kriteria dan indikator keberhasilan pembelajaran

8/8/2019 Kriteria Dan Indikator Keberhasilan Pembelajaran

1/49

IQKUCQKH EHM KMEKIHUDQ

ICACQJH_K@HM WCFAC@HNHQHM

EKQCIUDQHU UCMHLH ICWCMEKEKIHM

EKQCIUDQHU NCMECQH@

WCMKMLIHUHM FSUS WCMEKEKI EHM UCMHLH ICWCMEKEKIHM

ECWHQUCFCM WCMEKEKIHM MH_KDMH@

177:

IDFWCUCM_K CRH@SH_K WCMEKEKIHM

75A8

WCMLH\H_ _CID@HJ

WCMEKEKIHM FCMCMLHJ


2/49

k

IHUH WCMLHMUHQ

Wcqhuqhm Fcmucqk Wcmekekihm Mhskdmh` *Wcqfcmekimhs+ Mdfdq 81 Uh&

jm 177< ucmuhml _uhmehq Wcmlh|hs _cid`hj$Fheqhshj acqksk suhmehq ih`kbk&

ihsk ehm idfwcucmsk wcmlh|hs scid`hj- _uhmehq ih`kbkihsk fcmnc`hsihm wcq&

s{hqhuhm hihecfki ehm mdmhihecfki mui ekhmlihu fcmnhek wcmlh|hs scid&

`hj- _uhmehq idfwcucmsk fcmnc`hsihm scwcqhmlihu icfhfwhm {hml jhqs ek&

fk`kik ehm ekihshk wcmlh|hs scid`hj mui ehwhu fc`hishmhihm ulhs wdidi,

bmlsk, ehm uhmllml nh|ham{h-

Heh cmhf ekfcmsk idfwcucmsk {hml jhqs ekihshk wcmlh|hs scid`hj

{himk> *h+ idfwcucmsk icwqkahekhm, *a+ idfwcucmsk swcqrksk fhmhncqkh`, *o+idfwcucmsk swcqrksk hihecfki, *e+ idfwcucmsk crh`hsk wcmekekihm, *c+ idf&

wcucmsk wcmc`kukhm ehm wcmlcfahmlhm, ehm *b+ idfwcucmsk sdskh`- Ehqk jhsk`

nk idfwcucmsk ek acacqhwh ehcqhj fcmmniihm idfwcucmsk wcmlh|hs scid&

`hj fhskj wcq` ekukmlihuihm ucquhfh ekfcmsk idfwcucmsk swcqrksk fhmhnc&

qkh`, swcqrksk hihecfki, crh`hsk wcmekekihm, ehm idfwcucmsk wcmc`kukhm ehm

wcmlcfahmlhm- Smui ku ekwcq`ihm hehm{h eki`hu wcmkmlihuhm idfwcucmsk

wcmlh|hs scid`hj ahki ahlk wcmlh|hs scid`hj eh`hf nhahuhm, ucq`cakj `hlk

ahlk whqh oh`dm wcmlh|hs scid`hj-

Fhucqk ehshq mui scfh ekfcmsk idfwcucmsk scmlhnh ekskhwihm hlhq

ehwhu eknhekihm qnihm d`cj whqh wc`hukj eh`hf fc`hishmhihm eki`hu wcmkml&

ihuhm idfwcucmsk wcmlh|hs scid`hj ek fhmh wm wc`hukjhm ucqscau ek`hihmh&

ihm- Icwheh ukf wcm`ks fhucqk eki`hu idfwcucmsk wcmlh|hs scid`hj {hml ucq&

ekqk huhs edscm @WUI ehm |ke{h ks|hqh ehqk @WFW ehm W5UI ihfk ohwihm

ucqkfh ihskj- _cfdlh u`kshm kmk heh fhmbhhum{h-

Nhihquh, Nmk 177:

Ekqciuq Ucmhlh Icwcmekekihm

Ekuncm WFWUI

_q{h Ejhqfh, FWH-, Wj-E


3/49

kk

EHBUHQ K_K

IHUH WCMLHMUHQ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- k

EHBUHQ K_K ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ kk

AHA K WCMEHJS@SHM

H- @huhq Ac`hihml --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

A- Ekfcmsk Idfwcucmsk ------------------------------------------------------------ 8

O- Idfwcucmsk {hml Jcmehi Ekohwhk --------------------------------------- 8

E- Kmekihudq Wcmohwhkhm Idfwcucmsk ---------------------------------------- 1

C- H`dihsk \hiu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

B- _icmhqkd -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

AHA KK IQKUCQKH EHM KMEKIHUDQ ICACQJH_K@HM WCFAC&

@HNHQHM

H- Jhikihu Iqkucqkh ehm Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm --- 5

A- _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk ehm Idfwcucmsk Ehshq -------------------------- ;

O- Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm Fhucfhukih ----------------- 8:

E- Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm KWH ------------------------------ 1?

C- Kecmukbkihsk Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm ehqk Hswci _ks|hehm Ekshkm Wcfac`hnhqhm --------------------------------------------------------- 13

B- Wqdscs Wcfac`hnhqhm scahlhk Ahqdfcucq Kmekihudq Icacqjh&sk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm ------------------------------------------------------------------ ?3

@CFAHQ ICQNH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

EHBUHQ WS_UHIH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55


4/49

8

AHA K

WCMEHJS@SHM

H- @huhq Ac`hihmlWcfac`hnhqhm fcqwhihm kmuk ehm fhqh sclcmhw wqdscs wcmlc`d`hhm

wcmekekihm- Ih`kuhs scahj `cfahlh wcmekekihm jhikihum{h ekiq ehqk ih&

`kuhs wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhmm{h, ekshfwkml duwuehm duodfc {hml ekjhsk`ihm-

D`cj ihqcmh ku iqkucqkh fu ehm icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm scjhqsm{h ek&

ahu scohqh qkmok, scjkmllh acmhq&acmhq fchsqha`c hme dascqrha`c *ehwhu

ekiq ehm ekhfhuk+-

Mhfm icm{huhhmm{h, fcfahu iqkucqkh ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcf&

ac`hnhqhm ukehi`hj scfehj fcmliq wqdeiukrkuhs ehm ih`kuhs wheh akehml

wcicqnhhm `hkm- Wcfac`hnhqhm fc`kahuihm msq sks|h ecmlhm sclh`h ihqhiucqks&

ukim{h, f`hk ehqk `huhq ac`hihml ic`hqlh, `kmlimlhm, cidmdfk, icfhfw&

hm, fdukrhsk, ehm scahlhkm{h- _c`hkm ku wcqahjhm {hml ucqnhek wheh ekqk sks&

|h scuc`hj fc`h`k scahj wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhm nlh ukehi mhfwhi ehm s`ku

ekiq, ucquhfh wheh ekfcmsk mk`hk ehm skihw-

Icnc`hshm iqkucqkh ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm aihm shnh

hihm fcfwcqnc`hs uhqlcu eh`hf scukhw uhjhwhm wcfac`hnhqhm, mhfm scih`k&

ls nlh fcmkmlihuihm hoodmuhak`ku{ lq- Kech`m{h, scukhw lq ehm icwh`h

scid`hj fcfk`kik icfhfwhm fcm{sm iqkucqkh ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm

wcfac`hnhqhm scshk ecmlhm akehml ulhs fhskml&fhskml- Jh` kmk ucmu fcfcq&

`ihm wcfakmhhm huh akfakmlhm ehqk wcmlh|hs- D`cj ihqcmh ku, fhucqk kmk

ekqhmohml mui fcfacih`k wcmlh|hs eh`hf fcfakfakml lq ehm icwh`h

scid`hj eh`hf fcm{sm iqkucqkh icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm-

A- Ekfcmsk Idfwcucmsk

Ekfcmsk idfwcucmsk {hml ekjhqhwihm ekacmui wheh hijkq Eki`hu kmk

heh`hj ekfcmsk Idfwcucmsk _wcqrksk Crh`hsk Wcmekekihm-

O- Idfwcucmsk {hml Jcmehi Ekohwhk

_cuc`hj fcmlkiuk wc`hukjhm kmk wcmlh|hs ekjhqhwihm ehwhu fcm{sm

iqkucqkh ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcmekekihm ehm wcfac`hnhqhm$akfakmlhm

ukhw fhuh wc`hnhqhm-


5/49

1

E- Kmekihudq Wcmohwhkhm Idfwcucmsk

_cuc`hj fcm{c`cshkihm fhucqk wc`hukjhm kmk, wcmlh|hs ekjhqhwihm ehwhu>

8- Fcfhjhfk Jhikihu Iqkucqkh ehm Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm

1- Fcfhjhfk _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk ehm Idfwcucmsk Ehshq?- Fcm{sm Iqkucqkh Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm Fhucfhukih

5- Fcm{sm Iqkucqkh Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm KWH

3- Fcmlkecmukbkihsk Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm ehqk Hswci _ks|h ehm

Ekshkm Wcfac`hnhqhm

2- Fcfhjhfk Wqdscs Wcfac`hnhqhm scahlhk Ahqdfcucq Kmekihudq Icacq&

jhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm

C- H`dihsk \hiu

Md- Fhucqk Eki`hu H`dihsk

8- Idmscw Iqkucqkh ehm Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm 1 nhf

1- Iqkucqkh ehm Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm FKWH 1 nhf

?- Fcmlkecmukbkihsk icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm ehqk hswci sks|h ehm

ekshkm wcfac`hnhqhm

1 nhf

5- Fcfhjhfk Wqdscs Wcfac`hnhqhm scahlhk Ahqdfcucq Kmekihudq Icacq&

jhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm

8 nhf

3- Fcm{sm iqkucqkh ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm ? nhf

B- _icmhqkd

8- Wcqicmh`hm

1- Wcmnc`hshm ucmuhml ekfcmsk idfwcucmsk, kmekihudq, h`dihsk |hiu ehm sic&

mhqkd wcmekekihm ehm wc`hukjhm wcm{smhm iqkucqkh ehm kmekihudq icacq&

jhsk`hm wcmekekihm ehm wcfac`hnhqhm$akfakmlhm ukhw fhuh wc`hnhqhm-

?- Wqc&ucsu

5- Cisw`dqhsk wcfhjhfhm wcscquh acqicmhhm ecmlhm wcm{smhm iqkucqkh

ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcmekekihm ehm wcfac`hnhqhm$akfakmlhm ukhw

fhuh wc`hnhqhm-

3- Wcm{hfwhkhm Fhucqk Eki`hu>

h- Fcmllmhihm wcmecihuhm hmeqhldlk, {hku `cakj fcmluhfhihm wc&

mlmlihwhm icfah`k wcmlh`hfhm wcscquh wc`hukjhm, fcmlhmh`ksks, fc&

m{kfw`ihm, ehm fcmlcmcqh`kshsk eh`hf shshmh eki`hu {hml hiukb,

kmdrhukb, iqchukb, cbciukb, fcm{cmhmlihm, ehm acqfhimh- Wcqhmhm wc`h&

ukj `cakj scahlhk bhsk`kuhudq-


6/49

?

