'L1ffifT<r ~S1 I I+:f, n:-i jfrWfrr.!:; jT1;l'~-1R qfuq::;r

11i 12 3T<f; 2 ~ 20041. 217-224

{1 11fil i1 'i ~, '11r:rfu;:rr~ n:T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;:Sf111'<TR <W-lR, ~ 226 UU I (iffi\ \ri;~T)

mti~T: 3W,..9-PT (AlIlaranthus) if, ;:syf'J:ror:R q:;y "f<fl:lR fr~ ;:sm ~ ::nfc'!it q:;y r.f''W'l ~ (yield potential ) ;j:; TfT~-TfT"T ~ iT ')j':?,: q:;y r.f'iWRT;:sIT 3W 1'TI"'ii q:;y SIT ~Tr~.1" ~ iT TJTTf cf,r ~ l fomil fu:; ~ iT <lW 'iff l1:~m. i.T % I ITrrr r.rrw l fu; 3Thq;f~F[ 1j" 'W'l ~

iT ')j':?,: n;q; if;fr:r rrTTf;j:; ~ ir i.rrfT II ;:SF[: 'fF. ~ fc:m ~ l fu:; ~ rrTTf iT 'J,~m. ;j:; f<;rrr ITir rrTTf 'lOT 'iff 1<1(';11.'1 fu:m -mr 'lTf7.n: :;IT cl ~3i l ;:fI '~ (polygenic) II ;:SIT<ff, ~ (~ ¥ ~) 3m If.'-<T'l "3iT1"Tt ~ rfr~.it <fir ;:srrc~f rfr~.1" ']k:q ~ I I ~.IF.l 3~-PT ;j:;

;:sTf~ ~r::T i:f C1<1 1itill'l ·fl (biotechnology) (j,,);:fllih,jl ;j:; ~ q:;y ~ 'f7 m ~ I I

~

~ 3m ~~ 31lft-.-m.r "H \jMfT ~ cf,- fWt ~ ~ 0W.-m.r c@" <.TR:T 0Tl1't=;w- (cereal amaranth us) {11111r:(1(1:

WRRT ;j:; ;wr if ~ ~ I n:B.rm, ~ 0m ~1Mr ~ 0m • ~ 0~ cf; "38lT (tropical) 0m ~ (suh­

tropical) 0V'T ':fl q7 0W--"-l"B" n:cn fuf:!R &m 1fi7.B cf,- m it "3llTm Jffiff 'f. 1 nflrm it 'Jffi(f, "ifR 0m *rR (fm ~ ~ if <.TR:T 0Tl1't=;w- '-8 \3'TH m ~ ~ft ~, ~ 0Tl1't=wr c@" Gf.r ~ ~ cf,- Air "3llTm "31Ti1T 'f. "" I ~~ <:11'11 ;j:; ~ <.TR:T

0~-l"B" ~ <fiT "3TfI1 ffRr ~ I ~ if iRRr ~ if lfF@

0m \3lt cf,- W~ ~ q(P~\I ' !d fiTf%l' ~ cf,- Jq1:f if ~ ~, I ~ cFr :ITR:T ~fI1dT (adaptability ) 'm ~ ~ I W,

~ (fm ~ cRT iT ~ if 01Tl7IT JfT %"dT ~ I il:W ~~TT it f.rq ~ ~ ;j:; ~ if ~ 0W.-m.r <fiT 'qf:psq ~

'f. rrm w, rrrqp:r ~ cf,- m if, fu~ ~ ~ (Pf ;:f;

fw1:, 0Tfu ~ REs: iT ~ ~ I FR~rr 0f!fr.:o-l"B" \1lS'1f 0m

~ fJ1rr~ d 0T~ 0~ ~ffi if 01 cj;; 1 I:IT fiTf.i;ffi ~ ;:f; Jq1:f it 01Tl7IT 0fT %ill ~:'- I() I 0W.-m.r ~ cf,- ~ 'W cf,­

m~-W2.T 0RT 9'lt it 'm ~ : ~ 0m ~m \3EirrT cj; ~

&m ~m~: ~ (fS"ldfi<':i), it@, ~. ~ (~~),

3~, Cl"rj'1 cf;- &m ~~. Uir 0m i1~~ 0nR <8"i'fPr; &m

~~ ;:f; Jq1:f it ~ it ;;wIT 0fT JfcO(fT 'f. I ¢ ~ ~ ~ 3m ~ *" fr;ri'r 'm 01Tl7IT :.;m=rr ~1I 1 ' I Cli':,d "H ~ (hi otic) 0m

0~ (ahiotic) ~m0iT -3Rr: ~, <hI s'! <fiT~, ~ 3T~ ~ z.:hdT, 'fll1 ~ r~ I <:11 q;Rt Jfl"futit 01"Tfu cf; ~

nf~mr if <.TR:T ~--m <8 ~ ~ ~ ~ I 0lfq;nf~Rf: ~ T~ srrfI:rtiT if ~TTffi0iT ~ ~ 0TRf~~ ~, 0m m- if 0W<TCn 1l"rm ;;pRfT ~ I ~ 0W1 m it ~ Jff.:r ~ '~ ~ 'Iq)f~mftT * F.m ~~fu;r ~ 0m fin~-l(f 'B:B cf; Air 01f"CTcf) ~ ~ I '~I{IJ II11{~~k\q s-rc8 trlTIffir ~ ~ ~ 0m

0~ gq.''-R ~ cf; fuir ~ ~ cn0T ~ I ~ 08q) ~~iT

it W-W 0qtrtTH ~ it m ~. ~ 'q-[T(1' it u$ ~ ~t:fR" ~ ~ \JfEf ~ 0m 0F~H [c<11:1 ~ * W2.T <.TR:T

31lft-.-m.r ;:f; "fl;<m cf; f\;rir q:ir~rqctf~f-f) 3Tf~ q;r ~

~t:fR" ~ 0ffiPJ1" fcMT (fCf fu~q cf,- 0f.r.'n ~~rr <fiT ~.zrr::r ~

0iT<" 0ncofit:r f;0IT" '" I 5

tTRf 0W.-m.r q:ir t;ITi:T: ~ W 'qfij it -:3'lTm JWIT ~ - '"

~ \'fTlRf 'm iTflfJ1TT ~ iRfr 'k I ~ sW 0ffiRr ~ 'm cqd' ~ ircft 'f. I i7WRf ;:f; Air ~ <"'in f1 (1 0TI0cn ~ CfF.fr ~ ;:f; 0TfT1lR" "H <.TR:T 0W.-m.r <8 ~ it ;g 1RT gR: ;;t

, :.. , - . . ::.

~ I

~ qrill "H w, ~ f~T~fT ffi JfT ~ ~ ful <tG: ~ cR ~ 0m cRif B-~ # -"-TfrrtiT it 01Tl7IT :;nir

ill fu~~ 'lffi(f if ~ ~ it ~ <fiT ~ft Cl 1d ~ ~ I 0l\'rcf: ~ ~"H ~ BTtr~T w, ~ 'f. ful Wi!rJ'1dl:1 l

1JqiTfi'5.T ~ 01 11 '/. ~-l"B" ~ ;:;nfu-i:ii <fiT ~ ir=n ~ B- >;;rq.''-R

fcRrr ~ ill ~ ~ dCf) ~ ~ it rJr~ iT ~ 'f., W2.T iT W~ ~ ~trRT i:f 'm w, fu~"-lTl1 fuJI:IT 0fT ~ ~ Fco ~ q)UiTf <8 ~ ~ <8 Ti'~ c@" 11li2T 0ITl1JR1

r;m ~ ~ i:f q:;if JTfCTcf) ~ 0fT ~ 'f. I

~ ~ if ~~TCf) h-~ (geneti c manipulation) &:nT

~ 0W-l"B" ~ trllfClf ~ '-8 ~ * ~ <fiT 0i2PR

fcRrr 1TI:IT ~ I lJUTCfnT '1~T cR CIlH it ~ m SIlif 3ITl1JR1 &:nT , 0

iTiR cFr l1RT if ~ <fiT 'Fffi1 fuJI:IT 0fT m ~ I iTiR <8 -mfiRf rrr:n 0m ~ n:'fl ~ i:f it'% :11 'h ~~.:r (negative corre­

lation) cf; ~ fufrtft ~ ~Ih I ~ 0m ~ ~ it m,j h-~ cf; W~f'JT if <.TR:T 01~11, ~--TTf <8 ~ '-8 vliTf.:.Rl m ~ ~ 0m 0~ ;:nrffi cf;- "lJpm ~ * "fl;>..lR it 0ITJFsW1 0m 0nfTrqq:; ~ <8 '~ cFr 'i'iiflr~'il ;:f; ~ ~ 1TcfiR ~:

