin

Nzleneqdci Q`ll}fdek$) `lmni mnbl`zlqdqd mce CXD@C% B~xcnqde &8::?$

`nekk~ecbce `n}lmn znxc`cice mnekce `nekk~ecbce `lmni ]xnem) qd`zin

`lvdek cvnxckn) qdekin nzlene}dci q`ll}fdek mce Nza}nm Lzz~x}~ed}t Ilqq%

B~xcnqde &8::?$ `nen`~bce hcf{c `lmni zn`~i~qce nbqzleneqdci }~ekkci

`nx~zcbce `lmni }nxhcdb mcic` `n}lmn znxc`cice znx`de}cce tcek md}nid}d)

qnmcekbce `lmni mnbl`zlqdqd `nx~zcbce `lmni }nxhcdb mcic` `n}lmn

znxc`cice tcek md}n`~bce linf Fcbd` &8::6$% @lmni mnbl`zlqdqd `negcmd

tcek }nxhcdb `ne~x~} Fcbd` &8::6$) bcxnec mc}c tcek md didbd linf Fcbd`

}nxmczc} znekcx~f `~qd`ce) bnanemnx~ekce) mce bn}nxcacbce) qnmcekbce `lmni

nbqzleneqdci `nx~zcbce `lmni tcek }nxhcdb `ne~x~} B~xcnqde &8::?$) bcxnec

mc}c tcek md`didbd linf B~xcnqde }dmcb `ne~eg~bbce bnanemnx~ekce c}c~ }xnem

mcxd {cb}~ bn {cb}~ mce mczc} mdcq~`qdbce hcf{c znx`de}cce cbce xnic}do q}chdi%

Fcbd` &8::6$ `nekcecidqdq `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce zcqlbce hnid`hdek

qnkcx zcmc Z]%Qn{~ Qnkcx E~qce}cxc &QQE$% @n}lmn dmnci tcd}~ `n}lmn

znxc`cice tcek mdicb~bce linf Fcbd` &8::6$) hdic mdhcemdekbce mnekce g~`icf

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zcqlbce tcek mdznxlinf QQE &`n}lmn znx~qcfcce c}c~ @Z$) `nekfcqdibce

cmcetc q~c}~ qnidqdf) md`cec `n}lmn dmnci `netcxcebce hdctc znxqnmdcce tcek

inhdf }dekkd qnhnqcx =: znxqne mcxdzcmc hdctc znxqnmdcce `n}lmn znx~qcfcce)

qnfdekkc `ne~x~} `n}lmn dmnci) znx~qcfcce znxi~ `nec`hcf zcqlbceetc ~e}~b

`n`ne~fd zl}neqd znx`de}cce bleq~`ne) c}c~ `nekfdemcxd bnfdicekce

zneg~cice &q}labl~}alq}$%

Hnxhnmc fcietc mnekce Fcbd` &8::6$ tcek `nen`~bce hcf{c `n}lmn

`netcxcebce g~`icf tcek inhdf }dekkd mcxdzcmc `n}lmn znx~qcfcce) B~xcnqde

&8::?$ `nen`~bce qnhcidbetc zcmc znxqnmdcce bnmnicd zcmc A_% CQ Gctc &CG$%

Hdctc znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn dmnci inhdf xnemcf qnhnqcx 14 znxqne mcxdzcmc

hdctc znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn znx~qcfcce% Mnekce mn`dbdce hcf{c }nxgcmd

zne~`z~bce znxqnmdcce tcek qnic`c ded mdicb~bce CG `nici~d `n}lmn

znx~qcfcce%

B~xedc{ce &8::6$ mce Fcil`lce &8::;$ qc`c-qc`c `nekcecidqdq

znxqnmdcce hcfce hcb~ mnekce `nekk~ecbce `n}lmn @XZ) }nbedbIl} olx Il}

&IOI$) mce NLS md znx~qcfcce tcek hnxhnmc% Znxhnmcce mcic` cic} cecidqdq md

ce}cxc bnm~cetc cmcicf B~xedc{ce &8::6$ `nekk~ecbce z~ic ZLS) qnmcekbce

Fcil`lce &8::;$ `nekk~ecbce ZZH% B~xedc{ce &8::6$ `nxnbl`nemcqdbce

bnzcmc znx~qcfcce mnekce `nekk~ecbce @XZ }nbedb ZLS) qnmcekbce

Fcil`lce &8::;$ `netd`z~ibce @XZ mnekce }nbedb IOI qnhckcd }nbedb tcek

mczc} `nekfcqdibce hdctc znxqnmdcce }nxnemcf% Bnin`cfce @XZ mnekce }nbedb

IOI tcek mdcecidqdq linf Fcil`lce &8::;$ q~id} ~e}~b md}nxczbce linf

znx~qcfcce bcxnec g~`icf znx`de}cce tcek hnxoi~b}~cqd qn`ne}cxc {cb}~ }~ekk~

hcfce hcb~ cmcicf xnic}do ic`c) qnfdekkc znx~qcfcce }dmcb mczc} `n`ne~fd

znx~hcfce znx`de}cce }nxqnh~}%Qnecmc mnekce B~xcnqde &8::?$) B~xedc{ce &8::6$ mce Fcil`lce

&8::;$ g~kc `nen`~bce hcf{c hdctc znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn dmnci inhdf

xnemcf mcxdzcmc `n}lmn znx~qcfcce% B~xedc{ce &8::6$ `nen`~bce hdctc

znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn dmnci inhdf xnemcf qnhnqcx =1 znxqne mcxdzcmc hdctc

znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn znx~qcfcce) qnmcekbce Fcil`lce &8::6$

`nen`~bce hdctc znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} dmnci inhdf xnemcf qnhnqcx ?: znxqne

mcxdzcmc hdctc znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn znx~qcfcce% Qnecmc mnekce B~xcnqde

&8::?$) }nxgcmd zne~`z~bce znxqnmdcce g~kc zcmc znx~qcfcce tcek md}nid}d%

3:


26/121

Ec`~e) zcmc znenid}dce Fcil`lce &8::6$) hdic `n}lmn dmnci tcek mdgcicebce)

