Download - Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
1/16
Introduction
The focus is on spatial relations between
humans and their environments
Often called The Big Four1. Personal Space
2. Territoriality
3. Crowding
4. Privacy
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
2/16
History of Personal Space
1966: Edward Hall wrote The HiddenDimension
Introduced the concept of proxemics
Definition: the scientific study of humanspatial behavior
Found that spatial behavior is greatly
affected by:1. Situational conditions
2. Individual difference variables
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
3/16
Personal Space
Personal Space: Portable, invisible boundary
surrounding us, into which others should not
trespass
Regulates how closely we interact with
others
Moves with us
Expands or contracts according to thesituation
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
4/16
Personal space: Person is always at the center
of personal space you take your personalspace with you (portable).
More of an individual-level process
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
5/16
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
6/16
The hidden nature of
personal space
People position themselves
in ways that are not random
Depends on many things,
including:1. Status and friendship
relationships
2. Limitations that the physical
environment places on us
When do we realize how
important it is?
http://www.aperfectworld.org/clipart/Home_Family/couple01.gif -
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
7/16
Brief overview of 4 zones
Intimate Distance
0-18
Head and face are all
that is seen Can get additional
sensory signals
Usually not OK in
public except for
sports
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=idsnews.com/features/War/photos/kiss.jpg&imgrefurl=http://idsnews.com/features/War/&h=512&w=492&sz=19&tbnid=MG178duuBuYJ:&tbnh=128&tbnw=123&prev=/images?q=kiss&start=80&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N -
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
8/16
Brief overview of 4 zones
Personal Distance 18 4
Sensory cues begin tofade here
More aware of personsbody rather than justthe face
Touching is stillpossible
Common distance forcasual conversationbetween friends
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.galileo.ie/images/conversation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.galileo.ie/html/news.html&h=206&w=200&sz=8&tbnid=gNDR_Eql6jgJ:&tbnh=99&tbnw=97&prev=/images?q=conversation&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G -
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
9/16
Brief overview of 4 zones
Social distance
4 12
Closer distance (4-7)
used by people whowork together/informal
business
Longer distance (7-12)
requires raising the
voice more formalbusiness and social
interaction
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=cooltown.hp.com/mpulse/graphics/0902-starbucks.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cooltown.hp.com/mpulse/0902-starbucks.asp&h=203&w=200&sz=22&tbnid=qDpnltSMbAQJ:&tbnh=98&tbnw=97&prev=/images?q=business+meeting&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G -
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
10/16
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
11/16
How has personal space been
measured?
Simulation/projective measures
[Class demonstration of the Comfortable
interpersonal Distance Scale CIDS]
Laboratory stop-distance methods
Naturalistic observation
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
12/16
How does attraction affect
interpersonal distance?
Similar individuals tend to be more attracted to
each other than dissimilar individuals
What accounts for the smaller interpersonal
distances between close friends of the opposite
sex?
Finding: Females moving closer to males
What about female-female friends versus male-
male friends?
Finding: Distance is affected by attraction for
females, but not males
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
13/16
What about individual differences
and personal space?
Differences have been found, but findings are
not always consistent (different methods?)
Cross-Cultural variations
Gender differences
Age differences
Personality factors
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
14/16
Effects of architecture on
personal space
Size and shape of room
Ceiling height
Presence of partitions
Light
Location in room
Seating or standing position
Inside or outside
Crowded versus uncrowded conditionsescape?
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
15/16
Spatial zones in schools and
counseling sessions
Does seating position have a
direct effect on grades?
Where is the best place to
sit? What about physicians?
What about counselors and
psychiatrists?
What is sociopetal spacing?
What is sociofugal spacing?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=boe.cabe.k12.wv.us/History/Salt%20Rock%20Jr.%20Elementary/classroom.jpg&imgrefurl=http://boe.cabe.k12.wv.us/History/Salt%20Rock%20Jr.%20Elementary/Salt%20Rock%20Jr.,%20and%20Elementary%20Intro.htm&h=257&w=400&sz=13&tbnid=SWFZ2D6TtKwJ:&tbnh=77&tbnw=119&prev=/images?q=elementary+classroom&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G -
8/10/2019 Kuliah Psikologi Lingkungan 8.pdf
16/16
Too much or too little personal
space what happens?
Depends on the conceptualmodel that you use
Overload? Arousal? Behavior
constraint? Stress? Generally, the consequence is
unfavorable feelings (stress)and an attempt to re-establishan appropriate distance(equilibrium)
[Many research studies notedon pp. 269-275]
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/scotland/images/moderns11.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/scotland/hampden.shtml&h=203&w=180&sz=11&tbnid=xlelzEiQE80J:&tbnh=98&tbnw=87&prev=/images?q=crowd+cartoon&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=G