2 18

rr,;jT-54

rr,;jT -bO

rr,;jT - b~)

rr,;jT - I ~) / I n:'l::fr ~" cf; 3Tr

rr,;jT-67

rr,;jT - I 14

rr;;fr-21

rr,;jT-I VX

nRT-2

.jFl'pTf

~;lTS m- 120SI:{I:{

TTIT cf; n:'l IT - 7

~ lJIP-[

7V

IlHI

~J~ )

V~)

76

V4

V'l

L)[j

~3

<)5

HX

100

%

i.:1r,

tlRf ~ ct ~ : ~ ~~T if ~ ~m ~ (t:rR1 chl ~ m: rn qrc;fr) ~ chl ~ cnB lR q:)3 f:pw TiT cf> \~ \ ' " :) O J

3TItm 'TI ~ ~ ~ ?; fcn \3'TTir Jff.r ~ W~ rB ~ ~ ell "J<\ll if ~ fu;m 'l"m17 1 t.TP:f ~m:r chl q:)(Wf

~ ~~T it ~ ::8 u'ti (domes tication) ~ if ~ ~ ;:::rqrq 3m ~ 3lf~ rTf q)f ~ ti'rTc:R ~ 1 ~ ~Tnr (~ : ~ chl 3nW% ~) if n:cn 11 ~ ~ r;pfJl1T 250 !jTGJ qr:q qrit ~ ~ 1 !jTGJ ~ cnr ~.rcn n&IT if qr:rr 0fRT ~ mn: ell ~ cf> ft;ru: c;rr%ffi TT ~ 1

~ ~ W~ ;:fit G;RT if t.TP:f 0P1t=m:r cf> wrr cf> .",q fI fuiT 'TI W "ijtR ~ ~ qrit ~ ~ ~ W ~~ ~ ~ Riruit ~JRf 3m-~ chl ~ ;:fit fl'J:WRT \1IT'-l"q) ~ smn- ~ ~ GFIT cf> 3TICnn: if ~ % ~ ~ ?; ~m xf'1F-Rf: ~ rrrr S1fCfl fuq:)rn (evolution) if '41 ftm m ~ 1 ~

it C1?HkY<h ~ if 3R: ~m ~ ~ qrir ~ ~ \ii'r Djr ~ cf> ~ if mmcn iRr ~ fumcf;-~ rB i'T~ "H ~ q){

mq:; cnB IJl1i:f rTI~TRr "1 if 3T~ R;mif ~ ~ ~ c#2: ;:fit ~ "1 it ~ ~ it 1 3~ ~ (utricle) chl ~ cf> '-!)WIT ~ ~ ~m ~ if 3w:FRr % q 1,,11 ~ ~m- q I~ <h ~ :i'rit ([. ~ m. chl G;RT if w \1ffi1f.fr if~?'-I

Jtrr;:;IT ~ilfui:ji it ~ VfR ~ c\tJIT cR CfRT if ~ ZIT

l11f;G ~ (pa I e co I ou r) ~ ~ ~ \1ffi 01iET 'q;H cf> TT cf>

i'rmIT ~

(q/h) ~(%)

:11.2u 7VI'i

:·1 1.04 71.'!t!

0,2 .84 7X.'12

28.47 7 ~1. fj5

IV.X5 G4.1;4

2~. IV ()~J. :-~4

:·~O.:>'9 7154

:lU.X7 lib.X4

2G.2V !) /I .~'~)

27.77 ~)f-).15

·l3.~2 4Ii.X ~i

:i;j. :~~ 72 . ~I ~)

32.4:>' 70.X5

O.7(j 17.X'i

'-!)WIT 3ITucn ~ fcnm \JfTill ~ 1 ;;frJft q)f 'f>l"lT iRT n:<n ~ TfOT ~ 1 mf1tq;- '-JTTfJTT 3IT cf> '-!)WIT i< \jW p;r;;-:j:; ;:;rrr;r irr ;j) ~ ~ ~

;:fit "¥AT if ~ i\, 1rB ZIT ~ irr ;j) qr,q~ ::8 \jIT'-T<h ~ fcnm \JfTill ~ 1

twm ij wm : ~ n-m- qr:rr 'l"m ~ fen ~ ;:fit ~ it ~ .

~ ~ q)f 'ift ~ ~ ?,-I' ~ ~ ~~

~ finm '!:'f Tqqm "H ~ irill ~ I ~ ;:fit cnTQT<hCfT if frF1ill ~ cfr<if cnr ~, qI('W~IIJI cR #-2Tfum 3W "'!Jfu ~ ;:tr ~ G:~1ill 3nR err f.rifT Cflfrfr ~ (TfTT'Tfr ::;) I ~

chl Rmill ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ inn 00 'l"m ?; fcn 0~~1(f : Jfrwr cf> ~r.pm ~Wr 0lR ~ CTtit it t.TP:f ;:fit ~

if ~ iRrr ~ ~ I 4i1f::h<:1 ;:fit ~, gfu rfr~ q[:jI<hr<1 chT

n&IT, 'Jfu ~ ;;frJft cnr 'IW 0m W~f'lT '!TIT ~ ;j) ~czr ~ g ~ ~ "H s.rcnr ~ W<F-T ?,-I" (ffi I) I rfrm chl0;T~ I ~ ~ ~;:tr ~ (fm 'Jfu rfr>-IT ~;:fiT-xt&IT 'ift n:n ~ "H {F)'l '<1 f.-tRf %; 0m TI:m -y-r;rr 'l"m ?,- fu) ~ ~ cf> n:n ~ ~ ~2"21 1 51 ~T -;, w '41 11"W c('r ?,­

fcn ~ cfr~ ~ cR m.c:m n:<n TTfll ~ ~ ~ I sm cnRllf "l:fmci' m "H ~ ;:fit ~ cf> fun: QI<1ICfln l <tr ~ ~ if ~ITtTC8~1(f: ~ cf> furiT ~ lfRT Jll\lT ?,- (fmfi:r W

U~~ ~ fcn /:ffG: 'Jfu q'rtIT ~ <tr ~ 3fR1l"-;fr if ~ fum \iff wn-'r. 'TRT 1fTTf ~ cfruIT '-fiT 'IW (3T21id crr,,=rr cnr j1T<hl7)

? ' ,

s;mT([cm ~ * ~ if 3v;q W-1.1R1f.-I'-Irf ~1'1 2"2W I W ~

hu

hu

hu

liu

Jiu

liu

hu

('i',)

.I::.t:.lr",-,,-':lelGjl±llt'

lJ! ~IO:

ubJ 4 li!'.:

1 Jiu 44 liIC

(J,f,)

~ ~

61Z

Jiu Jiu Jiu

hu hu hu

hu hu Jill

Jiu Jiu Jiu

1iu 1iu hu

hu hu hu

hu hu hu

(%) (%) (%)

~ jJe.$..\lO. lJ<.iJl~

Oii't+Oi)"W

£(i'" 1 +OO',)Ol

~:I)"()+nco

i-:l'Il+9l'~

9fl'HRI'(iS

1()"R+9R'(ill

(.1-:'9+S()1

(%)

l1r.(!1O:

81;~ .':W11O: L..:t:Jr,~ ~,¥-• jJe * .\¥-8G~ ':LjW ~G~ 4?t~?Jletj-~ • jJe 1Ji It>

~ ~J: hfr?J!.1' hu • (1!:;£) ~ Jiu

Ol' 1 ii-Sl':-~'V

RVVL(.-lS'LG 1

LL'CH:<rO

IHS-hii'l

t,Viii-:-lii'R(,.

SS"' S J-Xt-:'RR

IJ~: I-~)L

B~.tJ1

('i'J)

~~

lqt/~

(ill 1)0111)

llb, lliRipi

~ /illt, tt k.\?

It;~/~

?ll'Y: ~ r;~ l!hlt~

lli1 /M<~

':Wi ':l?IGjl±llt' 'Q ~J.18 J:! )ID1 ':l!1I..2 1IJt' ~ ,h hl~1O: .td.t'; -\-: lJu1-11t

lli-liu

}l1-Jiu

1¢JJ:tl? ~-lJ! .$.