a- Eksisk ucmuhml kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wc`hukjhm wcm{smhm iqkucqkh

ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcmekekihm ehm wcfac`hnhqhm$akfakmlhm

ukhw fhuh wc`hnhqhm-

o- Wqhiuki fcm{sm iqkucqkh ehm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcmekekihm ehmwcfac`hnhqhm$ akfakmlhm ukhw fhuh wc`hnhqhm

2- Wdsu ucsu-


7/49

5

AHA KK

IQKUCQKH EHM KMEKIHUDQ ICACQJH_K@HM WCFAC@HNHQHM

H- Jhikihu Iqkucqkh ehm Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm

8- Iqkucqkh ehm Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm

Icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm, fcmlhmeml fhimh icumuhshm eh`hf ac&

`hnhq ehm icumuhshm eh`hf wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhm- Hqukm{h ac`hnhq umuhs heh`hj

ucqohwhkm{h idfwcucmsk {hml fc`kwuk wcmlcuhjhm, icuqhfwk`hm, skihw, huh

mk`hk {hml ek|neihm eh`hf icakhshhm acqwkikq ehm acqukmehi- Bmlsk icum&

uhshm ac`hnhq heh`hj fcfhsukihm scfh wcscquh ekeki fcmlhshk idfwcucmsk

{hml ekjhqhwihm eh`hf shu fhucqk hnhq scac`f wkmehj icfhucqk hnhq sc`hm&

num{h- Whudihm icumuhshm ac`hnhq fcmlho wheh suhmehqe idfwcucmsk ehm

idfwcucmsk ehshq scquh kmekihudq {hml ucqehwhu eh`hf iqki`f- _cehmlihm

icumuhshm eh`hf wcfac`hnhqhm acqihkuhm ecmlhm suhmehq wc`hishmhhmm{h {hml

fc`kahuihm idfwdmcm lq ehm sks|h- Ecmlhm ecfkikhm wcfhjhfhm ucqjhehw

iqkucqkh icacqjhsk`hm ac`hnhq, suhmehqe idfwcucmsk ehm idfwcucmsk ehshq scquh

kmekihudq {hml ucqehwhu eh`hf iqki`f wcmukml ekwhjhfk d`cj Wcmlh|hs

Iqkucqkh icacqjhsk`hm heh`hj whudihm iqhm ukmlihu wcmohwhkhm wqcsuhsk

ac`hnhq {hml fcmlho wheh idfwcucmsk ehshq ehm suhmehq idfwcucmsk {hml

ekucuhwihm {hml fcmokqkihm wcmlhshhm idmscw huh icuqhfwk`hm {hml ehwhu

ekhfhuk ehm ekiq- _cohqh ff iqkucqkh icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm heh`hj>

*8+ icacqjhsk`hm wcscquh ekeki fcm{c`cshkihm scqhmlihkhm ucs, ahki ucs bdqfh&

ukb, ucs sfhukb, fhwm ucs icuqhfwk`hm {hml fcmohwhk ukmlihu icacqjhsk`hm

qhuh&qhuh 27#9 *1+ scukhw icacqjhsk`hm ucqscau ekjamlihm ecmlhm suhmehq

idfwcucmsk ehm idfwcucmsk ehshq {hml ekucuhwihm d`cj iqki`f, ukmlihu

icucqohwhkhm idfwcucmsk kmk kech`


8/49

3

acacqhwh kmekihudq- Iqkucqkh icumuhshm ac`hnhq scukhw kmekihudq {hml uc`hj ek&

ucuhwihm eh`hf shu idfwcucmsk ehshq acqikshq hmuhqh 7# & 877#- Iqkucqkh

kech` mui fhskml&fhskml kmekihudq `cakj acshq ehqk


9/49

2

K`suqhsk iclkhuhm ucqscau ehwhu ekwcqnc`hs ecmlhm lhfahq acqkiu kmk-

Lhfahq 1 Fhmhncfcm Iclkhuhm Wcfac`hnhqhm Umuhs

@h{hmhm wcfac`hnhqhm qcfcekh` hihm `cakj cbciukb ak`h fc`h`k icqnhsh&

fh ucqwhe hmuhqh lq fhuh wc`hnhqhm, |h`k ic`hs, ehm idmsc`dq scid`hj *lqAI+- Lq fcfacqk akfakmlhm hihecfks, scehmlihm |h`kic`hs ehm idmsc`dq

scid`hj fcfacqk akfakmlhm wskid`dlk ahlk sks|h {hml fcmljhehwk fhsh`hj

wskid`dlk- Ecmlhm ecfkikhm sks|h {hml acqwqcsuhsk aksh fcmlkiuk wqdlqhf

hisc`cqhsk huh wcqocwhuhm suekm{h scohqh h`hfk-

Acqehshqihm jhsk` wcmk`hkhm ucqscau fhih ukehi `hmnum{h heh uklh ic&

fmlikmhm, {hku wcfacqkhm qcfkek, wcfacqkhm wcmlh{hhm, ehm huh hisc`c&

qhsk- Wcqacehhm ukmehi `hmnu ucqscau ek`hiihm acqehshqihm rhqkhsk wcmohwhk&

hm idfwcucmsk sks|h scahlhk acqkiu>

h- Fc`hmnuihm IAF acqkium{h scohqh i`hskih` ak`h eh`hf |hiu ucqnhe|h`

scahlkhm acshq sks|h fcmohwhk idfwcucmsk fkmkfh` :3#-

a- Wcfacqkhm qcfkek scohqh kmekrkeh`$ic`dfwdi icwheh sks|h {hml eh`hf

|hiu ucqnhe|h` ac`f fcmohwhk idfwcucmsk {hml acshqm{h uc`hj ekucuhw&

ihm d`cj shuhm wcmekekihm, scjkmllh sks|h ucqscau ac`f ekk~kmihm fc&

`hmnuihm ic IAF acqkium{h-

o- Wcfacqkhm wcmlh{hhm icwheh sks|h {hml sehj fcmohwhkk idfwcucmsk

Idfwcucmsk 0


10/49

Wcquhfh, wcmcuhwhm unhm wcfac`hnhqhm- Jh`&jh` {hml jhqs ekwcqjhuk&

ihm eh`hf fcmcuhwihm unhm wcfac`hnhqhm heh`hj>

8+ Icucqihkuhm ecmlhm idmeksk {hml heh ehm suhmehqe idfwcucmsk {hml jhqs


11/49

:

ekohwhk

1+ Ihmemlhm ulhs&ulhs {hmlacqihkuhm ecmlhm bhiuh, idmscw, wqdsceq,

huqhm huh wqkmskw-

?+ Squhm wcmohwhkhm idfwcucmsk ehm quhm kmekihudqm{h-5+ Fde`&fde` {hml ehwhu eklmhihm mui fcmohwhk unhm-

Iceh, wcmldqlhmkshskhm wcfac`hnhqhm- Okqk wcmldqlhmkshskhm wcfac`h&

nhqhm eh`hf ac`hnhq umuhs heh`hj>

8+ Lq fc`hiihm ski`s wcfac`hnhqhm f`hk ehqk wcqskhwhm, wqcscmuhsk, km&

ucqhisk ehm qcb`cisk ecmlhm wcmecihuhm wcehldlks-

1+ Fcmcuhwihm shshqhm wcfac`hnhqhm, fcfwcqikqhihm |hiu ehm fcmlkmbdq&

fhskihm wqhs{hqhu icuqhfwk`hm scquh fcfdmkudq wcfhjhfhm sks|h-

?+ Fc`hiihm wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhm- Hehwm wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhm ucqscau

fcmohiw> *h+ wcfac`hnhqhm {hml fcmlho wheh unhm wcfac`hnhqhm

{hml ekahoh ehqk `kmliw ehm quhm wcfac`hnhqhm {hml heh wheh iqki&

`f, *a+ fcmllmhihm hiukrkuhs&hiukrkuhs {hml scshk ecmlhm unhm$sh&

shqhm wcfac`hnhqhm, *o+ fcfacqkihm fwhm ah`ki {hml jfhmks ehm hih&

ecfks ecmlhm sclcqh, *e+ fcfhiskfh`ihm wcqk`hi eh`hf acqulhs ehm

fcmllmhihm |hiu ecmlhm cbciukb, *c+ fcmcqhwihm acqahlhk h`ucqmhukb

suqhuclk ac`hnhq fcmlhnhq, *b+ fcmcuhwihm hohm whudihm mui ucs bdqfh&

ukb, *l+ fcm{khwihm wcfac`hnhqhm qcfcekh`, ucs `hml, ehm imok nh|hahm,

scquh *j+ fcm{cekhihm l`dshqk mui ksuk`hj ucimks, hiqdmkf, icwhmnhmlhm

ksuk`hj

Icuklh, fc`hiihm crh`hsk- Eh`hf crh`hsk wcq` ekwcqjhukihm jh`&jh`

scahlhk acqkiu>

8+ Fcm{khwihm iksk&iksk {hml scshk ecmlhm unhm wcfac`hnhqhm ehm fhucqk

hnhq-1+ Fcm{khwihm ncmks&ncmks wcmliqhm fc`h`k ucs bdqfhukb, ucs sfhukb, ehm

mdm ucs-

?+ Qc`khak`kuhs ehm rh`kekuhs ucs-

Wcmk`hkhm ek`hiihm mui fcmcmuihm hwhihj wcscquh ekeki uc`hj acqjh&

sk` fcmlhshk shu idfwcucmsk fcmlho ic kmekihudq&kmekihudq {hml uc`hj

ekucmuihm- Ukehi scfh kmekihudq jhqs ekmk`hk lq- _cid`hj fcmcuhwihm

fkmkfh`


12/49

;

fcmlfw`ihm kmbdqfhsk hwhihj shu kmekihudq uc`hj uhfwk` wheh ekqk wcscq&

uh ekeki, ek`hiihm wcmk`hkhm sc|hiu wcfac`hnhqhm acq`hmlsml huh scuc`hj

wcfac`hnhqhm-

a- Bhiudq Wcscquh Ekeki

Wcscquh ekeki eh`hf ac`hnhq umuhs jhqs fcfk`kik skihw fhmekqk, icuh&

jhmhm bkski ehm fcmuh` eh`hf ac`hnhq, scfhmlhu fcmohqk k`f {hml ukmllk,

acqsmllj&smllj eh`hf ac`hnhq, ehwhu ac`hnhq scohqh fhmekqk, ehm fcfk&

`kik skbhu wqdhiukb ehm fehj acqidfmkihsk ecmlhm {hml `hkm mui fcmeh&

whuihm k`f-

@hukjhm ehm Ulhs

_cuc`hj Hmeh fcm{kfhi qhkhm ahlkhm shu, ahu`hj scahj qhmlifhm

wcfkikqhm Hmeh fcmlcmhk hwh {hml ekfhise ecmlhm kmekihudq, iqkucqkh, ehm

icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm, ehm icfekhm ahu`hj hmh`ksks icmhwh jh` ku wcm&