`cbc cbce mdfcqdibce bnx~kdce g~kc tcd}~ }nxgcmd bnfdicekce zneg~cice c}c~ q}lab

l~} alq}%

Hcdb B~xcnqde &8::?$) Fcil`lce &8::;$) B~xedc{ce &8::6$) mce Fcbd`

&8::6$ qc`c-qc`c `nen`~bce znxhnmcce hdctc znxqnmdcce ce}cxc `n}lmn dmnci

mce `n}lmn znx~qcfcce% Hnxmcqcxbce znenid}dce tcek B~xcnqde &8::?$)

Fcil`lce &8::;$) B~xedc{ce &8::6$) mce Fcbd` &8::6$ icb~bce }nxmczc} m~c

}dzn `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce tcek mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce% Fcbd` &8::6$

`nen`~bce }dzn `cecgn`ne tcek znx}c`c) tcd}~ md cec `n}lmn dmnci

`nekfcqdibce hdctc znxqnmdcce tcek inhdf }dekkd qnhnqcx =: znxqne mdhcemdekbce

mnekce hdctc znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} `n}lmn znx~qcfcce% Fci }nxqnh~} hnxcx}d hcf{c

znx~qcfcce bnfdicekce zneg~cice% ]dzn bnm~c cmcicf }dzn tcek md}n`~bce linf

B~xcnqde &8::?$) Fcil`lce &8::;$) mce B~xedc{ce &8::6$) tcd}~ md`cec `n}lmn

dmnci `nekfcqdibce hdctc znxqnmdcce inhdf xnemcf qnhnqcx 14-?: znxqne% Fci

}nxqnh~} `n didbd m~c bn`~ekbdece ) tcd}~ hcf{c znx~qcfcce `ne~`z~b

znxqnmdcce `ne~x~} B~xcnqde &8::?$) mce B~xedc{ce &8::6$) mce znx~qcfcce

bnfdicekce zneg~cice `ne~x~} Fcil`lce &8::6$% Xcekn znxhnmcce ce}cxc

`n}lmn dmnci mce `n}lmn znx~qcfcce tcek md}n`~bce zcmc dem~q}xd `ce~ocb}~x

qnhnqcx 14-?: znxqne `nekdemdbcqdbce bnanemnx~ekce hcf{c mcic` `cecgn`ne

znxqnmdcce `ce~ocb}~x z~e xnic}do q~id} mdicb~bce `ne~x~} `n}lmn dmnci%

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DDD BNXCEKBC ZN@DBDXCE

1%3 @cecgn`ne Znxqnmdcce

Qn}dcz znx~qcfcce) `n`nxi~bce hnxhckcd gnedq hcxcek ~e}~b bnznxi~ce

zxlqnq zxlm~bqdetc% Hcxcek-hcxcek }nxqnh~} mczc} hnx~zc hcfce hcb~) hcfce

znelilek) c}c~ hcxcek-hcxcek icde tcek mdk~ecbce ~e}~b `n`nidfcxc znxcic}ce

mce ocqdid}cq) `c~z~e tcek mdk~ecbce ~e}~b `n`nidfcxc znxcic}ce mce ocqdid}cq)

`c~z~e tcek mdk~ecbce ~e}~b znicbqcecce lznxcqdetc% Mcic` hcetcb fci)

hcxcek ded mdznxlinf mcxd }n`zc} tcek gc~f) hcfbce mdd`zlx mcxd enkcxc icde%

Qnicde d}~) znekk~ecceetc xnic}do }dmcb }nxc}~x) hcdb oxnb~neqd) g~`icf `c~z~e

gnedqetc) qnfdekkc qnhni~` mdk~ecbce znxi~ mdqd`zce }nxinhdf mcf~i~ mcic`

k~mcek znetd`zcece hcxcek%

Qnkcic hcxcek tcek mdqd`zce }nxqnh~} mce mdxc{c} `ne~x~} c}~xce }nx}ne}~

mcic` }n`zc} znxqnmdcce) `dqcietc k~mcek znetd`zcece hcxcek &hcdb k~mcek

}nx}~}~z `c~z~e k~mcek }nxh~bc$) iczcekce c}c~ fcic`ce mdqnh~} hcxcek

znxqnmdcce c}c~ devne}lxt &Demxcgd}) 8::>$% Cicqce zlblb znetd`zcece znxqnmdcce

`ne~x~} Fceqne mce @l{ne &8::3$ cmcicf ~e}~b `nekfcmczd bn}dmcbzcq}dceznx`de}cce% [cic~z~e hdctc ~ed} znxqnmdcce) mce c}c~z~e hdctc zn`nqcece ~icek)

qnx}c c}c~z~e hdctc znetd`zcece znxqnmdcce xnic}do bnadi) znx~qcfcce }n}cz cbce

`netd`zce znxqnmdcce bcxnec cmcetc hdctc-hdctc bnb~xcekce znxqnmdcce &q}lab

l~} alq}$% Ale}lf hdctc bnb~xcekce znxqnmdcce cmcicf zneg~cice tcek fdicek &hcdb

~e}~b qcc} ded `c~z~e `cqc mc}cek$) hdctc nbqznmdqd &`nedekbc}etc hdctc

}xceqzlx}cqd) gc` bnxgc in`h~x) mce icde-icde$) mce hdctc-hdctc bnkdc}ce zxlm~bqd

tcek }nxz~}~q% Gdbc znx`de}cce ~e}~b hcfce hcb~ mce zxlm~b-zxlm~b inhdf hnqcx

mcxd tcek mdfcxczbce) znxqnmdcce mczc} `n`hnxdbce qli~qd) tcd}~ mnekce

`n`c`z~bce znx~qcfcce ~e}~b `n`ne~fd }~e}~}ce }cekkci gc}~f }n`zl

znekdxd`ce &~e}~b `negckc bnz~cqce znicekkce$%

Qnecmc mnekce Fceqne mce @l{ne &8::3$) [c}nxq &3448$ g~kc

`nek~}cxcbce cicqce zlblb znetd`zcece znxqnmdcce mdk~ecbce qnhckcd

znetcekkc &h~oonx$ ce}cxc znec{cxce mce znx de}cce% [c}nxq &3448$

`neale}lfbce q~c}~ znxqnmdcce xl}d zcmc }lbl xl}d% Gdbc }lbl xl}d }nxqnh~}


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`nekn}cf~d mnekce }nzc} g~ìcf xl}d tcek cbce icb~ }nxg~ci) `nxnbc &}lbl xl}d