~-u u t-?J?J"eJr-u

b.l??J.lJ:t-hu (~li !?Jl>:)

.&J;.l!ili. .illlt -lJ! ~IO:

1¢JJ:tl? ~i;Jlh -l}. ~

~~-lJ.t.flli~

1?I"JPJ"~~-ulJ.t.lti.t:4'-~~ ~-ulJ.t.J.f:

lJ! lilO: .\?lJ.t. l}. ~IO: lJ! liS: lJ! liS: lj. lilO illIC jJe-illf: b ubJ 1111 1111 ubJ ubJ ubJ 8i;:!iu .e..ur:. lJ! lilO: lJ!~ l}.W .Ij. liS: ~ liS: lJ! li>: SII (l}../I£'u)

Jiu liu

4* lJ!~ lJ!~ ~~ 'lJ! lJ.t. lJ! liIO S'II (J.lli (.<l/.\lO. w) Jiu * ~ ill, Jiu Jj lj-! J.lli

Jiu :UlJi..\lO. (il) m~

(il) (il) ~ /.l.I:iit.lt (UD) ':£&

m~ illt. .tlh ~ ¥Jt.y: l:Jili ':l;

~ lliRlJ.b .1'£L.lQ ~ ~ r!~ ~ ~J.18

':Wi4 '£li;JlluIC

':l; ~ '!;o'P.Fr '::?11-2 lIJIC ~J.18 ,h .\ir"-'-l,hlt' .td.t'; -(. lJutlli

l12lJili ~ -JHdb,)± 1;£ llhll tJ?lt~ 14 ~ .lH2blL : 1810' ~ ~

220

T[(IT ~ fu? rfr<if cR ~ q:;r ~ fr \3~uq) ~'J ~ ''IT ~TPR ~ rfrtit if ~ qJ \3ITuq) I:t&IT ct CfiR'JT it ~ ~ ~ ~ * m ~ cR ,j -r.T~ f':1::jlIQJ\11 qJ TTcFi ~ . ~ . 1lTCH 11RT T[(IT ~, ~ ~ ct Wi1 ~ 3f"T \3wr:IT~F-f)

~I'J * ::nf7'JT ~ ~ fftfi:R:r ~~"2 ' I

~ (f2IT if m ~ ~ ~ fu? Tfqq(f: ~

\3m \3~ iRt iT ~ ~\3Tt ct <W:\1" ir2r ;:j') CfiR'JT mm ~ gfulm \3TWliCT ~ (mM'r 2) I ~ qffir-211\-ji:l'f if ~ 3wr:ITQF-f) g'rrrT * ~ * ft;rit ~ 1fIIT * RT:!"i'Rf 11AT q:;r *-TJ7'lT ~ ?; I S1T ~ n:::n ~ \31frrrR ~ m irfr :sIT ntiIvIT \3lf.flT~ff '4c q:;r '~ fl, l."i4Iq'i <liT ~ \:llTT Wi1-W i1

IQQ4QW rrm orr 'it 0r-'f~f'TT q:)T ~ I 911"'18 ~ ~ ;:j')

1lT~ \3Tfrr qill";jR '1~ q:;r \3rr:n:1 if \3~~R (inter mat­

ing) cf; WI" if JWP1"tCZlI if ~UR (f21T \3TRffu!:; r:rc:rci- if ~ fi~~q:iy i1 ~ &TIT \3wr:IT~Tif) \3~ q:;r jri1R ir ~ 1

sWh &TIT 'fl:~ qJ 'm ~ 1lfu ~ irfr ~ ~ qili

\3wr:IT~Tq) E/TcWT it ill \HiT 'm ~ ~ if ~ 14; I' llll:ITlf-r

m W<1 ?; f;:n ~ \3Nf.:2PJ if ~ ctUT\1T 'WIT ~ ~ \3W ~ fi~~q:if cR 'm 'TiG'TR q:)T ;:;fr Trfr ?; ~ \3rm \1Cll n:n ~ ~ '1fC<11if ¥. 'k JJit S1Tq:)f ~ CJl""P-T ~ 11 PHitCZl I

;:j') f:rcnm * f;;rir f;:nzrr T[(IT it 1

~ ~ ct -qm <tT ~'1(hil'1l (~ ~ <tT 3lTG~f ~) : ~ \3~.vr ~ "@ill ~ r~I\1Irl(1)1 if oFr ~ ~ I Q I\1l r~ { 1)1 ~ ~ m q:;r n:::n ~ ~?; 1 ~ ~ * ~ (F:l if \314/, ..o-m * ~, rir ~ /:IT :r.nt cR cR"{ n:m 'JJfTfu 1if ?; iT '1m qffir-o~ \3m ~ * BiT ~ ~ \JfT

~ ?; 1 ·3f<l: wir<T ~ \3R'tr<.TR m-2lR cF ~$1II+if ::r . -,jTlTl"1l if iT n:n .€rrfr oFr ~ * fuq:;rn qJ 11RTill it iT fqf~T'Z \3Wf~(jCfi(fT3IT cF Air ~ it 1 (fmfi:r \3lW1l "B tr m ~ ciT f;:n \3W..o-m cR rrm ~ qJ 011Tm ;:rrrir RiRc@

~ '4t \3IT~ it (f21T \3TfiTf~Kf ~ cF wr if 'm "JllTi:fr \JfT % \3m W~ iT 1lT~ \3M q:;nr;ft ~ : ~, ~ \3m ~ \3nR cR ~ ~ 'lo/CH * gfu 'm ~ -&,' 1 m 'm 'TiG'TR oFr 'lIfr ~ f;:n T.TUfl1 /:IT ~ if ('rmT m '11 \'11 ~ 3W~ cR ~ Jfr 3Tf1:l'f9..trr 'l1IR ;:):; wr if ~ ~ (fu;r 2) \3W ~ if '~ if 3M m r~ I ,;j'1 ~ oFr Il f,;p:1'1 fJ 1\1 I <liT %, ~ ':r:f '~FN:r~\11 r~ I"n ~ q:;r f:n1n1 fu1m JfRT ~ 1

r:fi'l'Ff ('rmT iR r:r< ~ ~ 3W GJ;ft oFr ~ ct ~ lJ'lTlTlT CRTir 00 * f;;rir rfrtit if ~ CTRii q:;r qmr JfRT

;;Wf~iTcl1 ?; ~ ,jTTmWr ~ 11 (CJ I IQ iH 11~ 0;i.1I 5 ~ rfrir ~ ~ ~ 3w.w cR it, rfr0 Jfr0 ~ -& 0ffi PIT 1if, -mJft * ~ if m;:):; Air ~()- IO() fu:;:iT if ~ m ~ HCflII-;ICfl

'~ n'N";M, 'lfl'R' ~, gfu rfrm ~ cR \3ITuq) 1:t&IT, ~ \3W Cfl'lIT q:;r Cfll1 cniFrT iRT \3m ~ q:;r trT ~ ~

iRT \311fG: 1 'JlffiWr qfum if' ~ m if 0 qT(f crT 3IT~ iTT fum T[(IT fu? TTf '~F~qq:r~\1I, rr:R ~, 'lfl'R' ~ 3W ~ cR r;ffiri'rm ~fli\1T cF 'fIT r~ I "Ii ~ q:;r ~ f;:.nm srrir 1 f.:r1\:r cpjf if \3IT~.Nl ~liHq"hi 3W 3IT~H, iRrw :rr;:;fr

\JfTfutiT qJ ~ m TV ~ u:rR f0:rr T[(IT 'k 1

GJffi :rrr ~ \3in' 3ITW-h '1TI1 r0TI T[(IT Cl7. ?; rfrtit ;f,r WRill JIT f;:n ~ -29 :n% 1JJlTfu if 'WTI T[(IT ?; I "2, 1 ~ q:;r

3TfCfiT1: 0ffi 3R: -3R-~ iT f;:n Jf$f ~ ~ ~ Cf)Ti:r ~

\3m-~ qT(f ct Air 'm rrp-F-l'R ~ ~ f;n ~ ;:j:; 3T1'CflT'{ if ::n1fT -;r iT1'l211"'; 1 ~ GFi't cR I:t&IT gfu ~ * Wr~1 fr-"-T7 iT \3m

\R:f ~TT&T oFr ~ ~ ~ oFr mczrr &m ~. ~

~ ~ if ill ~ if ~ 3ITtfl· nlLerl ~TmT oFr ~ GFiT oFr ~ ~ mfr J1 i',fl l<Jrr~m ll<fl ~- I