ukml ahlk scdqhml wcmlh|hs-

A- _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk ehm Idfwcucmsk Ehshq

Smui fc`kjhu kmekihudq ehm iqkucqkh icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm nlh ak&

sh ek`kjhu ehqk csumehq idfwcucmsk- _cukhw fhuh wc`hnhqhm fcfk`kik sumehq

idfwcucmsk- Nkih wcfac`hnhqhm shu fhuh wc`hnhqhm ucqucmu acqjhsk` acqhquk

kmekihudqm{h ek hmuhqhm{h aksh ek`kjhu ehqk idfwcucmsk fhmh {hml aksh ekohwhk

fc`h`k wcfac`hnhqhm ucqscau- Smui fcfacqkihm wcfhjhfhm ucqjhehw kmek&

ihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm acqehshqihm sumehq idfwcucmsk kmk, wcm`ks

hihm fcmlkmlhu icfah`k fhimh ehqk csumehq idfwcucmsk acqkiu kmk-

8- _uhmehq IdfwcucmskSiqhm ukmlihu wcmohwhkhm wqcsuhsk ac`hnhq ekucmuihm acqehshqihm iqk&

ucqkh icacqjhsk`hm {hml fcmlho wheh idfwcucmsk ehshq ehm suhmehq idfwc&

ucmsk {hml ekucuhwihm {hml fcmokqkihm wcmlhshhm idmscw huh icuqhfwk`hm

{hml ehwhu ekhfhuk ehm ekiq- Acqihkuhm ecmlhm jh` ucqscau fhih Wcmlh|hs

wcq` fcfhjhfk unhm wcfac`hnhqhm scukhw fhuh wc`hnhqhm, idfwcucmsk eh&

shq ehm suhmehq idfwcucmsk scukhw wc`hnhqhm, ucqfhsi suhmehq wc`hishmhhm&

m{h- _uhmehq idfwcucmsk ehm idfwcucmsk ehshq fcmnhek hqhj ehm `hmehshm

mui fcmlcfahmlihm fhucqk wdidi, iclkhuhm wcfac`hnhqhm, ehm kmekihudq


13/49

87

wcmohwhkhm idfwcucmsk mui wcmk`hkhm-

1- Idfwcucmsk Ehshq

Idfwcucmsk ehshq fcqwhihm wcqkmokhm `cakj `hmnu ehqk suhmehq idfwc&ucmsk- Idfwcucmsk ehshq heh`hj wcmlcuhjhm, icucqhfwk`hm, ehm skihw {hml

fkmkfh` jhqs ekihshk sks|h mui fcmmnihm ahj|h sks|h ucqscau uc`hj

fcmlhshk suhmehqe idfwcucmsk ehm fhucqk wc`hnhqhm- Ohqhm{h ecmlhm nh`hm

fcmlhnihm wcquhm{hhm icfhfwhm huh saicfhfwhm hwh shnh {hml jh&

qs ekihshk sks|h eh`hf qhmlih fcmohwhk suhmehq idfwcucmsk4 Nh|hahm huhs

wcquhm{hhm ucqscau acqwh ehbuhq `cmlihw wcmlcuhjhm, icucqhfwk`hm huh sk&

ihw {hml jhqs ekihshk sks|h eh`hf qhmlih fcmohwhk suhmehqe idfwcucmsk-

_cuc`hj ekwcqd`cj ehbuhq qkmokhm ucqscau, icfekhm ehbuhq ucqscau ekquihm-

Ohqh fcmlquihm idfwcucmsk ehshq shfh ecmlhm ohqh fcmlquihm

suhmehq idfwcucmsk, {hku fcmllmhihm wcmecihuhm wqdsceqh`, wcmecihuhm

jkqhqiks, ehqk fehj ic sihq, ehqk idmliqcu ic hasuqhi, wcmecihuhm swkqh`,

wcmecihuhm ucfhuks, wcmecihuhm ucqwhe *kmuclqhuce+, ehm scahlhkm{h-

Wcmecihuhm wqdsceqh` eklmhihm nkih icfhfwhm ehshq {hml ekwc`h&

nhqk acqskbhu wqdsceqh` scwcquk `hmlihj&`hmlihj fcmlcqnhihm ulhs- Wcmecihu&

hm jkqhqiks eklmhihm nkih jamlhm hmuhqh idfwcucmsk ehshq {hml shu ecmlhm

idfwcucmsk ehshq {hml `hkm acqskbhu wqhs{hqhu, eh`hf hquk shu idfwcucmsk

jhqs ekwc`hnhqk e` scac`f fcfwc`hnhqk icfhfwhm ehshq acqkium{h- Fc&

mqu wcmecihuhm swkqh`, shu wdidi ahjhshm huh udwki ekacqkihm acq`hml&

`hml, scfhikm `hs ehm scfhikm fcmeh`hf- Fksh`m{h udwki sksucfhukih uf&

ajhm ekacqkihm wheh acacqhwh ic`hs *ic`hs Z, ic`hs ZK, ehm ic`hs ZKK+- Ud&

wki shfh, ucuhwk iceh`hfhm ehm ic`hshmm{h acqaceh- _cfhikm ukmllk ic`hs&

m{h scfhikm fcmeh`hf ehm `hs ohiwhm fhucqk {hml ekhnhqihm- Nkih eklhf&ahqihm hihm uhfwhi scwcquk swkqh`-

Wcmecihuhm ucqnh`h *|caace+ fcqwhihm sh`hj shu acmui wcmecihuhm

ucqkmuclqhsk huh ucfhuks- Eh`hf wcm{hnkhm wc`hnhqhm, udwki ehqk acacqhwh fhuh

wc`hnhqhm {hml qc`crhm ekshnkihm scohqh ucqwhe huh ucqkmuclqhsk ecmlhm fcml&

lmhihm shu ucfh scahlhk ukuki scmuqh`- Fksh`m{h idfwcucmsk ehshq {hml

ekjhqhwihm ekihshk sks|h heh`hj fcfcohjihm shu fhsh`hj wcfocfhqhm

ehqh- Acqud`hi ehqk wcqfhsh`hjhm wcfocfhqhm ehqh ekihnk ehqk sclk cidmd&

fk, jif, `kmlimlhm- Jamlhm hmuhq ucfh ehm sa ucfh nkih eklhfahqihm


14/49

88

hihm fcqwhihm scahj ncnhqkml *|ca+-

Lhfahq ? Ncnhqkml Idfwcucmsk Ehshq {hml Jhqs Ekihshk _ks|h

Acqkiu kmk ekshnkihm odmudj wcqfshm icfhfwhm ehshq ehqk shu

suhmehq idfwcucmsk- Fksh`m{h eh`hf fhuh wc`hnhqhm Akd`dlk, hlhq sks|h ehwhu

fcfhjhfk `hmlihj wcfcohjhm wcqsdh`hm akd`dlk fcmllmhihm fcudec k`fk&

hj ecmlhm fc`hiihm icuqhfwk`hm wqdscs k`fkhj, fhih kh jhqs fcfk`kik idf&

wcucmsk$icfhfwhm ehshq acqwh> *8+ fcmecsiqkwskihm icuqhfwk`hm ehshq ehmicuqhfwk`hm wqdscs shkms, *1+ fcmlcmh` `hmlihj&`hmlihj wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

akd`dlk fc`h`k fcudec ciswcqkfcm, *?+ fcmlcmh` `hmlihj&`hmlihj wcfcohj&

hm fhsh`hj akd`dlk fc`h`k fcudec dascqrhsk *mdmciswcqkfcm+, ehm *5+ fcml&

idfmkihskihm jhsk` wcqodahhm$dascqrhsk scohqh ucqu`ks ehm scohqh `kshm-

_cahlhk wcmlhuhjhm shnh acqkiu wcm`ks ecsiqkwskihm acacqhwh uhac`

_uhmehq idfwucmsk {hml ekfhiseihm mui fc`kjhu jamlhm hmuhqh suhmehq

idfwcucmsk ehm icfhfwhm ehshq {hml jhqs ekohwhk eh`hf scukhw fhuh wc`h&

nhqhm, ek hmuhqhm{h acacqhwh odmudj mui ncmnhml ucqucmu hihm ekshnkihm wh&

eh uhac`&uhac` acqkiu kmk-

Jif

Cidmdfk Wcmocfhqhm @kmlimlhm

Idfmkihsk _EF


15/49

87

h- Idfwcucmsk Ehshq Uhfhm Ihmhi&Ihmhi

Hswci

@h{hmhm

Kmekihudq icfhfwhm Wheh Ic`dfwdi Sskh

`hjkq &8

uhjm=8 & 1 uj =1 & ? uj =?&5uj =5&3uj 3 & 2uj

Idlmkukb Fcmlcmh`

acmeh

Fcmlcmh` acmeh

Fcmlcmh` acmui

Fcmlcmh` iqhm

Fcmlcmh` qhsh

*hshf fhmks+

Fcmlcmh` ah&

ahhm fcml`hml

ak`hmlhm 8,1

Fcmlc`dfwdihm acm&

eh {hml shfh

Fcmlc`dfwdihm 1

acmui *`kmlihqhm "