}nxqnh~}$ }ne}~etc cbce `n`cekkcek xl}d qng~ìcf tcek mdznxi~bce) mce }ne}~etc

qcgc cbce `nekfdicekbce znxqnmdcce) mce `n`didbd bn~e}~ekce tcd}~ c$ qn}dcz

bleq~`ne cbce `nemczc}bce xl}d tcek qnkcx) mce h$ }dmcb cbce cmc xl}d tcek hcqd

mce }nxh~cek% Ec`~e mcic` bnetc}cceetc) hckcd`cecz~e }lbl xl}d }dmcb }cf~

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1%1%3 Hdctc mcic` Znxqnmdcce

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Kc`hcx 1% Bicqdodbcqd Qdq}n` Zneknemcidce Znxqnmdcce

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Zn`de}cce }nxfcmcz qc}~ gnedq hcxcek mdhcek~e linf znx`de}cce mcxd bleq~`ne%

Qdq}n` znxqnmdcce znx`de}cce hnhcq mczc} mdcecidqdq mnekce nec` `lmni tcd}~

3$ Nalel`da Lxmnx S~ce}d}t &NLS$ bicqdb) 8$ NLS mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd)

1$ NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` }cezc bnemcic devnq}cqd) =$ NLS mnekce }{l hde

qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd) >$ Zxlhchdidq}db) mce ?$ Znxc`cice znx`de}cce%

Zneknemcidce znxqnmdcce bn`~mdce mdmcqcxbce zcmc `lmni b~ce}d}c}do

tcek hnxf~h~ekce mnekce znx de}cce) hdctc) mce vcxdchni icdeetc) ~e}~b

`nen`~bce edicd lz}d`ci mcic` `n`nqce b~ce}d}cq) {cb}~ zn`nqcece) mce icde-

icde% Qdq}n` znxqnmdcce znx`de}cce hnhcq mczc} `nekk~ecbce hcdb b~ce}d}cq

znqcece }n}cz &odnm lxmnx s~ce}d}t qtq}n`q$ `c~z~eznxdlmda xnvdn{ qtq}n`q%

B~ce}d}cq znqcece }n}cz `nen`zc}bce qnh~cf znqcece mcxd ~b~xce }n}cz

zcmc qcc} znxqnmdcce tcek }nxqnmdc hnxcmc zcmc invni }nx}ne}~% @dqcietc) q~c}~

zchxdb zn`cecq z~qc}) cbce `n`nqce 8>%::: Id}nx &I$ `detcb bn}dbc g~`icf zcmc

}ceb }~x~e `neaczcd 8%>:: I% Qdq}n` qnznx}d ded `n`h~}~fbce `led}lxdektcek

ble}de~ ) znx de}cce tcek xnic}do }dmcb }nxc}~x) mce gnedq hcxcek tcek xnic}do

`cfci%

8:

Qdq}n` Zneknemcidce Znxqnmdcce&Devne}lxt Ale}xli Qtq}n`q$

Qdq}n` Znxqnmdcce Znx`de}cce]dmcb Hnhcq

&Mnznemne} Mn`cem Qtq}n`q$

Qdq}n` Znxqnmdcce Znx`de}cceHnhcq

&Demnznemne} Mn`cem Qtq}n`q$

Znxdlmda Xnvdn{ Qtq}n`qB~ce}d}cq Znqcece ]n}cz

&Odnm Lxmnx S~ce}d}t Qtq}n`q$


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Znxdlmda xnvdn{ qtq}n`q `nek~b~x znqcece hnxmcqcxbce gcekbc {cb}~

tcek }n}cz ~e}~b `nec`hcf bn`hcid znxqnmdcce% Ale}lfznxdlmda xnvdn{ qtq}n`q

tcd}~ `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce zcmc xcb-xcb md q{cictce% Xcb-xcb md q{cictce

`~ekbde cbce mddqd qn}dcz qlxn qng~ìcf hcxcek tcek }nxg~ci qnzcegcek qdcek%

Qdq}n` qnznx}d ded inhdf alalb ~e}~b znx`de}cce tcek xnic}do }nxc}~x mce gnedq

hcxcek tcek xnic}do `~xcf%

1%1%= Qdq}n` Znxqnmdcce Znx`de}cce ]dmcb Hnhcq

Zcmc qdq}n` znxqnmdcce znx`de}cce }dmcb hnhcq }nxmczc} cq~`qd hcf{c

znx`de}cce cbce q~c}~ gnedq hcxcek qnacxc icekq~ek hnxbcd}ce mnekce znx`de}cce

gnedq hcxcek icdeetc% Fci ded `negcmd gnicq) bn}dbc znx`de}cce }nxfcmcz `c}nxdci

hnxbcd}ce mnekce znx`de}cce }nxfcmcz hcxcek gcmd% @dqcietc q~c}~ zchxdb

znxcbd}ce `lhdi `n`h~}~fbce zde}~ mce xlmc) bnm~cetc hnxbcd}ce nxc} mnekce

znx`de}cce cbce `lhdi gcmd%

Qdq}n` znxqnmdcce }cb hnhcq zcmc ~`~ètc `nekk~ecbce znxneacecce

zxlm~bqd ~e}~b znxc`cice znx`de}cce }nxfcmcz `cqdek-`cqdek gnedq hcxcek mce

bn`~mdce `n`nqce qng~ìcf ~ed} tcek bn`~mdce mczc} mdqnh~} znx`de}cce%

@n}lmn-`n}lmn zcmc qdq}n` ded) tcd}~ `c}nxdci xns~dxn`ne} ziceedek&@XZ$) mce

g~q}-de-}d`n &GD]$%

1%= Gnedq) mce Bnk~ecce Znxqnmdcce

Znxqnmdcce cmcicf q~`hnx mctc tcek `ne~ekk~ zxlqnq inhdf iceg~}) qnznx}d

q~`hnx mctc tcek cbce mdk~ecbce ~e}~b bnkdc}ce zxlm~bqd zcmc dem~q}xd

`ce~ocb}~x) q~`hnx mctc tcek cbce mdk~ecbce ~e}~b bnkdc}ce zn`cqcxce zcmc

qdq}n` mdq}xdh~qd c}c~z~e q~`hnx mctc tcek cbce mdk~ecbce ~e}~b mdbleq~`qdzcmc qdq}n` x~`cf }cekkc% Ecq~}dle &8::6$ `n`hnmcbce znxqnmdcce mcic`