~ \3llfr.:2TIJ q)ffiYf * rfr>.IT if :iJ IrH , 11AT oFr vfT ~ (\q (TI f2-l(f ~ T[(IT ?; f:ir1# rfrtit * -;:fr0 ~ ~ cR WRT ~ % 3m m 'TIfW~ (F:l * f;;rir I. :) ITl nlcll ~ m rfr~.IT ~ f.:NI{k4'"h WI" if ~ fu1m T[(IT 'k (f<TillT31f.Nl ~ ~

ill ct Air 11Ufl1 ;;i.l 15 ~ rfrtit oFr \3TP-P$<lT 'V :W f0:rr T[(IT ?; 1 wtm-~ 3~~ffi J"j'T-2lR. ;:;T'<.CJ'i .:n if ~-l'RT 3~...:p:j r:r< ~iT>..:r ~ if m qmr T[(IT ?; f;n ~ cR ~ 3W rfr>.IT cR ~ if ~~ ~ I' = OR'1?; (ffi I) 1 fu~m 2l'R ~ Wi:[ CiT\1' m 'k fu? me :iJ 1'1 '"h 11AT q:;r f:r~ ~ ~ ciT rf.:r, ~ 3m iifJ"i' f if m ~ ~ oFr n:::n f:r~m rrr:r-=r fqf~ ~ ~ ?; (rfr>J 0Tf~ ~ if) 3m ~ ~ (:rW1(2:i 1 ~ f:rw;r it) I ~ 3m m qmr T[(IT f;:n m ~MT · it ~ ~ q:;r ~ ~~J ?; (I' = O . R~)) iT STf CiTi1 ~ 'JGf~f<l

CflT\1T 'k fu? m ~ft if ~I1Y.Fl VZT cR ~ q:;r ~ 3IT>r1) ?; I

~ \3PZ QI\1l r~11)1 if ~ * fu'~ q:;r ~ 3IT~ ?;,

~I ~ if -mJft * Air .J1 lr~'"h 11AT * 0Tfi't0f q:;r ~ i1 <R'fH1Cf) wq.:'C.f ?;, ~ CiTi':fr ~ if inn ::rt.t ?;. ~ rf.:r \3m cfrJf cF m if ~ 11AT * 'lFrnrrr \3nT iRrw if i t 'Jl lrY'Oh

~'C.f ?;211 1

~ ~ 3T4T-=2PJ if IcNI{Jr4'"h ,3ITJ11T4"i' * 'JtiTrr crT

'1H ::rt.t "3Oill ?;, ~ ~ r-rr-IT if fT-:r ~i I-H )I ~ q f< f<~ if \31fJiJ'Wf ~ ~ if,,;;;:. \1 ~ T[(IT ?; ~ l1;!:2f

q:;r feAr 7JP-l"~ W~f'TT fhiT ,¥. ~ ~ ~ ;:j:; 'JtiTrr * 1'1 Of" ,« m::T<.TR CflT\1T ?; 1 IrN I (lc4 'I', 'ICflTT oFr m if per se 0ITuq) ~ ;:j') ~ ~ 'm 3~ ::rtf f;:.nm -:rrr.:rr i.l l li', ~ I

~ ~.--2TI1 ;:j') \31fJiJ'Wf if 'IiRm 3qq-::r n:::n ~ ~ ?; 1 flnj';l :iO ;:r;IT if 'J1R(f if >JM \3~...:p:j ;:j:; 01f~

(hrecders) q:;r u:rR ~ \3m ~ if ~ ~ ~ ~ oFr i'f{1f) iT \3Tf<rCflT~Kf : ~ m ?; -SJ-iT 'JR rfr;n i~r·l l-ll"l oFr 1:t&IT, W2flT '!TIT ( 1000 ell AI q:;r), ~ ~ (harvest

index) (W7'Jfr 3) \3m \3T\1'(1' : 0M 3TTf<t:n ~ ~ I~fl'~ -::p~ iil

BTm, " <{iT 1fT 0m ~ c@ trmcmrr ct fWl 0FfTCIT ~ , ~

~ f':T JfRTI c, I

cfRr ~ q:;r rrtt~f1lT 0Wf1T-0Wf1T ~ T;f\, ~ ~

~ q:;r 'm 0T-;:;:fr~-rr ~ fu1m "IT m N, W...rR'm 0T-;:;:fr~-rr

c@ 0fHr ~ 0m ~ em; "fr ~ l;141q~chi ct ~ if m Wrw j; w c@ ~ Cj){ ;:;fr \JlTIfr % I ~ cpjf j; 011J1CT "fr w: w ~ ~ fq:) {1141 --'::j<ii:l1 IJER ~ 0m IJER ~ ':11 ",11

cfRr :rrrfum if ~ 1ft} 0m ~ ~ r.rrill ~ c@ 0WW

0IT~.rcn ~ rwfr rrm I w: n:cn 0~ ~ ~ft %, ~ 3qW<-lR" 0m ~ c@ 0IT~ 0Wf~%ill % I

<rRr 0m-~ if ~ j; 4l<c'IRl l.<\q, 0PT <rRr ~ c@

em;, ~ ('pm iR ClI "II , cfR'r- -qurq '~il l { ~ 0m ~ ~ ~ Wif ~dT N m ~ 0m P-rRr cpjf if ~ if ,4t ~ ~ ~ 10rr<Tcll ~ c~ I JI ~ ct ~ ~if ~ ;j;- ;:mur ~ if 0T«lftF-n ~ ~ % I

<rRr 0rrft.:.o-m cfl fucnrn ct fWl ~ c@ 0W~-rr ~ 0p:j"

~ffi if 0nqq:; u:rR ~ c@ 0Wf~%ill ~ I uchr2ll1 <rRr 0141;:!>-m * 1rfr c@ ~ n-m it ~ ~ ~ <If.(f 0lT1Tcn ~ if . . , . j

miT ;:;niT I <lRf 0l11T.-m:r cfl ~ w:.T, ~ "",q n 'qfTr if Gfum c@

rrr:n Cj~,(i 0lf~.:r.n it 0m W<Q"-W<Q" ~ c@ ~ ,4t 0W<Tcll it, ~ "fr W 'qffi it ;sffir ~ 0fR ~ cH ct ;:mur 0TI~ "{fI1lT

.i.Y-fJ W>:T ~ 1it n-; ~ ~ I 0-r:R ~ CliR if ~ qru ~ "i1 T-f it fur 'Jf17f ~ I mWr ~--qUT4" ~ill { ct ~ ~ WIT ct 'm fuf.r c@ trlWRf ~ ~, "i:lR 'Ifu WelT ~ c@ ~ 0ntF-n it I 0ITucl)Nr('f: I:f;'; \H qfffi~ if irill ~ ;Jfq 1rtIT c@

~ ~ i1 0TIUrn Rl% "fTir 0T~ 01R1qRqq:r~ 'lKR" -&\l if it "&iT v. Sf]<) I

~ 'm 0~~fcl1 ~ \iit <rRr 0m-~ cfl qru cfl

:m~m;@- ~TTfRc: (natomicall y) 0~ ~ 0m riRT q;rr

% fsr:riJ ~ ir.t i.Y-fJ wt} ~ n-; wt ill Rf~ m fr ~ c@ trqrq;rr c8- 0m ~ firWrr I n:fr qrm c8-, \iit ~ 1f'1T ct W<Q"· W<Q" <ti'R 'm it ('fm iRif ~ c@ ~ 'm 0Tf<:F-n

J

it. qr{1 -qr{1 ;:;rwrr "IT Wfiill ~ I \3'i'Xf 'lKR" "ER(q 0m ~ @"{

T;f\ 'Ifu ~ 2~ if ~ ;@- 2 :1 .30% (lCl) ~ "IT Wfiill

I I 0wITUCfl 0~ \NrfrrT 0m 0Rf URiT c@ em; P-lfq::r

em; ~ ~ fuJiJ :rrR ct q:;r{TTf 0Rf ~~if c@ i11.f; 'JlT\d if '41 ~JRf 0~-m c@ 'lKR" cfl fwl ~ ~R 1; I I3JS.lTf 0m ~if .~rll i q7 f.:r;:m:r ~ '11 ",11 <{iT (Jf, n:cn ~ &m q-ca<i % 0m

3ffim~T ~ [,TIT f.Rq >rfu \NrfrrT fu;m \ilT\iT 1; I q RIJ I14 {<~l.<\q

C1TJfIT if SBC@ Cj"~<i &q('f c@ "IT ~ % I tTf. ~ qr('f fr '41 ~ ~ fq:) ~ (JI1Cl if <rRr 014/. ~ q:;r ~ WfJ11T I ROO/ -~