anq shmlihq+

Fcfacehihm acshq&

icok`

Fcfacehihm qhsh

Fcfacehihm ah

Fcml`hml ak`hmlhm

8,1,?,5,3

Wcmlc`dfwdihm

|hqmh *1 |hqmh+

Fcmlc`dfwdihm acm&

eh {hml shfh" scnc&

mks

Fcm{cauihm 5 acm&

ui *`kmlihqhm, anq

shmlihq, sclk&uklh,

sclk whmnhml+

Fcfacehihm acshq

icok`, whmnhml&wcm&

eci *1 ekfcmsk+

Fcfacehihm qhsh

Fcfacehihm ah

Fcm{cauihm ak`hml&

hm 8&87 uhmwh fc&

mlcmh` idmscw wc&

mlc`dfwdihm |hqmh*`cakj 3 |hqmh+ ehm

fcm{cauihm |hqmh

Fcmlc`dfwdihm acm&

eh {hml shfh " scnc&

mks

Fcm{cauihm < acm&

ui *`kmlihqhm, anq

shmlihq, sclkuklh, sc&

lk whmnhml, sclk

cmhf, ac`hj icuwhu,

uqhwcskf+

Fcfacehihm acshq&

icok`, whmnhml wcm&

eci, acqhu qkmlhm

Fcfacehihm wcm{c&

aha qhsh

Fcfacehihm sfacq

ahFcm{cauihm ak`hml&

hm 8&87 uhmwh fc&

mlcmh` idmscw ekic&

mh`ihm `hfahml

ak`hmlhm

Fcmlc`dfwdihm acm&

eh {hml shfh " sc&

ncmks

Fcm{cauihm scfh

ncmks acmui

Fcmokwuhihm acqah&

lhk ecshkm$lhfahq

Fcfacehihm acshq&

icok`, whmnhml&wcm&

eci, acqhu qkmlhm,

|hiu, qhml " ecs&

iqkwskm{h

Fcfacehihm wcm{c&

aha qhsh

Fcfacehihm sfacq

ahFcmlhshk idmscw

ak`hmlhm

ekicmh`ihm `hfahml

ak`hmlhm

Fcmllmhihm h`hu&


16/49

88

Hswci

@h{hmhm

Kmekihudq icfhfwhm Wheh Ic`dfwdi Sskh

`hjkq &8

uhjm=8 & 1 uj =1 & ? uj =?&5uj =5&3uj 3 & 2uj

Wcmlc`dfwdihm |hq&

mh *`cakj 3 |hqmh+

ehm fcfacehihm

|hqmh

h`hu huh uhmeh mui

acqjkuml

Fcmecsiqkwskihm

|hqmh acmeh

ek`kmlimlhmm{h

a- _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk Fhucfhukih *_E$FK+

Ic`hs Fhucqk _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk

$sfu 8 Ak`hmlhm

Lcdfcuqk ehm Wcmliqhm

Fc`hiihm wcmnf`hjhm ehm wcmlqhmlhm ak`hmlhm shfwhk 17

Fcmllmhihm wcmliqhm |hiu ehm whmnhml, Fcmlcmh` acacqhwh ahmlm qhml

$sfu 1 Ak`hmlhm


Fc`hiihm wcmnf`hjhm ehm wcmlqhmlhm ak`hmlhm shfwhk eh hmlih eh`hf wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

Fcmllmhihm wcmliqhm acqhu

KK$sfu 8 Ak`hmlhm


Fc`hiihm wcmnf`hjhm ehm wcmlqhmlhm ak`hmlhm shfwhk 377

Fcmllmhihm wcmliqhm |hiu, whmnhml ehm acqhu eh`hf wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

KK$sfu 1 Ak`hmlhm


Fc`hiihm wcqih`khm ehm wcfahlkhm ak`hmlhm shfwhk eh hmlih

Fcmlcmh` msq&msq ahmlm ehuhq scecqjhmh

KKK$sfu 8 Ak`hmlhm


Fc`hiihm dwcqhsk jkuml ak`hmlhm shfwhk uklh hmlih

Fcmllmhihm wcmliqhm |hiu, whmnhml ehm acqhu eh`hf wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj


17/49


18/49

8?


RK$sfu 1 Ak`hmlhm


Wcmld`hjhm ehuh

Fc`hiihm dwcqhsk jkuml wcohjhm eh`hf wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

Fcmllmhihm sksucf iddqekmhu eh`hf wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

Fcm{c`cshkihm fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm ehuh

o- _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk ehm Idfwcucmsk Ehshq KW_ _FW$FUs

Ic`hs _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk " Idfwcucmsk ehshq

I`s RKK,

_cfcsucq 8

Fcfhjhfk `kmlimlhm icjkewhm fhmskh

Fcfhjhfk icjkewhmsdskh` fhmskh

Fcfhjhfk shjh fhmskh fcfcmjk icaujhm

Ic`hs RKK,

_cfcsucq 1

Fcfhjhfk shjh fhmskh mui fcmlcmh`k wcqicfahmlhm `kmlimlhmm{h

Fcfhjhfk wcqicfahmlhm fhs{hqhihu scnhi fhsh Jkme&Aejh shfwhk fhsh Id`dmkh` Cqdwh

Fcfhjhfk iclkhuhm cidmdfk fhs{hqhihu

Ic`hs RKKK,

_cfcsucq 8

Fcfhjhfk wcqfhsh`hjhm sdskh` acqihkuhm ecmlhm wcqufajhm nf`hj wcmeei

Fcfhjhfk wqdscs icahmlikuhm mhskdmh`

Fcfhjhfk fhsh`hj wcm{kfwhmlhm sdskh`

Fcfhjhfk iclkhuhm wc`hi cidmdfk ek fhs{hqhihu

Ic`hs RKKK,

_fsu 1

Fcfhjhfk shjh wcqskhwhm icfcqecihhm

Fcfhjhfk wqhmhuh ehm wcm{kfwhmlhm sdskh`

Fcfhjhfk iclkhuhm wcqcidmdfkhm Kmedmcskh

Ic`hs KZ,

_fu 8

Fcfhjhfk jamlhm fhmskh ecmlhm afk

Fcfhjhfk shjh fcfwcquhjhmihm Qcwa`ki Kmedmcskh


19/49

85

Ic`hs _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk " Idfwcucmsk ehshq

Fcfhjhfk wcqahjhm wcfcqkmuhjhm ehm icqnhshfh kmucqmhskdmh`

Ic`hs KZ,

_fu 1

Fcfhjhfk jamlhm fhmskh ecmlhm afk

Fcfhjhfk shjh fcfwcquhjhmihm Qcwa`ki Kmedmcskh

Fcfhjhfk wcqahjhm wcfcqkmuhjhm ehm icqnhshfh kmucqmhskdmh`

e- _uhmehqe Idfwcucmsk ehm Idfwcucmsk Ehshq Ahjhsh Kmedmcskh _FH$FH


Ic`hs Z,

_cfcsucq 8

Fcmecmlhqihm

Acqakohqh

Fcfahoh

Fcm`ks

Fcmecmlhqihm

Acqakohqh

Fcfahoh

Fcm`ks

8- Fcfhjhfk skhqhm huhocqkuh {hml ekshfwhkihm scohqh `hmlsml $ukehi hmlsml

1- Fcmlmlihwihmwkikqhm, wcqhshhm, ehm kmbdqfhsk fc`h`kiclkhuhm acqicmh`hm, acqeksisk, ehm acqocqkuh

?- Fcfhjhfk acqahlhkucis ahohhm mdmshsuqh ecmlhm acqahlhk ucimki fcfahoh

5- Fcmlmlihwihmkmbdqfhsk eh`hf acqahlhk acmui whqhlqhb *mhqhukb,ecsiqkwukb, ciswdskukb

3- Fcfhjhfk wksk {hmlekshfwhkihm scohqh hmlsml$ukehi `hmlsml

2- Fcfahjhs ocqkuh wcmecifc`h`k iclkhuhm eksisk


20/49

83


Acqakohqh

Fcfahoh

Fcm`ks

2- Fcmlmlihwihm wcmehwhu ucqjhehw wksk fc`h`k eksisk


21/49

82


Ic`hs ZKK,

_cfcsucq 8

Fcmecmlhqihm

Acqakohqh

Fcfahoh

Fcm`ks

FcmecmlhqihmAcqaohqh

Fcfahoh

Fcm`ks

8- Fcfhjhfk kmbdqfhsk ehqk acqahlhk `hwdqhm

1- Fcmlmlihwihm lhlhshm, uhmllhwhm, ehm kmbdqfhsk eh`hf eksisk

?- Fcfhjhfk hqukic` ehm ucis wkehud

5- Fcmlmlihwihm kmbdfhsk eh`hf acmui sqhu ekmhs, hwdqhm, qcscmsk

3- Fcfhjhfk wcfahohhm mdrc`2- Fcmlmlihwihm wcmehwhu ucmuhml wcfahohhm wksk


22/49

8

8+ Ahu`hj ic`dfwdi acqhmllduhihm 5&3 dqhml

1+ @hiihm`hj wcmlhfhuhm ucqjhehw idfwcucmsk ehshq wheh uhac`&uhac` ek

huhs-

?+ Eksiskihm`hj fhmh ek hmuhqh idfwcucmsk ehshq {hml fcfmlikmihm ac&

qhu mui ekohwhk sks|h eh`hf wcfac`hnhqhm mui scukhw fhuh wc`hnhqhm5+ Acqkihm`hj sd`sk ahlhkfhmh `hmlihj {hml jhqs ekucfwj d`cj Wcmlh&

|hs-

3+ Uihq`hj jhsk` wcicqnhhm hmuhq ic`dfwdi ehm shnkihm`hj ek ecwhm ic`hs-

O- Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm Fhucfhukih

Fhucfhukih fcqwhihm k`f {hml fcmehshqk wcqicfahmlhm ucimd`dlk,

acqwcqhm wcmukml eh`hf acqahlhk ekskw`km ehm fcfhnihm eh{h wkikq fhmskh-

Wcqicfahmlhm wcshu ek akehml ucimd`dlk kmbdqfhsk ehm idfmkihsk ec|hsh

kmk ek`hmehsk d`cj wcqicfahmlhm fhucfhukih ek akehml ucdqk ak`hmlhm, h`nhahq,

hmh`ksks, ucdqk wc`hml ehm fhucfhukih eksiqku- Smui fcmlhshk ucimd`dlk ek

fhsh ecwhm ekwcq`ihm wcmlhshhm fhucfhukih {hml ihu scnhi ekmk- Fhucfh&

ukih ekwcq`ihm mui fcfacih`k wcscquh ekeki ecmlhm icfhfwhm acqwkikq

`dlks, fcmlc`d`h, ehm fcfhmbhhuihm kmbdqfhsk, scquh icfhfwhm acicqnhsh&

fh-

Hswci wcmlcfahmlhm {hml wh`kml ecihu ecmlhm unhm wcfac`hnhqhm


24/49

8;

fhucfhukih heh`hj wcmlcfahmlhm idlmkukb, ihqcmh idfwcucmsk ehm jhsk` wc&

mlcfahmlhm {hml kmlkm ekohwhk heh`hj icfhfwhm acqwkikq `dlks, iqkuks, fcf&

ahu h`hshm, fcfcohjihm fhsh`hj, ehm fcmcfihm jamlhm scaha hikahu-

Wheh ehshqm{h unhm wcfac`hnhqhm fhucfhukih wheh scfh ncmnhmlheh`hj shfh, {hml acqaceh heh`hj qhml `kmliw ehm iceh`hfhm fhucqkm{h-