dem~q}xd `ce~ocb}~x) `ne~x~} gnedqetc) tcd}~ 7

3% Hcfce hcb~ cmcicf hcxcek-hcxcek tcek mdhnid mcxd zn`cqlb mce cbce

mdk~ecbce c}c~ mdlicf `negcmd zxlm~b gcmd tcek cbce mdfcqdibce linf

znx~qcfcce%

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fcmdcf% ]n`zc} zneqdi mce bnx}cq bcml mczc} mdhnid qnacxc icekq~ek linf

bleq~`ne% Znxqnmdcce hcfce zn`hce}~ `nx~zcbce znxqnmdcce hcxcek-hcxcek

tcek mdh~}~fbce ~e}~b `ne~egcek bniceacxce zxlqnq znekcmcce znictcece mcxd

zxlm~qne bnzcmc bleq~`ne% Ale}lf znxqnmdcce hcfce zn`hce}~ tcd}~ k~e}dek

mce qnil}dz zcmc }lbl fcmdcf% K~e}dek mce qnil}dz `n`hce}~ zxlqnq znekn`cqce

hcxcek tcek md`de}c qnq~cd mnekce bndekdece bleq~`ne%

@ne~x~} Fceqne mce @l{ne &8::3$ }d`h~ietc znxqnmdcce mcic` q~c}~

qdq}n`) hcdb qdq}n` `ce~ocb}~x `c~z~e ele `ce~ocb}~x cmcicf `nx~zcbce cbdhc}

mcxd }dkc blemdqd qnhckcd hnxdb~} 7

3% @nbcedq`n zn`ne~fce c}cq znx`de}cce &}xceqca}dle `l}dvn$% Znx`de}cce cbce

q~c}~ hcxcek }dmcb cbce mczc} mdzne~fd mnekce qnknxc hdic hcxcek }nxqnh~}

}dmcb }nxqnmdc qnhni~`etc) bcxnec ~e}~b `nekcmcbce hcxcek }nxqnh~}

mdznxi~bce {cb}~ ~e}~b zn`h~c}ceetc `c~z~e ~e}~b `nemc}cekbceetc%

8% Cmcetc bndekdece ~e}~b `nxnmc` bn}dmcbzcq}dce &zxnac~}dlecxt `l}dvn$%

Bn}dmcbzcq}dce tcek md`cbq~m cmcicf cmcetc znx`de}cce tcek hnxvcxdcqd mce

}dmcb zcq}d mcic` g~`icf `c~z~e {cb}~ bnmc}cekce2 {cb}~ zn`h~c}ce tcek

anemnx~ek }dmcb bleq}ce ce}cxc qc}~ zxlm~b mnekce zxlm~b tcek icde2 {cb}~

}~ekk~ &incm }d`n$ tcek anemnx~ek }dmcb zcq}d bcxnec hnxhckcd ocb}lx tcek

}dmcb mczc} mdbnemcidbce qnzne~fetc%

1% Bndekdece `nicb~bce qznb~icqd &qzna~ic}dvn `l}dvn$ tcek hnx}~g~ce

`nemczc}bce bn~e}~ekce hnqcx mcxd bnecdbce fcxkc hcxcek md `cqc

`nemc}cek%

=% Zcmc zxdeqdzetc znxqnmdcce hnxo~ekqd `n`znx`~mcf mce `n`znxiceacx

gciceetc lznxcqd znx~qcfcce `ce~ocb}~x tcek `n`~ekbdebce zxlm~b-zxlm~b

tcek mdfcqdibce zcmc }n`zc} tcek hnxhnmc mnekce hcfce `ne}cfetc%Znxqnmdcce hnxk~ec ~e}~b `n`ded`cibce xnqdbl bn}nxic`hc}ce mc}ceketc

hcxcek-hcxcek mcxd zn`cqlb) `netd`zce hcfce-hcfce tcek mdfcqdibce qnacxc

`~qd`ce qnfdekkc ble}de~d}cq zxlm~bqd }nxgc`de) `n`hnxdbce znictcece zcmc

znicekkce c}c~ bleq~`ne zcmc q~c}~ {cb}~ mczc} mdzne~fd c}c~ `n`hnxdbce

gc`dece }n}cz }nxqnmdcetc hcxcek gcmd%

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1%> Bnxcekbc Zn`dbdxce Lznxcqdleci

Znx~qcfcce }cec`ce fdcq anemnx~ek `ne~`z~b znxqnmdcce }cec`ce fdcq

mcic` g~ìcf tcek xnic}do hnqcx% Fci }nxqnh~} mdqnhchbce znx`de}cce }cec`ce fdcq

tcek `nekdb~}d }xne znx`de}cce tcek xnic}do q~id} mdzxnmdbqd% Zcmc qc}~ qdqd

znxqnmdcce tcek xnic}do hnqcx mczc} `n`c`z~bce znx~qcfcce mcic` `n`ne~fd

znx`de}cce% Ec`~e mn`dbdce) znxqnmdcce tcek xnic}do hnqcx mczc} `netnhchbce

hdctc znxqnmdcce tcek hnqcx g~kc%

Znekcecidqcce }nxfcmcz `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce zcmc ~qcfc }cec`ce fdcq)

mczc} md`~icd mnekce `n`znx}cetcbce czcbcf znxqnmdcce }cec`ce fdcq mczc}

md`ded`~`bce) mce cmcbcf `lmni tcek mczc} mdk~ecbce ~e}~b `n`d`ded`dqcqd

znxqnmdcce zcmc ~qcfc }cec`ce fdcq% Znekcecidqcce }nxfcmcz `cecgn`ne

znxqnmdcce zcqc ~qcfc }cec`ce fdcq mczc} mdicb~bce mnekce `n`hcemdekbce

ce}cxc `lmni znxqnmdcce dmnci) tcek mdmcicètc }nxmdxd mcxd qng~ìcf cq~`qd) mce

`lmni znxqnmdcce tcek mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce }cec`ce fdcq) tcd}~ Z]%