>rfu f:F:.R;;r * 0ffil -qr{1 1; 0m I:fir ~ ~ P-rRr ~ cpsiT fr ~ ;;rr m ~ I ~ ~ ~ c8 ~ "fAT illi),8 I ~ f.R~rr if S1fCIiT f.r:rRr Fcnm ;;rr ~ ill '1lTW if S{m qcrr.:m- c8-~ cfl

22 1

fWl ~ firWrr I ~ ~ ~ c8 ~ ~ 'm 011ft;:~ cfl 01f~

q:;r Q!.fl ~fQchlol if Wfiill ~ I ~ ~ qr('f <R Hp!r~, (1 I-Ml'-ifRT

~ fuJ W ~ q:;r f.:r-om ~ ~ :sIT JfR".ffi In 9," [ ~fi ct fWl ~ qft m ~ G.H ct m if ~ if ,:,IISI JfT ~ I s11

q;n:f if m ~ fiRlm I:f;'; ~ fq:) ~ * ~~ q7 :sIT ~ 0lf$rur 1;, \ruCflT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Sff 'PR it "II "il cfl TTT

<{iT wJf c@ rnr 0l~ ~ ct fIT ~ ~ ~<T :iff ~ I ~1K 0~ if fIT~Tf.Rr (pigment potent) 1.1qr~ ~Ch .if :~ cfl fIT <{iT 0~ 1it fu1m JfT Wfiill ~ I

('fmN 0Rf ~ <fir em; <lRf 0rrft.:.o...:nT if 'm I:f;'; n:=n ~-mfitr 0~lC{) Ritef1JT 1; fen fIT tr~~ (rPjll1 lsF+{ 0nfG)

~ ~ l;14"1~I-rkl c@ ~ ~fIl\iT, 7~ 0W q'lII5ZCh(iI 0W qftq-ill ClI(iICl{1J1 if m;.r~frmrr c@ ~fl1\iT 0nU<fl ir.Jr ~ I q~~ if ~ rt fWl <frJr m Gfum <{iT m iRT ;@-{ ~ :iff ~ .

~ ~ if ~ cfl fW-r G:RT cfl fIT q)T 0F\1T CPy\lT ~, ~

0rrclCflf~T('f: ~ m ~ fIT cfl €II ii c8 ",il'li * r,:m i'~1 '!'(i fulm \ilT\iT 1; I ~ ;@-{ ~m -;rif 'k fu> 0TH ;:rA-~ if &m 0m y:ifr

ct m if ~ llfrr if ~ 'fIT ~ iPfr 1,,1"1 11M I 0m ~ ~l;:;fr ct ~ if ~ ct CflR'lT \ifRCfti 'fr 1JTC(l '~ ~m ;ifit c';.f . '. . ~ .

lffil, ~ 0m 0Tsr 0nR q)T '41 Rf~"qo m i1 ~riM cWrr I <lRf 0l11T~ if ~ ~ if n:cn mill &m ffi\l i.rTrr I -me ~ cfl \NrfrrT cfl ~ fr 0nUCfl ~ CfRT ~ WRRT

~ (JI1Cl if "l ~(i ~ ~, ill <m 0TI~ i1TR WRRT

0nfcicn ~ it q~~ cfl Air %Cf iT 0~ i.rTrr I _ J :J .... r;-..

0T('f: 0WPqq;- 1; fuJ URf 0141...:>-m * 01f~ ~ '~ <fir lJilT c8 00 i'fr sfr ~ cfl m it AA ¥ &m 0m rn7 iRT ct Frif ~ cfl 0Tf~ ~ q:;r ~ ~ ~ I ~ ;:pfu cfl ~ ~ cfl j 'lo;j o-T if.:r if ;:g ~~r:n "JlT

\ifTiPr I trlf'.Rl: ~ ~ if ~ c@ trJ:fP-f"1T 0* .:r.n ~ 0W ~ ~ erR ~ ~ c@ ~ if 2()-2:') % (ff) ~ if ~if~1; 1

0~ m fr 'lKR" <{iT wm it T-f w iRT (T-T'lWfr) Q!.fl ~ 1J;1T ~ I (Jf, UlR if 0f'.T~~ ncRT r~lri',8 fq:) iRr:rrr srfu ~ ~ <{iT >.)?1 I<;Ch(iI tr!llCi.l ~ I ur-:q 0W~ rtt T-f'1Wfr ~ cfl ~ rt Air ~ 01f~ ~ "ChI'

~ ~ ~ 0$UFf 1jD-.TR if 1J'f'J~-q 197() if fi3 11 m \jnT 'I2ll1 ~ ~ c8-~ m i1 <l4GFlT '90 fc.:rm

;w::r fc;m 'Tm m ~ wJf cfl ~ cfl 3()-40 fuit if &rif q;:n ,ilT ;;ffir ~ 0fR 85-97 R:=IT if qru ~ iT Jffir ~ I ~ ~ f.'!u:nG:;r URUfr 1 if Rm 'Tm ~ I T-f'lWfr ~ <fir ~ 20-35 q/h 0m ~ ~ :;:'>-70% 1; I ~ T~ ~

<fir ~ ~ 25-3:10/0 % I 0T('f: '~ <{iT ~ ~Brwr ~

cfl f.Ju:rr0 q:;r ~ ,jPT %, ~ rn 0Tq1TQfcl1 TJ:TTf 1it ~ Cj"'Ch

'FF~ <{iT Q!.fl 'lWT ~ I T-f'lWfr JfTfutiT c8- 3W..TCh 11tR ~ *

222

TfT2T ci'rm ::iIT TfOOT ~ 0W ~ ~ * 'q(R &RT ~ c@- 0lR

0TItfcF ~ (fQ1 m JIT %ill ~2" I trJ1C!(l: <w JJ:l1 0TR~f ~

iPfr F;m-it ~ ~ ~fl1W it '4T ~ it ~ if ~ ?; I ~ if si1 &1"1<'1 ~ 01G-I,~ * fWt it ;:ift ~ 0Rl ~ ;jo f.:;rir 'm "?> 71T4"p:f ~ ~ ~ I 0TR~f cfru- * IJCffi" c@­

rrrn'~T it m \1?]: 'hlJ JIT TfOOT ~-0TR~T 'TI~ >fCfil7 cfr;fr ~ ohl 0WtTrl) ~ (q;:fIWfr) ~ 0T4t=2ffi ;:R n:m ~ q)f fucm:r ~ \JfRT ~

iT fufq-;=;:f '~I Ri't~ (f:T it rn 01TUTfur ~ (f:T *"&N it ~ iT ~ I ~ fuiTrRf chl ~ c@-~ it ~ ~ % ilm ~ ~ 0W '~ q:;r ~ if wi'> I ~ qRft c@­

urR it mer;p 0lfi:IT~ <TRT 0~-Rr ctr ~ <f> fWf AyiBl\{ga TPTiT r:rr furw fu11T l"fm I ,

I rn?: q:;rir ;jo cfr0"

2 'rflWfr TT :~ {lCh II-:I'h qIN:P-~ \1 1

(short statured plant)

(earl i ness)

(synchronous maturity)

(compact inflorescence)

:-, ~ cfr;n i~I'i I'h,:,I;:R (more panicles/pl ant)

3TIt.fC.f) ~

() 3TItfcF ~ (hi gh yield ing)

7 ,3TI'..rn ~ 1f1T (hi gh nutriti onal quality)

~ ciisIT if feY.chl m m (s hattering res istance)

TfTlT ?"AT ,

LJ m , "'1lf1ic8c: 0W ~;:R

Ut.fC.f) ~f11ilT

(insec t, pest and disease

res istance)

~ ~ (abi otic stress)

~ 0W..-<n1 ;:R ([. 1<?:IW/cRHI m. (A. retroflexus

Linn .) "?> ~ JITfu ~ 0lR ~ ~ (fCf) it '4T <:j7. ~ * Fm m m ~ I <w;:;nfu ~ (en~lfR) it <mIT cfit i1V \3'Rfr ~ 'Wfr 1ftit 3lR qtf fr ~ ~ u$ ~ 3Bttm::r m -"..lR' <f> ~ (germplasm) it ~~T fctm 1fiTI I

~ ([. f;1$tfi Chl(:.'}!; QCh(l (A. hypoehondriaeus) 0fR r.;. ~ (A. ementus) <f> W2.T \>l{lkh{'JI (hybridi zation) ~it~ fu11T l"fm, ~ ~ fr <w ~~T it 0WlT % ~ ~ ~ (cross compatability) ?; Rirui'f F2 ~ wJT it ~ ~ q)f T~ qf(lT 1fiTI I r.;. 1<?:7W/CR/(I m. (A . retroflexus