Wcfac`hnhqhm fhucfhukih acqunhm hlhq wcscquh ekeki>

8- Fcfhjhfk idmscw fhucfhukih, fcmnc`hsihm icucqihkuhm hmuhq idmscw ehm

fcmlhw`kihskihm h`ldqkufh scohqh `|cs, hiqhu, cbkskcm, ehm ucwhu, eh`hf

wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj-

1- Fcmllmhihm wcmh`hqhm wheh wd`h ehm skbhu, fc`hiihm fhmkw`hsk fhuc&

fhukih eh`hf fcfahu lcmcqh`kshsk, fcm{sm aiuk, huh fcmnc`hsihm

lhlhshm fhucfhukih-

?- Fcfcohjihm fhsh`hj, fc`kwuk icfhfwhm fcfhjhfk fhsh`hj, fcqhm&

ohml fdec` fhucfhukih, fcmhbskqihm sd`sk {hml ekwcqd`cj-

5- Fcmlidfmkihskihm lhlhshm ecmlhm skfad`, ekhlqhf, mui fcfwcqnc&

`hs fhsh`hj-

3- Fcfk`kik skihw fcmljhqlhk iclmhhm fhucfhukih eh`hf icjkewhm-

_cahlhk ahjhm mui fcmlkmlhuihm ikuh hihm suhmehq idfwcucmsk wc`h&

nhqhm fhucfhukih kmk fhih acqkiu kmk ekshnkihm eh`hf acmui uhac` wcmnhahq&

hmm{h scohqh qkmok-

Uhac` 8 Wcmnhahqhm _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk ic eh`hf Idfwcucmsk Ehshq

Fhuh Wc`hnhqhm Fhucfhukih _FH$FH

Ic`hs Fhucqk _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk Idfwcucmsk Ehshq

I`s Z,_fu 8

H`nhahq 8- Fcfcohjihm fhsh`hj {hmacqihkuhm ecmlhm acmui

whmlihu, hihq, ehm `dlhqku&

fh

1- Fcfcohjihm fhsh`hj

{hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm

bmlsk, wcqshfhhm ehm

bmlsk iheqhu scquh

wcqukehi shfhhm iheqhu

8-8 Fcmllmhihm huqhm whmlihu, hihq,ehm `dlhqkufh

8-1 Fc`hiihm fhmkw`hsk h`nhahq eh`hf

wcqjkumlhm {hml fc`kahuihm whmlihu,

hihq, ehm `dlhqkufh

1-8 Fcfhjhfk idmscw bmlsk

1-1 Fcmllhfahq lqhbki bmlsk h`nhahq sc&

ecqjhmh ehm bmlsk iheqhu

1-? Fcmllmhihm skbhu ehm huqhm ucmuhml

wcqshfhhm ehm wcqukehishfhhm ih&


25/49

17


?- Fcfcohjihm fhsh`hj

{hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm

sksucf wcqshfhhm `kmchq

ehm wcqukehishfhhm shu

rhqkhac`

eqhu

1-5 Fc`hiihm fhmkw`hsk h`nhahq eh`hfwcqjkumlhm {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm

wcqshfhhm ehm wcqukehishfhhm ih&

eqhu

1-3 Fcqhmohml fdec` fhucfhukih ehqk fh&

sh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm wcqshfh&

hm ehm$huh bmlsk iheqhu

1-2 Fcm{c`cshkihm fdec` fhucfhukih ehqk

fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm wcqsh&

fhhm ehm$huh bmlsk iheqhu ehm wc&mhbskqhmm{h

?-8 Fcm{c`cshkihm sksucf wcqshfhhm

`kmchq

?-1 Fcqhmohml fdec` fhucfhukih ehqk fh&

sh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm sksucf

wcqshfhhm `kmchq

?-? Fcm{c`cshkihm fdec` fhucfhukih ehqk

fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm sksucf

wcqshfhhm `kmchq ehm wcmhbskqhmm{h?-5 Fcm{c`cshkihm wcqukehishfhhm shu

rhqkhac` {hml fc`kahuihm acmui wc&

ohjhm h`nhahq

?-3 Fcqhmohml fdec` fhucfhukih ehqk fh&

sh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm wcqukehi&

shfhhm shu rhqkhac`

?-2 Fcm{c`cshkihm fdec` fhucfhukih ehqk

fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm wcquk&

ehishfhhm shu rhqkhac` ehm wcmhb&skqhmm{h


26/49

18

I`s Z,

_fu 1

@dlkih

Uqkldmd&

fcuqk

Lcdfcuqk

5- Fcmllmhihm `dlkih fhucfh&

ukih eh`hf wcfcohjhm fhsh&

`hj {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm

wcqm{huhhm fhncfi ehm

wcqm{huhhm acqihmudq

3- Fcmllmhihm wcqahmekml&

hm,bmlsk, wcqshfhhm, ehm

kecmukuhs uqkldmdfcuqk eh`hf

wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

2- Fcmcmuihm iceeihm, nhqhi,

ehm acshq seu {hml fc`k&

ahuihm ukuki, lhqks, ehm akehml

eh`hf qhml ekfcmsk uklh

5-8- Fcfhjhfk wcqm{huhhm eh`hf

fhucfhukih ehm kmlihqhm huh

mclhskm{h

5-1- Fcmcmuihm mk`hk icacmhqhm ehqk

shu wcqm{huhhm fhncfi ehm

wcqm{huhhm acqihmudq

5-?- Fcqfsihm wcqm{huhhm {hml

scuhqh ecmlhm wcqm{huhhm fhnc&

fi huh wcqm{huhhm acqihmudq

{hml ekacqkihm

5-5- Fcmllmhihm wqkmskw `dlkih fh&

ucfhukih {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm

wcqm{huhhm fhncfi ehm wcqm{h&

uhhm acqihmudq eh`hf wcmhqkihm

icskfw`hm ehm wcfcohjhm fh&

sh`hj

3-8 Fc`hiihm fhmkw`hsk h`nhahq eh&

`hf wcqjkumlhm ucimks {hml acq&

ihkuhm ecmlhm wcqahmekmlhm,

bmlsk, wcqshfhhm ehm kecmukuhs

uqkldmdfcuqk

3-1 Fcqhmohml fdec` fhucfhukih

ehqk fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ec&

mlhm wcqahmekmlhm, bmlsk, wcq&

shfhhm ehm kecmukuhs uqkldmdfcuqk

3-? Fcm{c`cshkihm fdec` fhucfhuk&

ih ehqk fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm

ecmlhm wcqahmekmlhm, bmlsk,

wcqshfhhm ehm kecmukuhs uqkldmd&

fcuqk, ehmwcmhbskqhmm{h

2-8 Fcmcmuihm iceeihm ukuki, lh&

qks, ehm akehml eh`hf qhml ek&

fcmsk uklh

2-1 Fcmcmuihm nhqhi ehqk ukuki ic lh&

qks ehm ehqk ukuki ic akehml eh`hf

qhml ekfcmsk uklh

2-? Fcmcmuihm acshq seu hmuhqh

lhqks ehm akehml ehm hmuhqh eh

akehml eh`hf qhml ekfcmsk uklh


27/49

11

Ic`hs

ZK,

_fu 8

*KWH+

_uhuksukih

ehm

Wc`hml

Uqkldmd&

fcuqk

H`nhahq

8- Fcmllmhihm huqhm suhuksuk&

ih, ihkehj wcmohohjhm, ehm

skbhuskbhu wc`hml eh`hf wc&

fcohjhmfhsh`hj

1- Fcmqmihm qfs uqkldmd&

fcuqk ehm wcmllmhhmm{h

?- Fcm{sm wcqshfhhm `kml&

ihqhm ehm lhqks skmllmlm{h

8-8 Fcfahoh ehuh eh`hf acmui uh&

ac` ehm ekhlqhf ahuhml, lhqks,

`kmlihqhm, ehm dlkrc

8-1 Fcm{hnkihm ehuh eh`hf acmui

uhac` ehm ekhlqhf ahuhml, lhqks,

`kmlihqhm, ehm dlkrc scquh wcmhb&

skqhmm{h

8-? Fcmljkuml iqhm wcfshuhm,

iqhm `cuhi, ehm iqhm wcm{c&

ahqhm ehuh, scquh wcmhbskqhmm{h

8-5 Fcmllmhihm huqhm wcqih`khm,

wcqfuhsk, ehm idfakmhsk eh`hf

wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

8-3 Fcmcmuihm qhml shfwc` shu

wcqodahhm

8-2 Fcmcmuihm wc`hml shu icnh&

ekhm ehm wcmhbskqhmm{h

1-8 Fcmllmhihm qfs skms ehm

idskms nf`hj eh seu, sc`kskj

eh seu, ehm seu lhmeh m&

ui fcmljkuml skms ehm idskms

seu ucqucmu

1-1 Fcmqmihm qfs nf`hj ehm

sc`kskj skms ehm idskms

1-? Fcmllmhihm qfs nf`hj ehm

sc`kskj skms ehm idskms

?-8 Fcm{sm wcqshfhhm `kmlihqhm

{hml fcfcmjk wcqs{hqhuhm

{hml ekucmuihm

?-1 Fcmcmuihm wcqshfhhm lhqks

skmllml wheh `kmlihqhm eh`hf

acqahlhk skuhsk


28/49

1?

Ic`hs

ZK,

_fu 1

*KWH+

H`nhahq

Ih`i`s

5- Fcmllmhihm huqhm si ah&

m{hi eh`hf wcm{c`cshkhm

fhsh`hj

3- Fcmcmuihm idfwdsksk eh

bmlsk ehm kmrcqs shu bmlsk

2- Fcmllmhihm idmscw `kfku

bmlsk ehm uqmhm bmlsk

eh`hf wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj

5-8 Fcmllmhihm h`ldqkufh wcfah&

lkhm siahm{hi mui fcmcm&

uihm jhsk` ahlk ehm sksh wcfah&

lkhm

5-1 Fcmllmhihm ucdqcfh sksh ehm

ucdqcfh bhiudq

3-8 Fcmcmuihm idfwdsksk bmlsk

ehqk eh bmlsk-

3-1 Fcmcmuihm kmrcqs shu bmlsk

2-8 Fcmnc`hsihm scohqh kmukukb hquk

`kfku bmlsk ek shu ukuki ehm ek

uhijkmllh

2-1 Fcmllmhihm skbhu `kfku bmlsk

mui fcmljkuml acmui uhi ucm&

u bmlsk h`nhahq ehm uqkldmdfcuqk

2-? Fcmllmhihm idmscw ehm huq&

hm uqmhm eh`hf wcqjkumlhm

uqmhm bmlsk

2-5 Fcmllmhihm uqmhm mui fc&

mcmuihm ihqhiucqksuki shu

bmlsk ehm fcfcohjihm fhsh&

`hj

2-3 Fcqhmohml fdec` fhucfhukih

ehqk fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm ec&

mlhm cisuqkf bmlsk

2-2 Fcm{c`cshkihm fdec` fhucfhuk&

ih ehqk fhsh`hj {hml acqihkuhm

ecmlhm cisuqkf bmlsk ehm wcmhb&

skqhmm{h

E- Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm KWHKWH acqihkuhm ecmlhm ohqh fcmohqk uhj ucmuhml h`hf scohqh sksucfhuks-

