kuliah psikologi lingkungan 8.pdf

8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf

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Introduction

The focus is on spatial relations between

humans and their environments

Often called The Big Four1. Personal Space

2. Territoriality

3. Crowding

4. Privacy


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History of Personal Space

1966: Edward Hall wrote The HiddenDimension

Introduced the concept of proxemics

Definition: the scientific study of humanspatial behavior

Found that spatial behavior is greatly

affected by:1. Situational conditions

2. Individual difference variables


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Personal Space

Personal Space: Portable, invisible boundary

surrounding us, into which others should not

trespass

Regulates how closely we interact with

others

Moves with us

Expands or contracts according to thesituation


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Personal space: Person is always at the center

of personal space you take your personalspace with you (portable).

More of an individual-level process


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The hidden nature of

personal space

People position themselves

in ways that are not random

Depends on many things,

including:1. Status and friendship

relationships

2. Limitations that the physical

environment places on us

When do we realize how

important it is?
http://www.aperfectworld.org/clipart/Home_Family/couple01.gif


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Brief overview of 4 zones

Intimate Distance

0-18

Head and face are all

that is seen Can get additional

sensory signals

Usually not OK in

public except for

sports
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=idsnews.com/features/War/photos/kiss.jpg&imgrefurl=http://idsnews.com/features/War/&h=512&w=492&sz=19&tbnid=MG178duuBuYJ:&tbnh=128&tbnw=123&prev=/images?q=kiss&start=80&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N


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Personal Distance 18 4

Sensory cues begin tofade here

More aware of personsbody rather than justthe face

Touching is stillpossible

Common distance forcasual conversationbetween friends
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.galileo.ie/images/conversation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.galileo.ie/html/news.html&h=206&w=200&sz=8&tbnid=gNDR_Eql6jgJ:&tbnh=99&tbnw=97&prev=/images?q=conversation&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G


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Social distance

4 12

Closer distance (4-7)

used by people whowork together/informal

business

Longer distance (7-12)

requires raising the

voice more formalbusiness and social

interaction
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=cooltown.hp.com/mpulse/graphics/0902-starbucks.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cooltown.hp.com/mpulse/0902-starbucks.asp&h=203&w=200&sz=22&tbnid=qDpnltSMbAQJ:&tbnh=98&tbnw=97&prev=/images?q=business+meeting&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G


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How has personal space been

measured?

Simulation/projective measures

[Class demonstration of the Comfortable

interpersonal Distance Scale CIDS]

Laboratory stop-distance methods

Naturalistic observation


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How does attraction affect

interpersonal distance?

Similar individuals tend to be more attracted to

each other than dissimilar individuals

What accounts for the smaller interpersonal

distances between close friends of the opposite

sex?

Finding: Females moving closer to males

What about female-female friends versus male-

male friends?

Finding: Distance is affected by attraction for

females, but not males


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What about individual differences

and personal space?

Differences have been found, but findings are

not always consistent (different methods?)

Cross-Cultural variations

Gender differences

Age differences

Personality factors


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Effects of architecture on

personal space

Size and shape of room

Ceiling height

Presence of partitions

Light

Location in room

Seating or standing position

Inside or outside

Crowded versus uncrowded conditionsescape?


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Spatial zones in schools and

counseling sessions

Does seating position have a

direct effect on grades?

Where is the best place to

sit? What about physicians?

What about counselors and

psychiatrists?

What is sociopetal spacing?

What is sociofugal spacing?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=boe.cabe.k12.wv.us/History/Salt%20Rock%20Jr.%20Elementary/classroom.jpg&imgrefurl=http://boe.cabe.k12.wv.us/History/Salt%20Rock%20Jr.%20Elementary/Salt%20Rock%20Jr.,%20and%20Elementary%20Intro.htm&h=257&w=400&sz=13&tbnid=SWFZ2D6TtKwJ:&tbnh=77&tbnw=119&prev=/images?q=elementary+classroom&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G


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Too much or too little personal

space what happens?

Depends on the conceptualmodel that you use

Overload? Arousal? Behavior

constraint? Stress? Generally, the consequence is

unfavorable feelings (stress)and an attempt to re-establishan appropriate distance(equilibrium)

[Many research studies notedon pp. 269-275]
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/scotland/images/moderns11.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/scotland/hampden.shtml&h=203&w=180&sz=11&tbnid=xlelzEiQE80J:&tbnh=98&tbnw=87&prev=/images?q=crowd+cartoon&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G

kuliah psikologi lingkungan 8.pdf

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