Linn.) (<fIT 1JCfiTT) q)f ([. f;1$ tfiCh7l~QCh(l (A. hypoehondriaeus )

0lR ([. ~ (A . cruentus) (~r@' ~ cll"fi JITft:rtiT) ci1 W2T

c@-~~ (cytoge neti c) ~m q)f 0r~ ~ 1fiTI 0lR

qf(lT 1fiTI % ~ ~ it 0WR1 it qi",\1 0nt.fC.f) 0~~Tcl11J<Ptill (genetic homology) ?; ;:;iT % ~ 0TGt-~ * qqrh trw <f>

0WCffi q:;r 0fR 0WtTrl) ~ Cflf\1T ~ 0lR ~ ~~ mfc:ti't

~ ~ <f> ~Jt cfrm <f> ~ ffi ctr R.~TT it f;nffi ~ ~ cnrt ~fl1i1T q:;r ~ ;:ift fu11T l"fm ~, W 'Jfr u$ ~ .clR mm;r, ~ it ~ 0~~Tih' f.:r'hm <f> fWt ~ 1Fffif fctm 1fiTI ~ I ~ \3l G'I, --"-Pl * 0~ff, 0lf~ ~ fr ~ ~~IRchl chl ~ n:tr ~ <f> f.r;.ffirTr it ~ flttIT ~ R;r;rif s.r ct IT'liT 0r2.Tfi1 qT0t ;jo flrB 0lR eXI i l

, ::.. ""' ""\ r-. ""\"'\. ~ r- '"'\ .;;'\ ". ' , "''''' _"\ en ~ 11 ~tTR ~01T r, I f\inJCIl CflR'TT qGlrm: 11 ~ ~ ~ I

~ R~TT it JJ:l1 ~ 1J4f1:Rf 0lR q~J;:~ lTrTm 'FWft ;:R fu0q ffi fr 0nq~~ ~ I

Wr~ld(lEl<tidl (disease res istance)

~ ~ ~ ~ (Albugo hliti. Biv) 3ffi J IlTTp1=2rr?rt+lRy,2jTTI ~ (Alternaria al1laranth i) (%) 0lR ~

~ ~ ~ ~ I mrf1:T ~ffu q1i1 1 ~ iT ~ G~\'l ~ ~ ~ r@' f~ '"R f.:r<h CF,T\1T ~ I >~ 0IGI.~

it m ~tTrl) 1frm <f> 0Tf~ q:;r ~ ~ 0Btrm::r ~ , • J

;:ift ~01T ~ I ~ ffi fr m n:r1 cfr (C M V) 3IGI ,.5-..nJ r@'

08 enl ~. qif ilen ftn cr· fJ~rrrCF.rf;:,~c;cRr (A. hypoehmu1riacus) q:;r ~ Cflf\1T ~"H: I c;. f},W/c/(/(I (A.

deflexus) , cr. ~ (A. lividus) 3ffi Q'. fk JW/CR/(I (A.

retroflexus) ~ m. D;1. cfr. (C M V), ~ ~ ~ ~'" I

JJ:l1 ~ * ~ ~ 0~-..nJ ([. f;1$qIChI(:.jj QCh<i (A .

hypochondriaeu.\') it ~ ~ m D;1 <iT (C M V) &RT erc:r iRIT ~" I ~ 014T..-<n1 it ~ cfr4liT * ,3rrfTqcn 0WclIT r:rr ~ 0~<flSc ~'if'iT~' 0q~;s~T t · I Q'. r;r$vrq:;rf;:'i:jcrCF.rr (A.

hypoehondriaeus) it ~ oR ~ c@- <10'1 ~ qB fumn!: (~) ~ ~ <f> 0WclIT 1R 0~ fuf~ 2~ mm ~ q:;uff <tt ~, D:1J it 'W-rTI IT ;;IT t (SDS-PAGE) if 2fl kl

1j'riH cfit ~ 0Wf{'1T oR ~ 0lR ~T n:q cfr-m (CM V­

C) ~ fr uf.l!so i.'l lrochli01 ~tT W\1' fctm l"fm" I ~~;wriT fr R HII Rd ~ 0~ it qf(lT 1fiTI % (ff; %lfIT 0W u:1J n:B'

\jffi ~ ~ (SSRNA) m I ~ 1J.:~ * 0ffi n:r u: (RNA)

cfit ~ fr <w w ~ ?; % ir \jffi n:r n~ (RNA) Cl ~;l[iJI \1

~ 0lR m ~ cfr (CMV) ohl 0ffi n:r n: (R N A) 0~ * 1J4R

~ I

cfu: (insect-pests)

W, \'IT~ ~ ~ (Plusia signata Fabr.),

~ iT <R ill ~ 9:f 67$tflfACffl?1 <<i6.~f'I?1 (Hypolixus

trullcatuLus Boheman) ~ ~ q:;T m ~ ~ (caterpill ar) 1t fu~q iT qrir \:i1"H ~ ;n~flc@G ~ I "lPclN ~ ~ tr ~ ~ iT ~ mcicRrr ~-\'IlWT ~ I ~~T cfl c:fuuIT ~ iT \JfiT ;wfl:-~ Cfit ~ of; m iT \JIWlT \ill(ff ~ cntf "(T{ ~ iT <R <llR ~ tJ;f ~ fu;n~TCflrfr % I cW: 0ffi ;n~flc@G cfl

Air lJfuTrJr ~--Rf of; \'IITiPf;R CllT ~ ~ ~ com ~ if W % I \jfm-\jfm ;n~flc@G ~ ~ cfl ~

c@-~~ \'1m ~ ~ c8 ~m c8lJ<IT 0ffi ~ "(T{ ~

f0r l](:jT fcn ~ com Cfit \'1m qr:,N 'Ilfll'rn ~ 1Jlfffi tr M ~ \IiT lJfuTrJr ~ c8 ~ Cfi\ % 0ffi ~ :Tf qrc;jt

~ CllT ~ if trcf; I G;,'~ tr ~~ iT ~ (lTI; cfl

trw<Ht CllT \jf1Wf ~ I

~ cf; ~ ij ;J1cu1\qjl1l<£. CJiT ~

"lPclN ~ (fur tr ~ ~ M \iff UCflill % fcn Cl'1'if tr :q.:;rr \'lIT W ~ Git~ 0ffi ~ ~m ~ ~ q)f ~ \'Iw.r~1:fcf) \jfrT % ~ ~ ~ frRrr \iff UCflill ~, ~ \l1 c~~fl dl fTl c@ ~ WI ~ \'1m qf-cl ~ c8 -3tRRr

'Tfu c@- r.r*rR ~ iT ~ c8 \iff wmIT ~ I "ij'm ~ {l~q<IlV'lOl

~iTtr ~ ~~~ mcflm \'Imr~~tl

~ fcn 'j)q< ~ c8 \iff ~ ~ fcn ~ ~ ~ -3~ WiqlOj' IV'IOl q:){lITf ~ ~ ~ mTI:l" m \'I~ illU cfl m iT ~ \iff W ~ I ~ \'ITl3,"1r~ ~ \'1m c@~TT¥r~ "(T{ 'm ~ \'Ilf<nT!f.1 com frRrr l](:jT ~ ~ ~ ~ cfl

\jf'cIj7f1 of; Air ~ rn iT \'I~~ ~m ~ ~ I ~ of; ~~jq) ~~m iT ~ \YllClN$1H (molecular bio logy)

q)f ~ com ~,,; I ~ cfl \3qmT ~ ~ rtT \'ITTfilqq:;

\l1fJr~ of; \'IJ<cIj7f1 iT q'l fh.zCfid I cfl \'IITtlR rn- \lTIfRT nftrs c8 mTRT tr ~ nco $if ~ miR cfl ~ qffcru;r iT

• .,I • "' .,1

~ Nffi ~ I \'I~ (RAPD) WJ \'ITIft-~ of; \'I~ trw<Ht c8 ~ c8 \iff wmIT ~'7, ~ (lTIft-~ iT 1ftm\'lffi

(PCR) WJ::rrf~ 0ffi \'IPf ~ ~ c8 ~ \ifTfij

~ (molecular phylogeny) c8 ~ ~"', tRfrrTfuCfi ~ '1Tm (randoml y amplified polymorphic) if n:r l1." (DNA ),

\'Iffi l1." tfr iT (RAPD) qr~;:f m fur1'r WJ ~~ c8 mIR

~ (1m ~ iT qrfr \:i1"H Cl I ~n (lTTfilqq:; ~ rn- f'i:FRrr c8 ~ (1m 11ffi cfl qft iT 'm ~ ~'<" I ~ ~ mtr~T f.rcm;rr fcn tlRT \'Ip:ft-;~ c8 0RIT \'1m (lFd1f \ifTfuI:lT cfl fRFtIT of; ~ iT ~ ~ ill cfl m \'Iffi n: tfr if (RAPD) ~ tf~f11 q~:q

~ I ~~ of; ~ fu~~ rn- 'm 01-Rtqr.r ~\'I1T ~1" ~ ' J <) I

~ (I~ * ~ I I I ~ \'1m ~~'l1 \Nf~IT CllT quA- frRrr l](:jT ~ \'1m q)l1 tr q)l1 ffi;:r 1JCfiR cfl ~ \'I~ ~ c8

J ' J -- ::'

223

~ c8 lJ<IT ~ \IiT str 1JCfiR tr~: ~ Hi m . ~ HI c@-~ . , ')'.