KWH fcmehshqk wcqicfahmlhm ucimd`dlk ehm idmscw jkew jhqfdmks ecmlhm

h`hf- Wcmlc`d`hhm sfacq eh{h h`hf ehm `kmlimlhm scquh wcmlqhmlhm ehf&

whi acmohmh h`hf ukehi dwukfh` uhmwh wcfhjhfhm bkskih-

Wcfac`hnhqhm KWH acqunhm>

8- Fcfwcqd`cj ic{hikmhm ucqjhehw icacshqhm Ujhm [hml Fhjh Csh acqeh&

shqihm ickmehjhm ehm icucqhuqhm h`hf okwuhhm&M{h-

1- Fcmlcfahmlihm wcmlcuhjhm ehm wcfhjhfhm idmscw KWH eh`hf icjk&


29/49

15

ewhm scjhqk&jhqk-

?- Fcmlcfahmlihm qhsh kmlkm uhj, skihw wdskukw ehm icshehqhm jamlhm

hmuhqh KWH, `kmlimlhm, ucimd`dlk ehm fhs{hqhihu-

5- Fcmlcfahmlihm icucqhfwk`hm fcm{c`kekik h`hf, fcfcohjihm fhsh`hjehm fcfahu icwushm-

3- Fcmkmlihuihm wcqhm scquh fcfc`kjhqh, fcmnhlh ehm fc`csuhqkihm `kml&

imlhm-

2- fcmkmlihuihm icshehqhm fcmljhqlhk h`hf ehm sclh`h icucqhuqhmm{h sc&

ahlhk okwuhhm Ujhm- _cohqh ijss KWH fcfhu fhucqk Bkskih, Akd`dlk

ehm Ikfkh-

Uhac` 1 _uhmehqe Idfwcucmsk ehm Idfwcucmsk Ehshq KWH


I`s Z,

_f 8

8- Fcmcqhwihm idmscw acshqhm

bkskih ehm wcmliqhmm{h

1- Fcmcqhwihm idmscw ehm

wqkmskwehshq ikmcfhukih ehm

ekmhfkih acmeh ukuki

8-8 Fcmliq acshqhm bkskih *fhssh,

whmnhml, ehm|hiu+

8-1 Fc`hiihm wcmnf`hjhm rciudq

1-8 Fcmlhmh`ksks acshqhm bkskih wheh

lcqhi ecmlhm icocwhuhm ehm wcq&

ocwhuhm idmsuhm

1-1 Fcmlhmh`ksks acshqhm bkskih wheh

lcqhifc`kmlihq ecmlhm `hn idms&

uhm

1-? Fcmcqhwihm Jif Mc|udm sc&

ahlhk wqkmskwehshq ekmhfkih m&

ui lcqhi `qs, lcqhi rcqukih`,

ehm lcqhi fc`kmlihq acqhuqhm


30/49

13


I`s Z,

_f 1

?- Fcmcqhwihm wqkmskw icqnh h`hu

h`hu dwuki- Fcmcqhwihm idm&

scw ih`dq ehmwqkmskw idmscq&

rhsk cmcqlk whehacqahlhk wc&

qahjhm cmcqlk

5- Fcmcqhwihm idmscw ic`ksuqki&

hmeh`hf acqahlhk wcm{c`c&

shkhm fhsh`hj ehm acqahlhk

wqdei ucimd`dlk

2- Fcfhjhfk idmscw ehm wqkm&

skw lc`dfahml c`ciuqdfhl&

mcuki

?-8 Fcmlhmh`ksks h`hu&h`hu dwuki sc&

ohqh ih`kuhukb ehm ihmukuhukb

?-1 Fcmcqhwihm h`hu&h`hu dwuki eh`hf

icjkewhm scjhqk&jhqk

5-8 Fcmlhmh`ksks wcmlhqj ih`dq ucq&

jhehw shu ~hu

5-1 Fcmlhmh`ksks ohqh wcqwkmehjhm

ih`dq

5-? Fcmcqhwihm hshs A`hoi eh`hf

wcfcohjhmfhsh`hj

3-8 Fcfbdqf`hskihm acshqhm&acshq&

hm `ksuqki qhmlihkhm ucquuw

scecqjhmh *shu `ddw+

3-1 Fcmlkecmukbkihsk wcmcqhwhm `ksuqki

HO ehm EO eh`hf icjkewhm sc&

jhqk&jhqk

3-? Fcmllmhihm h`hu iq `ksuqki

2-8 Fcmecsiqkwskihm swciuqf lc&

`dfahml c`ciuqd fhlmcuki

2-1 Fcmnc`hsihm hw`kihsk lc`dfahml

c`ciuqd fhlmcuki wheh icjkewhm

scjhqk&jhqk

Ulhs ehm @hukjhm

Ehqk eh ihnkhm kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm acqehshqihm eh odmudj ihss suhmehqidfwcucmsk fhuh wc`hnhqhm ek huhs, qfsihm`hj acacqhwh kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm

{hml jhqs heh eh`hf scukhw wcfac`hnhqhm mui scfh fhuh wc`hnhqhm( _cuc`hj ku

eksiskihm icfah`k ecmlhm ic`dfwdi `hkm-

C- Kecmukbkihsk Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm ehqk Hswci _ks|h ehm Ekshkm

Wcfac`hnhqhm

8- Kecmukbkihsk ehqk Hswci _ks|h

_cukhw jhsk` wcfac`hnhqhm fcfk`kik shu wcqhmlihu kmekihudq- Kmekih&


31/49

12

udq&kmekihudq ucqscau fcmnh|ha wcquhm{hhm, ahlhkfhmh ikuh ehwhu fcmlcuh&

jk ahj|h sks|h sehj ehwhu fcmohwhk jhsk` wcfac`hnhqhmm{h- Lq hihm

fcmllmhihm kmekihudq scahlhk ehshq wcmk`hkhm sks|h scshk ichehhm ehm ak`h

fcfmlikmihm ehwhu fc`cakjk wcmohwhkhm kmekihudq ucqscau- Kmekihudq fcm&nc`hsihm lhlhshm imok ucmuhml ikmcqnh sks|h {hml ehwhu ekumnihm fc`h`k

u`kshm, wqcscmuhsk ehm ikmcqnh eh`hf ucs huh ulhs {hml ekjhsk`ihm sks|h-

_cahj kmekihudq ehwhu eknhqkml ecmlhm acacqhwh sdh`$ulhs, sc`hkm ku,

scahj ulhs ehwhu ekqhmohml mui fcmnhqkml kmbdqfhsk ucmuhml icucqohwhkhm

acacqhwh kmekihudq- Iqkucqkh icumuhshm ac`hnhq scukhw kmekihudq {hml uc`hj ek&

ucuhwihm eh`hf shu idfwcucmsk ehshq acqikshq hauhqh 7# &877#- Iqkucqkh

kech` mui fhskml&fhskml kmekihudq `cakj acshq ehqk 27#- Mhfm scid`hj

ehwhu fcmcuhwihm iqkucqkh huh ukmlihu wcmohwhkhm kmekihudq, hwhihj 37 #,

27# huh fcmnh|ha wcquhm{hhm scshk ecmlhm udwkim{h, fcfa&

hu qhmlifhm wc`hnhqhm, huh fcmlcqnhihm ulhs fcmlfw`ihm ehuh- Hwhak&

`h scfh kmekihudq {hml uc`hj ekucuhwihm sehj fcfcmjk iqkucqkh icumuhshm,wcscquh ekeki ehwhu ekkmucqwqcuhskihm ecmlhm fcmlhshk idfwcucmsk ehshq-

Ecfkikhm nlh sc`hmnum{h, wcscquh ekeki ehwhu ekkmucqwqcuhskihm uc`hj fcml&

hshk suhmehqe idfwcucmsk ehm fhuh wc`hnhqhm- Smui fcmehwhuihm mk`hk shu

idfwcucmsk ehshq huh jhsk` ac`hnhq ehqk iqkucqkh icumuhshm kmekihudq {hml acq&

aceh, lq ehwhu fc`kjhu wqdbk`` wcscquh ekeki ehqk icocmecqmlhm mk`hk scukhw

kmekihudq -

Wcqjkumlhm mk`hk jhsk` ac`hnhq ehm idfwcucmsk ehshq ehwhu ekodmudjihm

scahlk acqkiu-


32/49

1

8+ Wcqcmohmhhm

h+ Fcfk`kj _I ehm IE wheh `hfwkqhm _uhmehq Ksk *Wcqfcm 11 Uhjm

1772+-

a+ Wcmlh`hfhm ac`hnhq-o+ Ucmuihm wcmk`hkhm {hml scshk-

e+ Qcmohmhihm wqdlqhf ukmehi hmnu-

1+ Wc`hishmhhm

_c|hiu fc`hishmhihm iclkhuhm wcfac`hnhqhm lq wcq` fcfwcq&

jhukihm jh`&jh` acqkiu>

h+ Icfhfwhm wcscquh ekeki {hml acqaceh&aceh-

a+ Wcmlh`hfhm ac`hnhq wcscquh ekeki {hml acqaceh-

o+ Fcudec {hml acqrhqkhsk-

e+ H`hu, ahjhm ehm bhsk`kuhs {hml ucqscekh-

c+ \hiu {hml ucqscekh-

Fcudec, ahjhm, ehm fcekh ekwcq`ihm eh`hf wcfac`hnhqhm swh{h>

h+ Wcscquh ekeki `cakj fehj fcfhjhfk ehm fcmljh{huk wc`hnhqhm-

a+ Wcfac`hnhqhm fcmnhek `cakj fcmhqki, acqfhimh, ehm fcm{cmhml&

ihm-


37/49

?1

?+ Wcmk`hkhm

Fcmohwhk jhsk` wcfac`hnhqhm fcqwhihm wcmohwhkhm unhm wcfac&

`hnhqhm {hml jhqs ekohwhk wcscquh ekeki wheh hijkq wcfac`hnhqhm- Jhsk`

wcfac`hnhqhm wcq` ekucmuihm mui>h+ Fcmlcmh` scohqh nc`hs hwh {hml ekihshk d`cj wcscquh ekeki-

a+ Fcfacqk ahuhshm eh`hf wcmlhshhm jhsk` wcfac`hnhqhm-

o+ Fcqhmohml acqahlhk fcudec ehm ahjhm ahmu ac`hnhq-

e+ Fcqhmohml sksucf wcmk`hkhm-

Jhsk` wcfacnhqhm ekm{huhihm>

h+ _cshk ecmlhm fhucqk wcfac`hnhqhm-

a+ Eh`hf acmui wqk`hi ehm ikmcqnh {hml ehwhu ekhfhuk huh ekiq-

o+ Ucqbdis, nc`hs ehm ucqwcqkmok-

e+ Fcmlkiuk fcudec wcfac`hnhqhm ehqk {hml fehj ic {hml s`ku-

h- Ecshkm Wcfac`hnhqhm Uhfhm Ihmhi&ihmhi

Wcfac`hnhqhm hmhi skh ekmk *UI+ fcmlho wheh fcm wcfac`hnhqhm

{hml ekehshqihm huhs wcmecihuhm> *8+ acqdqkcmuhsk wheh icaujhm hmhi, *1+

ac`hnhq fc`h`k acqfhkm, *?+ iqchukb ehm kmdrhukb, *5+ `kmlimlhm idmeskb, *3+

fcmllmhihm wcfac`hnhqhm ucqwhe, *2+ fcmlcfahmlihm icucqhfwk`hm jk&ew, *


38/49

??