Klmlekdgl Cqxd% Znxqnmdcce tcek cbce mdcecidqdq cmcicf znxqnmdcce dez~} hnx~zc

hlekkli cmned~`% Hnxmcqcxbce fcqdi znxhcemdekce ce}cxc `lmni dmnci mce `lmni

znx~qcfce) mczc} mdidfc} bn`~ekbdece znenxczce zneknemcidce znxqnmdcce%

@lmni znxqnmdcce dmnci tcek mdk~ecbce cmcicf `lmni znxqnmdcce mcxd

qdq}n` znxqnmdcce znx`de}cce hnhcq) mce qdq}n` znxqnmdcce znx`de}cce }dmcb

hnhcq% @lmni znxqnmdcce mcxd qdq}n` znxqnmdcce znx`de}cce hnhcq tcd}~ NLS

bicqdb) NLS mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd) NLS mnekce `n}lmn }{l hde qtq}n` }cezc

bnemcic devnq}cqd) NLS mnekce `n}lmn }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd)

zxlhchdidq}db) mce znxc`cice znx`de}cce% @lmni znxqnmdcce mcxd qdq}n`

znxqnmdcce znx`de}cce }dmcb hnhcq tcd}~ `c}nxdci xns~dxn`ne} ziceedek) mceG~q}

De ]d`n% Bnxcekbc zn`dbdxce lznxcqdleci mczc} mdidfc} zcmc Kc`hcx >%

8=


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D_ @N]LMN ZNENID]DCE

=%3 Ilbcqd mce [cb}~ Znenid}dce

Znenid}dce mdicb~bce md Z]% Klmlekdgl Cqxd &KDC$ tcek hnxilbcqd md GciceAdecekbc Xctc ?:) Mnqc Qnx~c) Qc{cekce) Mnzlb) Gc{c Hcxc}% Zn`didfce ilbcqd

mdicb~bce qnacxc qnekcgc &z~xzlqdvn$ mnekce `n`znx}d`hcekbce hcf{c KDC

`nx~zcbce znx~qcfcce }xnemqn}}nx }cec`ce fdcq Cmned~`) mce `nx~zcbce

znx~qcfcce ckxdhdqedq tcek hnqcx md Dem~q}xd }cec`ce fdcq% Bnkdc}ce Znenid}dce ded

mdicb~bce `~icd Ck~q}~q 8::4 fdekkc Gce~cxd 8:3:% Qnicde d}~ }cec`ce fdcq tcek

cbce mdgcmdbce qc`zni cmcicf Cmned~`% Cmned~` mdzdidf bcxnec `nx~zcbce ~ed}

hdqedq }cec`ce fdcq ~}c`c) mce qnicde d}~ z~ic ~qcfc cmned~` KDC }nxde}nkxcqd

mcxd bnkdc}ce zxlm~bqd }cec`ce kxco}dekce Cmned~`) fdekkc zn`cqcxceetc%

=%8 Gnedq mce @n}lmn Znek~`z~ice Mc}c

Mc}c tcek mdk~ecbce mcic` znenid}dce ded `nidz~}d mc}c zxd`nx mce mc}c

qnb~emnx% Mc}c zxd`nx mdznxlinf `nici~d {c{ceacxc mnekce zdfcb znx~qcfcce%

Mc}c qnb~emnx tcek `nx~zcbce mc}c zne~egcek hckd znenid}dce ded) mdznxlinf mcxd

id}nxc}~x tcek xninvce mnekce znx`cqcicfce znenid}dce) hcdb tcek hnxcqci mcxd

deq}ceqd zn`nxde}cf qnznx}d Hcmce Z~qc} Q}c}dq}db) Mnzcx}n`ne Znx}cedce)

Zn`nxde}cf Bl}c Mnzlb) qd}~q-qd}~q deq}ceqd tcek }nxbcd} mnekce fcqdi-fcqdi

znenid}dce }nxmcf~i~% Qnicde d}~) mc}c qnb~emnx mczc} z~ic hnxcqci mcxd iczlxce

znx~qcfcce) zxlodi znx~qcfcce) mce qnhckcdetc%

Mc}c tcek mdznxi~bce mcic` znenid}dce ded hnx~zc mc}c b~cid}c}do mce

b~ce}d}c}do% Mc}c b~cid}c}do tcek cbce mdc`hdi mcxd znx~qcfcce hnx~zc 7

3% Zxlodi Znx~qcfcce

8% Qdq}n` znekcmcce mce zneknemcidce }cec`ce fdcq) bf~q~qetc cmned~`)

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mce cqci }cec`ce fdcq) `n}lmn znekcmcce }cec`ce fdcq) qdq}n` zn`nqcece mce

znetd`zcece }cec`ce fdcq) qnx}c bnhdgcbce zneknemcidce znxqnmdcce }cec`ce

fdcq tcek mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce%


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8;