CllTZ 4 TJ:lT ~ (CotA M.S.) c@-~ \'1m ~~lT 311i~T I \ :i ~h~

~~'l1 \Nf~IT cfl if TJ:f n: (DNA) PhJIi.8fC:JI :iJq 3W 11'. iff. \'ITTT.

iT g~ (primer) c8 ~ ~ m q)f 'm m ~ ~ I jrq

(probe) \'1m m~ m- m<Q' g~ :tr ('f'{f; ~~lT Yrt~T T1!f iT \'IW

(STR) \'I~ c@ if n:r n: fq:; J I<F~r~JI it s:rtiPT it;;ffir ~ ~ \jf'cIj7f1 cfl ~ ~ ~ :tr \'lin' siiTG ~ ~ f:F; ~

~ cfl f.'rCfic \'I~ cfl 'lFlT, if iT if I n :t ~ ~. ~~ cfl ~ (PWf \'IR' cfrm ct JfRt ~ ~ fIR ~ I

~~ iT \'Ilr.f-TF~TCfi \'IJ<cIj7f1 3m ~ ;j"; 1IUIT ~ tr \JIf.m ~ of; \'I1T"<-lR q7 ~ mn~T f.1;:mr;rr JfT ~ ?; f:F; ~ ~ lJUiT cfl ~ tr ~ 1JT1& ~ ~ ~ I 3A ~ ;:8 ~

:J J ':I

~ 'm YISlkYCfi TIT cfl m \'Irr~ \'ITRf~"i'.R1 3m \'I~ ?; I

~ ~ 0ffi 'ri ctc.fr ~ ;j"; s:rtiPT &m qi'~il ;j11Oj rrrr cfl \'ITf~ cfl m ~ ~2I!T C!iT ~ ~ JfT "f'l)ill ?; I ~ qwr~f Rm \ill(ff ~ fcn \'Irrfciq:; ~ cf) 1J1fCT JfRt ;:8 ~ ;j";

m~tlTH~~~ illri!,81~ \'IWm ~(q"III'h<i ~ (RFLP Marker) c8 ~ :tr \'I~ 3w.r~~ ~ I \'1m ~ ~ :tr \'ITJ.[Clf~TCfi ~~fRrrr ;j"; ~ cf) ~ 'Q;tr ;:;jt;j'f (I~ C!iT ~~ m "it s:rtiPT ~ JfT %ill ?; I

~ cfl m \Jlf~ ~ ;;8 \'1m \'IlY<TCh ~lil'lQTRr ~ ;j";

m \l1ClQldlr lc@ ~ :t m<Q' ~ m 'm ;wnr \ITWr ~~ frRrr JfT UCflill ~ I

'~ c8 \'Iw.r~IOj'h(1 I 'F111 \'Iw..:;...:r:r;j"; \'Ilf~ CllT ~

~~'ll W \ifTfuI:lT q)f ~ cor.rr iPTT ~ rfr~ -;or flrf.r m l1UTll \'I'fTCfil'{' cfl if, ~ q)f -;or ~. t:1'hII"I'h I~r) qq:;-~rjl \'IW

m ~ if \'1m fu~ Cfi\ ~ cf) \NZWr cf) ~ cfr;ft C!iT rrr ~ ~ %;IT if I \'IlR~f 1r~ ;:8 m'-ffi'JT qlTliTUT 08 U1R it ~ ¥ \'1m ~ '=11 ~n ~ q)f ~ ~ JfT ~?; I

3fl1m

TIfum(lIT 0ffi ~ ct Ri:r ~~. rfT. '1y~ IJI G, 'i . W~TCfi . ~ ~ \'IqBqr.r m~. ~ ;j"; 3ITITIfr ~ I

I. ~{~ if ~, ~~'~ rlli! n: n: n::i ~ jl!' mr. YIJI·h l"flIM,nl

~o1 018 0m--"-HJ ~.-;:;:)l, :jf ll,I,-? l1r, 16( 1" KI ) I 1711- 1 17·\.

~. ~ m ~ n::i ~ n:B t, ~ j~-T • rr.:r ~ 0 :=:J: <f>T'l.

~ 01Nl G ~ ::r~T'f('[ I' ID~IL1 -1Y 3m :=:J: 'fiITJT • fnTTt.

fS"l~ qq-<'. 0Trr 5qjl'lrFY ,:}'~, 7J'. 'jf. 'M1ct wi 'jf t . frTl1-1 (3iTnrR

fZJ<R lhT) ( l ~tltl)I~7- 1 :·\\J.

3. 'Cf'TTI1WT • 0H~ { ,!lcolls;rs ~ ~ ~ " {';II'l JlnJI - W riT'~bnor

~ n:fu<n I 0111 n: <fr n: (rlTJi IT Jrr) ~. <lli~:I ' ~ ' ( I \1\l'I) 1(;',1

224

4. r-i'rR: m,T G'r, m"R" ~ \iTT'll \i~~. ~ rro-# ffriiZ, 80

(,;) ( I\IHO) 14.

,. ~,'irI:frfuTIJ \iff'll c: m 3l"1Jt;~ JJfir;m ~ ~ 1i,C:"1C:I.3'1,

'1 m,T 11., ~ I'm. ~ fro 5lml 1 :~2 (~ \iff'll ft1:rTT ~ '!- m,T

TT fuTR;r \iW~) (I \177).

Ii. rr.i'rf;i-!m, ~ \iTT'll c ~ \iP:[P-TIJ ~ ~ ~~,

'J. m,T TT, ~ 1')7'1 , ~ fro. ~, 5lml 'L m,T 11. ( 1,)7,)) ItH.

7. \ifr\;fr;W fu w ~ \irrft;::c ~ ft \ii'rT<f;r\iIT f1 ~ '11'l:~r ~ I'm 11. 1I.4 Ioilf4'l1, (fRT Q4/'4IRih/. 1\ ( 1" 7:» 357-:l6:-1.

H. ~ ~ 11., qm~~ ~-~ ~ 3W~, fRr "%" W\iWT ~qj'H l f'1 (Wl ~ ~ ~ v.m~, i'rRmil,

( I \1:;0).

\,. ~ m m,T n:t ?l7T G'r, ~ \iW..-m:r ~ ~~R, ~

ft?r;f ftritt. 80 (2) ( I ')80) 45.-

I o. ;:;fr~fr efT fr, lI.iBl'-{'II'lb R m \irlfP-r ~ ;nci -~"R ~, ~. efT.

G'r. "iT 3IT{, 11.% TT \iIT, Wr, ~, ~ ::iRR<n ftifrifrr~, 48

( 1"'" ) 4 1-:,2 .

I I . ~ 11., IJ;~ 7fT \iIT{, ~ 11.4 11.4 n:t ~ TlJT, -m \iit

\iW"'-T1T. rr.:r \irill Prrm~. ?TTd2J ~ 1f!Z, 25 ( 1')77) 102- 105.

12. "!JiR "iT jr rrq, c ~~R \iff'll \iw "'-r 11.4 11. ~ ffi'li ~,

WlOT?n~,~,~. 67 ( 1,)76) 207.

I :;. l1l'ft;T 11.% n:t ~ it, \irn.~3m-~ 'lTi 6 \i-rM; ~

m c: m ~ ~, m,T. ~. 11.. - OJ, m,T tr TT, ~ \ii'ffi;fRr,

( 1\17')) 22-

14. 08::jf efT, \irrrT.=~ : c: "f"1T ~ ~ <lJT'l , ~ 36 ( 19Hli)

IIi.

17.