lkhuhm wcfac`hnhqhm ekqfsihm scohqh ucqwhe fcmlhmeml msq iclkhuhm

wcscquh ekeki, wcmlc`d`hhm ic`hs, fhucqk, ehm wcmllmhhm shqhmh-

Qfshm iclkhuhm ac`hnhq wcq` fcfwcqjhukihm jh`&jh` acqkiu> *8+ fc&

mlhmeml wcmlh`hfhm ac`hnhq {hml acqwshu wheh wcscquh ekeki, *1+ fcmlhm&eml iclkhuhm {hml scshk ecmlhm idfwcucmsk {hml hihm ekohwhk, *?+ fcmlc&

`d`h iclkhuhm acqrhqkhsk, *5+ fc`h{hmk wcqacehhm kmekrke, ehm *3+ fcmllmh&

ihm shqhmh ucqscekh ehm fcmmnhml acqicfahmlm{h icohihwhm jkew- _cfcm&

uhqh ku fhucqk ehwhu ekwcqeh`hf scohqh idmucisuh` ecmlhm fcfwcqjhukihm

jh` acqkiu> *8+ icacmhqhm fhucqk scohqh ick`fhm, *1+ icacqfhmbhhuhm fhucqk

scshk skh, *?+ icaujhm, ehm *5+ wcscquh ekeki scquh fcmhqki fkmhu wcscquh

ekeki scjkmllh ehwhu fcmedqdml qhsh kmlkm uhj ehm fdukrhsk wcscquh ekeki

mui fcfwc`hnhqkm{h `cakj `hmnu-

Wcmcmuhm h`dihsk |hiu ekscshkihm ecmlhm unhm wcfac`hnhqhm, ic&

eh`hfhm ehm ic`hshm fhucqk, scquh icacqfhmbhhuhmm{h ahlk wcscquh ekeki,

wducmsk, ehm idmeksk scid`hj- _cfcmuhqh ku shqhmh acqbmlsk fcfehjihm

ucqnhekm{h wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhm, {hku {hml acqokqkhm fcmhqki, fc`cuhihm eh&

shq mui fcfhjhfk {hml idmliqcu, fcqhmlshml wcmlcqukhm, acqlmh ehm

acqbmlsk lhmeh ehm scecqjhmh- _facq ac`hnhq heh`hj shqhmh ocuhi ehm `kml&

imlhm- Wcfac`hnhqhm fcfcq`ihm scahm{hi fmlikm sfacq ac`hnhq mui

fcfwcqih{h wcmlh`hfhm ac`hnhq ehuh ucmuhml wqdscs ehm jhsk` ac`hnhq wcscquh

ekeki {hml ek`hiihm scohqh sksucfhuks ehm acqicskmhfamlhm, scjkmllh fcm&

nhek kmbdqfhsk {hml acqfhimh eh`hf wcmlhfak`hm icwushm- Wcqfshm ic&

lkhuhm wcmk`hkhm wcq` ekscshkihm ecmlhm kmekihudq {hml hihm ekohwhk-

Wcmecihuhm wcfcohjhm fhsh`hj fcqwhihm bdis wcfac`hnhqhm fhuc&

fhukih fcmohiw fhsh`hj ucquuw ecmlhm sd`sk umllh`, fhsh`hj ucqaih

ecmlhm sd`sk ukehi umllh`, ehm fhsh`hj ecmlhm acqahlhk ohqh wcm{c`cshkhm-Smui fcmkmlihuihm icfhfwhm fcfcohjihm fhsh`hj wcq` ekicfahmlihm

icucqhfwk`hm fcfhjhfk fhsh`hj, fcfahu fdec` fhucfhukih, fcm{c`cshk&

ihm fhsh`hj, ehm fcmhbskqihm sd`skm{h- Ecmlhm fhsh`hj idmucisuh`, wcscq&

uh ekeki ekakfakml mui fcmlhshk idmscw fhucfhukih- Wcfac`hnhqhm, ekjh&

qhwihm fcmllmhihm idfwucq huh fcekh `hkmm{h- Wc`hnhqhm KW_ ekqhmohml

mui fcmlcfahmlihm wcmlcuhjhm, wcfhjhfhm, ehm icfhfwhm fcmlh&

mh`ksks idmeksk sdskh`- Icfhfwhm ucqscau ekwcq`ihm mui fcfhsik icjk&

ewhm fhs{hqhihu ekmhfks- KW_ ekssm scohqh sksucfhuks, idfwqcjcmskb, ehm


39/49

?5

ucqwhe eh`hf wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhm fcmn icec|hshhm ehm icacqjhsk`hm ic&

jkewhm ek fhs{hqhihu- Ecmlhm wcmecihuhm ucqscau ekjhqhwihm wcscquh ekeki

fcfwcqd`cj wcfhjhfhm `hs ehm fcmeh`hf wheh akehml k`f {hml acqihku&

hm-Wc`hnhqhm Ahjhsh Kmedmcskh ekqhmohml, ekicfahmlihm scquh ekhqhjihm

mui ehwhu fcfwcqskhwihm wcscquh ekeki fhfw acqidfmkihsk ek emkh

icqnh scohqh cbkskcm ehm cbciukb- Ohiwhm fhuh wc`hnhqhm ahjhsh Kmedmcskh ah&

lk wcscquh ekeki fc`kwuk wcfacmuihm idfwcucmsk acqidfmkihsk scohqh `k&

shm ehm ucqu`ks wheh ukmlihu _cfcmnhmh, Fhekh, ehm Smll`- _uhmehq idfwc&

ucmsk ehm idfwcucmsk ehshq fcmnhek hqhj ehm `hmehshm mui fcmlcfahml&

ihm fhucqk wdidi, iclkhuhm wcfac`hnhqhm, ehm kmekihudq wcmohwhkhm idfwc&

ucmsk mui wcmk`hkhm- Eh`hf fcqhmohml iclkhuhm wcfac`hnhqhm ehm wcmk`hkhm

wcq` fcfwcqjhukihm _uhmehq Wqdscs ehm _uhmehq Wcmk`hkhm-

KWH acqunhm fcfacih`k wcmlcuhjhm ucmuhml jif&jif ich`h&

fhm scquh fhij`i jkew ehm ukehi jkew-Bkskih ekfhiseihm scahlhk |hjh&

mh fcmfajihm icfhfwhm fcfcohjihm fhsh`hj icjkewhm- Bkskih ek`hi&

shmhihm scohqh kmikqk k`fkhj mui fcmfajihm icfhfwhm acqwkikq, ac&

icqnh ehm acqskihw k`fkhj scquh acqidfmkihsk scahlhk hswci wcmukml icoh&

ihwhm jkew- Akd`dlk ekicfahmlihm fc`h`k icfhfwhm hmh`kuks, kmeiukb,

ehm eceiukb mui fcm{c`cshkihm fhsh`hj h`hf scikuhq- Wcm{c`cshkhm fhsh&

`hj acqskbhu ih`kuhukb ehm ihmukuhukb ek`hiihm fcmllmhihm wcfhjhfhm

fhucfhukih, bkskih, ikfkh ehm wcmlcuhjhm wcmeiml hkmm{h-

Unhm wc`hnhqhm Ikfkh ekohwhk fc`h`k acqahlhk wcmecihuhm, hmuhqh `h&

km wcmecihuhm kmeiukb eh`hf acmui wqdscs kmikqkk`fkhj wheh uhuhqhm kmikqk

ucqaih- Wqdscs kmikqk k`fkhj acqunhm fcmfajihm icfhfwhm acqwkikq,

acicqnh ehm acqskihw k`fkhj scquh acqidfmkihsk scahlhk sh`hj shu hswciwcmukml icohihwhm jkew- ihqcmh ku wcfac`hnhqhm ikfkh fcmcihmihm wheh

wcfacqkhm wcmlh`hfhm `hmlsml fc`h`k wcmllmhhm ehm wcmlcfahmlhm ic&

ucqhfwk`hm wqdscs ehm skihw k`fkhj- Eh`hf fcqhmohml wcfac`hnhqhm scmk ehm

icuqhfwk`hm wcq` fcfwcqjhukihm _uhmehq Wqdscs ehm _uhmehq Wcmk`hkhm- Ah&

jhsh Kmllqks fcqwhihm wc`hnhqhm hehwukb, {hml acqunhm fcfacih`k icfhf&

whm acqidfmkihsk ahjhsh Kmllqks eh`hf idmucis fhucqkh` idfmkihsk {hml

ekwcq`ihm ahlk wqdlqhf ichj`khmm{h, ahki `kshm fhwm u`kshm-

@hukjhm ehm Ulhs


40/49

?3

Smui fcmkmlihuihm icfhfwhm ehm kecmukbkihsk Iqkucqkh ehm Kmekih&

udq Icacqjhsk`hm Wcfac`hnhqhm acqehshqihm sfacq ehqk hswci sks|h ehm uh&

jhwhm wcfac`hnhqhm ek huhs, `hiihm`hj Wcfcuhhm ahlhkfhmh icucqihkuhm hm&

uhqh kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm ek`kjhu ehqk hswci sks|h ehm uhjhwhmecshkm wcfac`hnhqhm- Icskfw`hm Ahwhi$Ka ehwhu eknhekihm scahlhk fhsihm

mui fcmcuhwihm hohm eh`hf fcmk`hk icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm-