Qnmcekbce mc}c b~ce}d}c}do mcxd znx~qcfcce hnx~zc 7

3% Mc}c h~icece zneg~cice cmned~` qnic`c n`zc} }cf~e }nxcbfdx%

8% Mc}c zxlm~bqd h~icece cmned~` qnic`c qn}cf~e }nxcbfdx%

1% Mc}c znxqnmdcce c{ci mce cbfdx cmned~` qnic c nec` h~ice }nxcbfdx%

=% Hdctc zn`nqcece hcfce hcb~ tcek }nxmdxd mcxd hdctc-hdctc tcek hnxbcd}ce

mnekce zn`nqcece hcfce hcb~ mcic` qnbcid znqce% Hdctc }nxqnh~} }nxmdxd mcxd

hdctc }ninzle) mce hdctc cm`dedq}xcqd

>% Hdctc znetd`zcece }cec`ce cbdhc} cmcetc znxqnmdcce% Hdctc }nxqnh~} }nxmdxd

mcxd hdctc zn`nidfcxcce cmned~` qnic`c qc}~ }cf~e%

=%1 @n}lmn Zneklicfce mce Cecidqdq Mc}c

Mc}c mce deolx`cqd tcek mdznxlinf mdlicf mce mdcecidqdq qnacxc b~cid}c}do

mce b~ce}d}c}do% Zneklicfce mc}c qnacxc b~ce}d}c}do mdznxi~bce ~e}~b `nekcecidqdq

hckcd`cec `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce }cec`ce fdcq qnic`c ded mdicb~bce% Mc}c

b~ce}d}c}do }nxqnh~} mdlicf mnekce `nekk~ecbce bcib~ic}lx mce znxcekbc} i~ecb

bl`z~}nx tcd}~ zxlkxc`@daxlqlo} Nanii 8::; mce @ded}ch 3>% @lmni znxqnmdcce

znx~qcfcce cbce mdhcemdekbce mnekce `lmni znxqnmdcce dmnci% @lmni znxqnmdcce

dmnci tcek cbce mdk~ecbce tcd}~ &3$Nalel`da Lxmnx S~ce}d}t &NLS$ bicqdb2 &8$

NLS mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd2 &1$ NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` }cezc bnemcic

devnq}cqd2 &=$ NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd2 &>$

Zxlhchdidq}db mnekce qnxvdan invni `lmni) bcxnec zxlm~bqd cmned~` `nx~zcbce

q~c}~ fci tcek }n}cz) }dmcb `~qd ce2 &?$ `lmni znxc`cice znx`de}cce mnekce

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mce &6$G~q} De ]d`n% @lmni@c}nxdci Xns~dxn`ne} Ziceedek &@XZ$) mceG~q} De

]d`n &GD]$) }dmcb mdcecidqdq b~ce}d}cqetc) bcxnec hnxmcqcxbce cq~`qd zcmc @XZ

mce GD]) bcxcb}nxdq}db zxlm~b cmned~`) q~id} ~e}~b mdicb~bce% Fcqdi mcxd

zneklicfce mc}c }nxqnh~} mdde}xnzxn}cqdbce mce mdmnqbxdzqdbce bn mcic` hne}~b

~xcdce mnqbxdz}do%

=%1%3 Dmne}dodbcqd Qdq}n` Zneknemcidce Znxqnmdcce Hcfce Hcb~ Znx~qcfcce

Dmne}dodbcqd c{ci ded `nidz~}d dmne}dodbcqd zxlqnq zxlm~bqd mcic`

znx~qcfcce mce bnhdgcbqcecce-bnhdgcbqcecce mcic` zxlqnq zxlm~bqd% Qnicde d}~


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g~kc dmne}dodbcqd `cecgn`ne znxqnmdcce hcfce hcb~ tcek cmc md znx~qcfcce)

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bnhdgcbqcecce-bnhdgcbqcecce mcic` zneknemcidce znxqnmdcce hcfce hcb~) acxc

znx~qcfcce `nekc}~x znxqnmdcce) acxc zn`hnidce hcfce hcb~ bn zn`cqlb) fcxkc

hcfce hcb~) ocqdid}cq znetd`zcece hcfce hcb~ tcek }nxqnmdc) mce acxc

zn`nidfcxcce znxqnmdcce hcfce hcb~%

=%1%8 Znene}~ce Hdctc Znxqnmdcce

Hdctc znxqnmdcce tcek mdcecidqdq cmcicf hdctc zn`nqcece bn`hcid

md}c`hcf hdctc znetd`zcece hlekkli cmned~` kxcmn C% Hdctc zn`nqcece

bn`hcid &XA$ cmcicf hdctc-hdctc tcek mdbni~cxbce linf znx~qcfcce hnxbnecce

mnekce zn`nqcece mce znenxd`cce hcfce hcb~ mcxd zn`cqlb% Hdctc ded

hnxf~h~ekce mnekce znqcece) }n}czd }dmcb hnxkce}~ek mcxd hnqcxetc znqcece%

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}ninzle) hdctc cm`dedq}xcqd) mce hdctc }xceqzlx}cqd% Hdctc zn`nqcece &XA$ qnic`c

qc}~ }cf~e mczc} mdfd}~ek mnekce acxc `nekcidbce oxnb~neqd zn`nqcece qnic`c

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hlekkli cmned~` tcek mdznxbdxcbce tcd}~ hdctc lzzlx}~ed}t ) tcek mdfd}~ek

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Hdctc ~ed} cbce mdfd}~ek bn}dbc cbce `nekn}cf~d hc}cq devnq}cqd

znxqnmdcce tcek mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce% Hc}cq devnq}cqd znxqnmdcce tcek

mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce cbce `negcmd bnemcic devnq}cqd zcmc `lmni NLS

mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd) mce NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic

devnq}cqd%

=%1%1 Qdq}n` Znxqnmdcce Znx`de}cce Hnhcq

3% @lmni NLS Bicqdb Mcic` `nekn`hcekbce bnhdgcbce znxqnmdcce) }nxmczc} m~c znx}cetcce

zlblb tcek fcx~q mdznxfc}dbce tcd}~ 3$ Hnxczc hcetcb tcek fcx~q mdznqce &c}c~

mdzxlm~bqd$


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84

`nx~zcbce tcek znx}c`c `nemn`leq}xcqdbce hcf{c q~c}~ ~b~xce zn`nqcece

tcek lz}d`ci mczc} mdbcib~icqdbce ~e}~b `n`ded`cibce hdctc tcek }nxbcd} mnekce

znxqnmdcce% NLS `n`hcek~e qnh~cf `lmni mcxd qdq}n` znxqnmdcce mce

`nekbcib~icqdbce b~ce}d}cq zn`nqcece tcek `n`ded`cibce hdctc }l}ci% Mnekce

mn`dbdce ded mczc} `negc{ch znx}cetcce hnxczc hcetcb tcek fcx~q mdznqce


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hdctc zn`nidfcxcce `negcmd }dmcb hnkd}~ hnqcx) mce g~kc mczc} `n`ceocc}bce