Ii') .

1'1.

20.

2 1 :~-2'lH .

fil~rr fr m,T, qR \iIT{ 11.4 n:t ~ 11.4, \illfRT ill'g ~~R 5-l

ClW""-T1T, N;cll2(fiiJTT, 54 ( I "H:-I) I :-1:,- 1 :-I,).

l:TT"l1 :jr fr, ~ \iw""-m; ~ ~~R \iff'll <lJT'l ~, tr : rr.:r ~ W!Ru (~ : ill'fi'R 'rf ~)( 1 ')67) 4-7.

~ 3IT{ 11.4, ~ R{IJI \jn'lJ <fri;s "', I Rr;qf~11 ~ ~ \jw""-m,

27ii7 CR7 dRz, 611 ( I \)84) 12 1- 125.

'IT'k 3IT{ 11.4, ~ n:mmn.~R ~ ~ \iw""-m, if.:sq.r vr dRc f{i

;;its; 42 ( 1\)8 1 11.) 7iH?.

h(j,(,fI rrq n:t -i'r-l rru cf;. cfI 'l'rR:n<:itf<':iBJ ~ ~ ~

\iff'll Tf4 rfrtr ~ ",,<:'ZI~ ~S \jW.-w:r. 27ii7 ~ dRz, 52 (1 ~J7X)

177- IH,-•.

'IT'k \jTfT 11.4, 'TI~ n:rrfuf1m 5-T \iW..-m:r ?I~q'I "'JI;'$II.iB.I , ~ 1fTS

Cf.ffil, 47 (I'll'l l m) 1i4-66.

22. ?q* fr rrq n:t -i'r-l T1Tf ct, ~ ':(f ... tr 41 {r-f);;tj ~:;fu;s- ihjJ~I~ "?.l.1

5-T 11. ~~R \jTT'lJ \jW~, '.if( t<s; 71 ( 191;0) 2')0-292.

:n. ~ m,T cj:; n:t ~q(j,JI rrq, ~ \jW~ : 11. ~ ~ \jff'l; (Ul qj)f~'l l ,

n:iRT'fr 'iErn" fMii. 11.1l ih<:'"'H ... 1 IJ.Cf{lilfiitrc: -R-~R, ~ \iff'll

qq 12 \jTq) (2) ~ 2004

,lAl'lilf.j'1 I. ifcm; ( 107) ( I' )HO) :-I.

24. ~ \iIT{ ~, M{?>fiilf ... li l r-r-s ~ n:sWT 5-T TT ~ jTT'll

~ \jW~, ~ <r!Z ffritGr, 4 ( I\IW.) IH:Hs·I.

25. film G'r TlJT, '1ihT~r fro 'lJ'l'%- \iIT{ 11.4 n:1 r-fl(.[ lTIj. ~ r-r-s n:fRT nftrg ~~R \jff'll ~ \iW"'--PT Ifr~I-', '1iIsc)(z« qJTT, 56 ( I 'IS:',)

? 11I-:-I20.

26. ~ .<; '"I 4 11., iR \iP:[P-TTI : cf;{iP.{f1;WI n::s r~. "TI' . #:or fmrf frrir;:. 80 ( I) ( 1980) 22 .

n ~ 11.4, ~QR n::s ~ \iff'll q;o ·~ I ~~~ 3W"'-PT, <;i ll{q

mwr n::s ehi1J?fH1~, ~ s-:s -;p; TffS n:-ET, :{H ( I'm)

2:-;-?7.

2tl. ~ \jIT{ 11.4, ~ rrfcrfuir m ~ rr;::, F 'lijJil~.;;11 5-l

\iW""-PI~, 3 ( 1\'XIi) 10- 14 .

2'). film G'r rr.:r, ~ 11.4 n:1 'IT'k jTlT 11.4. I d 1-1 3lR;; S'W JIT'lJ

~ ~ Sf.-'.l ZI \iTA c: 1JT~ r-r-s W \jff'lJ iR jf4'T.:~ (3rrrP-PT

j;1i;qlih"~Q<RI), JrrR-r2J ~ :{ ( l ' Ii:i :-.) 1--,.

30. sr;:R n:I'[, q:;j'mrc::jr;fr, 41{Cf,1 .~ ifl.l :;fr n:t 3lMRf 'IT. ~ ?T ~ ~V1~I~F<HI ~ \jJCT "-llSnT S BT ~ ~ ~ (rfr

11.4 "it), ~ <$ ~\ii'ErTfi:f;q;, cr:r. ~mr? II ( I "7\)) 4 ';'1- 17:\

? f. mq~ -jr, \jW..-m:r %~;H l i ~ (~-3l4T~iMT) 11. ~ 11;~jlr·;:rl

~ ~ 5-T ;c.:rfr n::s WI f<ncm;r ~ 1lI1 "-fTirirT. r:'RJ 'lifSirt[m<? ~ ifTr, 26 (1\)\)1 11.) :l7H7:~ .

?2. m<f~ jr, JrrTr.-.!l?T ~3;t-R-;m Tm., r.;. filc,j:n!':/?; tr-... -r r-r-s TT

$ftn:r rrq ;fr cf; (~-Clf4'T.:iMT) n:-.;r "OJ, "lJSTIT ~. r:'RJ

~mr? ~ ifTr, 21i ( 1'1'11 ;fr) '\77-:\;;:\.

?:{. mcm:jf, JrrR-.-mT M'n:fr:;r (~-ClW.b-Mr) n:-.;r i.w Clff'll 9R

~ n.~. TJ:cRT '1i1Sc"rftmr? ~ m. 21i ( I ~ I' ll rfr) ~S,-. -'I ~'l

';4. \ji'fF;pfr 11.4 n:t ~ rrq, 41 21-11 r~viL1 ·3IT'lJ iR jw ... .:r (3rrR-.--i'PT

i'.H,Qlihtf%.WRI Tm.) ~ crrt ~ .rn "lJSTIT (* 11.4 ;ft).

r:pM ~mr? ~::ifTfTR. lin ( 1'1\)4 ) 11\)- 12 1.

:-15. u-:;r m,T ct, \i~. W. rfr 'IT n:1 ~ 11.4. q:;'i TP'ls_1~R 3ifrf; IT

~ ~ ~ \i~ ~;;fr-t; 1"'>1',01 n::s -rfrfu-:n­Ifi "9Cf. \iTT'll \iP:[P-TIJ 5-l ~. cFs vr r;;r iu, 1'1 ( I 'm) ~ 1 7 - 1 00.

36. -t=rr 11. n:t OW 11., 4'f ... fi'-P,!:,I{ ~ j ff'll n ;fr;r s+:hII{'1 TT ~

~ iriR PR "'1ft~Ri'fr ~~I;:J·'5 n.4R"r ~ ~QR ':f)f4

\iP:[P.m, Jirrfrs ;k- %s ~ ('1 r:[7r l!), H9 ( I 'I'lL) 11774 - 1177X.

:n. ~ fr cf;, ~ tr:jr, ~ n:I'[ \j1fT n:1 ~ ~ 31fT,

~ ,j( I~S;Zlfih<f,~R ~ jff{ n: G'r fr rr;~ j ff'll iR 3f4'T.:'!JT[

~ mi'tihT, iFiJTT -rrrf, :H ( 1"44) I?X!)-i:;H'I.

:-II:;. BfOITi3" ct jrs-, ~ fr off, ~ TlJT rrq' ~ ~ ~. thlsMI "1~kq:,

~ \jff'll ~~R rrrs;: %-n.~R 5-T -l I Sn~ ~ q:,n":I~ ;:"

JrrR-.-mT ffiI:fr:;r (0rrfi:::2ffir), <2itr ~ ~ 9'1 ( I \1\H.i) n2-7:·\'l

?"L ~ UlJ 11., ~ 11., ~ 11.4. rm;cf,r rr.:r n:1 -rrR qj- ;ft, "iRrl1 ~ \jff'll \jrn.--~ : ~~R \iifrf; €,-;;:r -n::s S-;:;;T n:friT:;j­

%-n.~R, '.if( ~ 22 ( 1" 07) 4';7-41;4 .

40. ~ TlJT 11., ~ TT, -riw.!Pfr 11.4 n:t tW.';'1 rr.:r, :fr:iTq-~

\iff'll \jW.-w:r ~ rrq I ~ \jTl'l; ~ 1fr;i~-;ipr ~

1j1 ~<hI(l?i'f I S<;'ll fi'l;f;rJIT(7 fJT(f ~ ~ 4 ( I ~ I\IS) IjS-W.