bn~}~ekce mcxd zn`nqcece tcek nblel`dq%

]~g~ce ~}c`c cmcicf `n`hcek~e qnh~cf `lmni mce `nekcecidqdq

zlicetc% Qctceketc) zlic tcek }nxgcmd qnxdekicf bl`zidbcqd) gcmd bd}c `n`~icd

mnekce qnh~cf cecidqdq mcqcx tcek `n`h~c} qng~`icf cq~`qd tcek qd`zni% Fci

}nxzne}dek mcic` NLS cmcicf znx`de}cce mdcq~`qdbce mdbn}cf~d qnacxc zcq}d)

ble}de~) mce bleq}ce qnzcegcek {cb}~) qnznx}d zcmc Kc`hcx ;%

Kc`hcx ;% Cq~`qd Znx`de}cce zcmc @lmni NLSQ~`hnx 7 [c}nxq &3448$

@lmni NLS ded `n`h~c} qng~`icf cq~`qd icdeetc) mdce}cxcetc &3$

Znx`de}cce mdbn}cf~d qnacxc zcq}d) ble}de~ mce bleq}ce qnzcegcek {cb}~2 &8$ Qc}~

gnedq hcxcek }~ekkci tcek mdfd}~ek edicd znqcece lz}d`ci2 &1$ Qn`~c hdctc

mdbn}cf~d mnekce zcq}d mce }dmcb hnx~hcf-~hcf2 &=$ ]dmcb hlinf cmc bnb~xcekce

znxqnmdcce2 &>$ [cb}~ }~ekk~ eli &znekce}cxce hcxcek mcxd q~zzidnxanzc}$2 &?$

Hdctc zn`hnidce &z~xafcqn zxdan$ mce hdctc zn`nqcece bn`hcid &xnlxmnx alq}$

}dmcb hnx~hcf-~hcf mnekce b~ce}d}cq tcek mdznqce 2 &;$ Zn`ne~fce bn`hcid

znxqnmdcce qnbn}dbc d}~ g~kc &deq}ce$) qnfdekkc qn`~c hcxcek tcek mdznqce }dhc

mce `negcmd q}lb md {cb}~ hnxqc`cce mce mczc} mdk~ecbce qnknxc & d``nmdc}nit$2

&6$ @cqdek-`cqdek gnedq hcxcek znxqnmdcce cmcicf hnhcq &demnznemne}$%

Znx`de}cce

[cb}~


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1% @lmni NLS mnekce `lmni ]{l Hde Qtq}n` ]cezc Bnemcic Devnq}cqd

@lmni NLS mnekce `lmni }{l hde qtq}n` mdk~ecbce ~e}~b `n`ne~fd

znxqnmdcce tcek md`cec {cb}~ zn`ne~fce znxqnmdcce }nxhc}cq% Cq~`qd tcek

mdk~ecbce linf `lmni NLS mnekce `lmni }{l hde qtq}n`) zcmc mcqcxetc qc`c

mnekce cq~`qd zcmc `lmni NLS bicqdb) fcetc qcgc tcek hnxhnmc cmcicf zcmc

`lmni }{l hde qtq}n`) zn`ne~fce znxqnmdcce xnic}do }dmcb deq}ce% Mcic` cx}d)

hcf{c zn`ne~fce znxqnmdcce }dmcb mczc} anzc} mdicb~bce%

]nbedq mcic` `lmni }{l hde qtq}n` ded cmcicf znxqnmdcce q~c}~ gnedq

hcxcek md`cq~bbce bn mcic` m~c }n`zc} &hde$)Hde C mceHde H%Hde H }nxmdxd mcxd

qng~ìcf hcxcek tcek qnq~cd mnekce xnlxmnx invni% Hde C mdznxk~ecbce }nxinhdf

mcf~i~) ~e}~b `nekdqd znx`de}cce bleq~`ne% Bn`~mdce Hde H mdk~ecbce bn}dbc

Hde C blqlek znxqnmdcce% Znqcece znxqnmdcce mdicb~bce bn}dbc Hde H `~icdmdk~ecbce%

G~ìcf znqcece nblel`dq &Sl$ zcmc `lmni NLS mnekce `lmni }{l hde

qtq}n` }cezc bnemcic devnq}cqd mdfd}~ek mnekce `nekk~ecbce x~`~q tcek qc`c

mnekce `lmni NLS bicqdb%% Znxhnmcce ce}cxc `lmni NLS bicqdb mnekce `lmni

NLS mnekce `lmni ]{l Hde Qtq}n` ]cezc bnemcic devnq}cqd) tcd}~ zcmc `lmni

NLS mnekce `lmni }{l hde qtq}n` }cezc bnemcic znxi~ mdacxd xnlxmnx invni ~e}~b

`nene}~bce hc}cqce znxqnmdcce `ded`~`) qnfdekkc znqcece mdicb~bce% X~`~q

~e}~b nene}~bce xnlxmnx invni &XLI$) tcd}~ 7

XLI 0 I] M

Md`cec 7 I] 0 [cb}~ ]~ekk~

M 0 Znx`de}cce znx {cb}~

Mnekce cq~`qd hcf{c {cb}~ }~ekk~ tcek }nxgcmd md znx~qcfcce inhdf qdekbc}

mcxdzcmc {cb}~ znqcece nblel dq &]l$ `ne~x~} NLS bicqdb%

Hdctc znxqnmdcce qnic`c qn}cf~e `ne~x~} `lmni NLS mnekce `lmni }{l

hde qtq}n` }cezc bnemcic devnq}cqd mczc} mdfd}~ek mnekce `neg~ìcfbce hdctc

znqcece qn}cf~e mnekce hdctc znetd`zcece znxqnmdcce qnic`c qn}cf~e% Hdctc

znqcece mdfd}~ek mnekce `nekcidbce oxnb~neqd znqcece mnekce hdctc znqcece znx

znqcece% Hdctc znetd`zcece mdfd}~ek mnekce `nekcidbce xnlxmnx invni mnekce

hdctc znetd`zcece znx ~ed} znx }cf~e%


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=% @lmni NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd

NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd) `nx~zcbce q~c}~

`lmni tcek `n`didbd bleqnz tcek qc`c mnekce NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n`

}cezc bnemcic devnq}cqd% Znxhnmcce ce}cxc `lmni NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n`

mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd mnekce `lmni NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` }cezc

bnemcic devnq}cqd) tcd}~ zcmc `lmni NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic

devnq}cqd `n`cq~bbce bnemcic devnq}cqd mcic` zn`hnidce znxqnmdcce qnq~cd

mnekce tcek mdicb~bce linf znx~qcfcce) qnfdekkc b~ce}d}cq znqcece nblel`dq

`lmni NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic devnq}cqd `n`didbd edicd tcek

qc`c mnekce edicd b~ce}d}cq znqcece nblel`dq `lmni NLS mnekce bnemcic

devnq}cqd% Edicd XLI zcmc `lmni NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce bnemcic

devnq}cqd cbce qc`c mnekce edicd XLI zcmc `lmni NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n`}cezc bnemcic devnq}cqd%

Hdctc znxqnmdcce qnic`c qn}cf~e `ne~x~} `lmni NLS mnekce `lmni }{l

hde qtq}n` }cezc bnemcic devnq}cqd mczc} mdfd}~ek mnekce `neg~ìcfbce hdctc

znqcece qn}cf~e mnekce hdctc znetd`zcece znxqnmdcce qnic`c qn}cf~e% Hdctc

znqcece mdfd}~ek mnekce `nekcidbce oxnb~neqd znqcece mnekce hdctc znqcece znx

znqcece% Hdctc znetd`zcece mdfd}~ek mnekce `nekcidbce xnlxmnx invni mnekce

hdctc znetd`zcece znx ~ed} znx }cf~e%

>% @lmni Zxlhchdidq}db

@lmni mcxd NLS bicqdb qc`zcd NLS mnekce }{l hde qtq}n` mnekce

bnemcic devnq}cqd) mdmcqcxbce zcmc bnzcq}dce) md`cec qn`~c vcxdchni znxqnmdcce

`n`znxlinf edicd tcek }n}cz mce mdbn}cf~d zcq}d znxbn`hcekceetc% Zcmc `lmni

zneknemcidce znxqnmdcce `lmni zxlhchdidq}db ded cbce mdznxbnecibce

bn}dmcbzcq}dce mce `n`hcek~e `lmni md`cec vcxdchni }dmcb mdbn}cf~d qnacxc

zcq}d }n}czd `nekdb~}d qng~ìcf mdq}xdh~qd bn`~ekbdece &zxlhchdid}t mdq}xdh~}dle$%

@ne~x~} [c}nxq &3448$) bn}dmcbzcq}dce mcic` znxqnmdcce) tcd}~ 7

3% Znx`de}cce% Znx`de}cce bnqni~x~fce &ckxnkc} mn`cem$ ~e}~b q~c}~ gnedq

hcxcek qnxdek mc}cek mcxd qng~ìcf hnqcx bleq~`ne demdvdm~% Oi~b}~cqd cacb

mcic` cekbc mce ~b~xce mcxd znqcece-znqcece }nxqnh~} md}nxgn`cfbce bnzcmc

bnmcic` q~c}~ vcxdchni mce bn}dmcbzcq}dce bnqni~x~fce znx`de}cce%


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8% Hdctc% Zcmc ~`~ètc hdctc `nedekbc} qnacxc ble}de~ mcic` hnhnxczc }cf~e%

^b~xce mce {cb}~ mcxd znedekbc}ce }dmcb mczc} mdzxnmdbqd) qnfdekkc hdctc

znxqnmdcce md`cqc tcek cbce mc}cek `negcmd }dmcb zcq}d%

1% [cb}~ }~ekk~% [cb}~ }~ekk~ }nxmdxd mcxd hnhnxczc hckdce) }nx`cq~b `cqc

znxqdczce) ilbcqd c}c~ zxlm~bqd gnedq hcxcek }nxqnh~} mcxd zn`cqlb)

znekn`cqce) mlb~`ne}cqd) znekczcice) }xceqzlx}cqd) zneknanbce zcmc qcc}

bnmc}cekce) mce qnhckcdetc% Hnkd}~ hcetcb cb}dvd}cq mcic` xce}cd ded tcek

hnhnxczc hnxvcxdcqd zcq}d }nxgcmd% Hdic gnedq hcxcek }nxqnh~} fcx~q mdh~c} mce

mdbczcibce qnacxc de}nxecqdleci) bn}dmcbzcq}dce `negcmd }dekkd) }n}czd hdic

mdzcqlb mcxd zn`cqlb ilbci) bn}dmcbzcq}dce `negcmd xnemcf%

=% B~ce}d}cq zcqlbce% @nqbdz~e znqcece mdbdxd`bce qnq~cd mnekce g~ìcf ~ed}

tcek mdznqce) ec`~e cmc bcic g~ìcf tcek mdbdxd`bce hnxhnmc mnekce tcekmdznqce% Cicqce gnicq ~e}~b ded cmcicf zneknanbce b~cid}cq mnekce

`n`hc}cibce hnhnxczc ~ed} tcek }nicf mdbdxd`bce) bnfdicekce c}c~ bnx~qcbce

qnic`c znekczcice) mce bnqcicfce-bnqcicfce icdeetc% Qnhcidbetc) zn`cqlb

`~ekbde `nekdwdebce hnhnxczc q~xzi~q c}c~ nbqnq mce `nekdxd`bce hnhnxczc

~ed} mcxd tcek mdznqce%

Linf bcxnec cmcet

manajemen persediaan usaha adenium (studi kasus pt. godong ijo asri, depok, jawa barat)

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