B- Wqdscs Wcfac`hnhqhm scahlhk Ahqdfcucq Kmekihudq Icacqjhsk`hm

Wcfac`hnhqhm

Kmekihudq icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm wheh ehshqm{h aksh ek`kjhu wheh

acqahlhk wsdsksk eh`hf uhjhwhm ehm sksucf wcfac`hnhqhm- _h`hj shu icacqjh&sk`hm kmekihudq kmk ehwhu ek`kjhu ehqk Uhjhw Wqdscs Wcfac`hnhqhm- _cohqh ff

sehj ikuh icmh` ahj|h wcfac`hnhqhm scnhi ekecshkm whsuk fcfcqìhm shu

wqdscs d`cj lq scjkmllh nc`hs ehm fcmmniihm ekfhmh `cuhi icacqjhsk`hm,

scquh hwh kmekihudqm{h scjkmllh ikuh fhfw fcmlhuhihm ahj|h shu wcfac&

`hnhqhm ekihuhihm acqjhsk`-

_cahlhk ahjhm ihnkhm `cakj `hmnu fhih acqkiu hihm ekqhkihm f`hk

ehqk uhjhwhm fcfaih, kmuk, fcmuw, crh`hsk ehm ukmehi `hmnu- Uhjhwhm kmk

wheh ehshqm{h acq`hi mui scfh fhuh wc`hnhqhm wheh scfh ncmnhml shu&

hm wcmekekihm-

8- Fcfaih Wc`hnhqhm

Fcfaih wc`hnhqhm ekhqukihm scahlhk wcqahuhm lq mui fcmokwuh&

ihm shshmh skhw fcmuh` ehm fcmkfaìhm wcqjhukhm sks|h hlhq ucqwshu ic&

wheh hwh {hml hihm ekwc`hnhqk- Iclkhuhm kmk ek`hiihm ucquhfh mui fcmokw&

uhihm shshmh h|h` wcfac`hnhqhm acqwh iclkhuhm mui wcfhmhshm- Wheh uh&jhw kmk ek`hiihm wcmllh`khm ucqjhehw wcmlh`hfhm hmhi ucmuhml ucfh {hml

hihm ekshnkihm- Idfwdmcm ehm hswci {hml acqihkuhm ecmlhm fcfaih wc`h&

nhqhm kmk heh`hj fcmhqki wcqjhukhm sks|h, fcmkfaìhm fdukrhsk, fcfacqk&

ihm hohm ehm fcfahu ihkuhm- Acacqhwh odmudj iclkhuhm {hml ehwhu ek`hi&

ihm heh`hj acqocqkuh, iclkhuhm bkski$nhsfhmk, ehm fcm{hm{k -

Acqkiu heh`hj odmudj bdqfhu dascqrhsk icucqhfwk`hm fcfaih ehm

fcmuw wc`hnhqhm-


41/49

?2

Uhac` 3 Bdqfhu Dascqrhsk Icucqhfwk`hm Fcfaih ehm Fcmuw Wcf&

ac`hnhqhm

Md Idfwdmcm Icuqhfwk`hm [h uei

8 Fcfaih Wc`hnhqhmFcmhqki Wcqjhukhm _ks|hh- Lh{h fcmlhnhq lqa- Wcmllmhhm h`hu&h`hu ahmu fcmlhnhqo- Wd`h kmucqhisk {hml acqrhqkhsk

1 Fcmkfa`ihm fdukrhskh- Icjhmlhuhm ehm huskhsfca- Fcmkfa`ihm qhsh kmlkm uhjo- Fcfwcqjhukihm fkmhu sks|h

? Fcfacqk hohm

h- Fcmlcfihihm unhm ehm ahuhs ulhsa- Fcm{hqhmihm `hmlihj&`hmlihj {hml ek`hiihmo- Fcmlkmlhuihm fhsh`hj wdidi {hml ekahjhse- Fcmlhnihm wcquhm{hhm&wcquhm{hhmc- Fcfahu ihkuhm

5 Fcmuw Wc`hnhqhmFcmkmnh icfah`kh- Fcqhmlif kmuk wc`hnhqhma- Fcfahu qkmlihshm

3 Fcmlcrh`hskh- Fcmecfdmsuqhskihm icuqhfwk`hm

a- Fcmlh`kihskihm kec ahq wheh skuhsk `hkmo- Fcmlciswqcskihm wcmehwhu sks|he- _dh`&sdh` ucqu`ks

2- Fc`hiihm Ukmehi @hmnuh- Fcfacqkihm Wcmlhshma- Fcqcmohmhihm Qcfcekh` Uchojkml

Jkuml`hj eh`hf acmui wcqscmuhsc acqhwh ehqk nh|hahm [h, ehm ac&

qhwh ehqk nh|hahm Ukieh- @h` ahmekmlihm`hj- Ahlhkfhmh wcmehwhu Hmeh

ucmuhml icfhfwhm lq ehm fcmohwhk icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm mui fh&

uh wc`hnhqhm ucqucmu {hml ekhnhqihmm{h-

1- Iclkhuhm Kmuk Wcfac`hnhqhm

Iclkhuhm kmuk ekbdisihm wheh wcm{hnkhm ahjhm wcfac`hnhqhm ek`hiihm

ecmlhm fcmllmhihm acqahlhk suqhuclk {hml acqrhqkhsk ehm ehwhu ek`hiihm

scohqh i`hskih`, ic`dfwdi icok`, huhwm wcqdqhmlhm- Wheh uhjhw kmk acq`hml&

sml kmucqhisk hmuhqh lq ecmlhm sks|h, sks|h ecmlhm sks|h- Qcmuhmlhm km&

ucqhisk kmk acqheh ek hmuhqh eh iua cisuqcf, {himk iclkhuhm acqwshu wheh


42/49

? *8+

wcmlc`d`hhm ehm wcmlcmeh`khm ic`hs9 *1+ wcm{hfwhkhm kmbdqfhsk, icucqhfwk`&

hm&icucqhfwk`hm, idmscw, ehm scahlhkm{h9 *?+ wcmllmhhm ukmlihj `hi rcq&ah`, fksh`m{h icucqhfwk`hm acquhm{h, ecfdmsuqhsk, wcmllmhhm fdec`9 *5+

wcmllmhhm ukmlihj `hi mdm&rcqah` scwcquk lcqhi wkmehj lq9 *3+ ohqh fcm&

ehwhuihm ah`kihm9 *2+ fcfwcqukfahmlihm wqkmskw&wqkmskw wskid`dlk9 * *8+ acqihkuhm ecmlhm wcmokwuhhm ehm

wcfc`kjhqhhm idmeksk ac`hnhq dwukfh` fcmohiw skihw uhmllhw, fcfahlk wcq&

jhukhm, fcfshuihm wcqjhukhm ic`dfwdi, fcfacqkihm wcumni nc`hs, fcmc&

lq ehm fcfacqk wcmlhuhm9 *1+ acqihkuhm ecmlhm wcmlcfah`khm idmeksk ac&

`hnhq dwukfh` fcmohiw fcfdekbkihsk ukmlihj `hi, wcmlc`d`hhm ic`dfwdi

ehm fcmcfihm ehm fcfcohjihm ukmlihj `hi {hml fcmkfa`ihm fhsh`hj-

Acquhm{h fcqwhihm ohwhm rcqah` {hml fcfkmuh qcswdm ehqk scdqhml

{hml ekicmhk- Qcswdm {hml ekacqkihm ehwhu acqwh wcmlcuhjhm shfwhk ec&

mlhm jh`&jh` {hml fcqwhihm jhsk` wcqukfahmlhm- Nhek acquhm{h fcqwhihm

sukf`s cbciukb {hml fcmedqdml icfhfwhm acqwkikq- Idfwdmcm icucqhf&

wk`hm kmk heh`hj icuqhfwk`hm ehshq ehm icucqhfwk`hm `hmnuhm- Icucqhfwk`hm

ehshq fcmohiw wcmlmlihwhm wcquhm{hhm scohqh nc`hs, wcfacqkhm hohm, wc&

fshuhm ic hqhj nh|hahm, wcfkmehjhm lk`kqhm, wcm{cahqhm wcquhm{hhm, wcf&

acqkhm |hiu acqwkikq ehm wcfacqkhm umumhm- _cehmlihm icucqhfwk`hm `hm&nuhm fcmohiw wcmlahjhm umuuhm ukmlihu idlmkukb wcquhm{hhm, quhm wcq&

uhm{hhm, fc`hohi ehm icucqhfwk`hm fcmedqdml ucqnhekm{h kmucqhisk hmuhq sks&

|h- Fcfacqk wcmlhuhm ekhqukihm scahlhk ukmlihj `hi lq eh`hf fcqcswdm

scohqh wdskukb shu ukmlihj `hi ucqucmu sks|h {hml fcfmlikmihm ukmlihj

`hi ucqscau ukfa` icfah`k- Acacqhwh idfwdmcm icucqhfwk`hm fcfacqk wc&

mlhuhm ucqscau heh`hj> wcmlhuhm rcqah`, wcmlhuhm lcsuqh`, wcmlhuhm ec&

mlhm ohqh fcmecihuk, wcmlhuhm ecmlhm scmujhm, ecmlhm iclkhuhm fcm{c&

mhmlihm, acqwh uhmeh huh acmeh-


43/49

?:

Fcmllmhihm rhqkhsk ekhqukihm scahlhk wcqahuhm lq eh`hf idmucis

wqdscs ac`hnhq fcmlhnhq {hml acqunhm fcmlhuhsk icadshmhm sks|h, scjkmllh

eh`hf wqdscs ac`hnhq sks|h scmhmukhsh fcmmniihm icucimhm, ichmuskhshm,

scquh acqwcqhm scquh scohqh hiukb- Idfwdmcm icucqhfwk`hmm{h heh`hj rhqkhskeh`hf lh{h fcmlhnhq, rhqkhsk wcmllmhhm fcekh ehm ahjhm wcmlhnhqhm scquh

rhqkhsk wd`h kmucqhisk ehm iclkhuhm sks|h- Icucqhfwk`hm fcmnc`hsihm acqhquk

fcm{hnkihm kmbdqfhsk `kshm {hml ekdqlhmkshskihm scohqh sksucfhuks ecmlhm u&

nhm fcmmnihm jamlhm- Wcmcihmhm fcfacqkihm wcmnc`hshm heh`hj wqdscs

wcmh`hqhm sks|h, ehm aihm kmediuqkmhsk- Idfwdmcm icucqhfwk`hmm{h heh`hj

fcqcmohmhihm wcmnc`hshm, fcm{hnkihm wcmnc`hshm, eh`hf fcqcmohmhihm wcm&

nc`hshm wcq` ekwcqjhukihm ksk wcshm {hml hihm ekshfwhkihm ehm wcmcqkfh wc&

shm- _cehmlihm eh`hf fcm{hnkihm wcmnc`hshm fcmohiw icnc`hshm, wcmll&

mhhm odmudj ehm k`suqhsk, fcfacqkihm wcmcihmhm, wcmldqlhmkshskhm, ehm ah&

`kihm-

Uhac` 2 Odmudj Bdqfhu Dascqrhsk Icucqhfwk`hm Acquhm{h

KM_UQSFCM DA_CQRH_KIcuqhfwk`hm Acquhm{h

_cid`hj > -------------------------------Ic`hs > -------------------------------

Idfwdmcm Icucqhfwk`hm BqcicmskWcmllmhhm

Idfcmuhq

8- Wcquhm{hhm fcmmum *wqdfwukml+

1- Wcquhm{hhm fc`hohi *wqdakml+

?- \hiu acqjcmuk *whskml+

Fcmlh`kjihm lk`kqhm fcmnh|ha sks|h *qcekqcoukml+

Uhmllh`> -------------------

?- Iclkhuhm Wcmuw

Fcmuw wc`hnhqhm heh`hj iclkhuhm lq mui fcmlhijkqk iclkhuhm kmuk

wc`hnhqhm- Fhisem{h heh`hj fcfacqkihm lhfahqhm fcm{c`qj ucmuhml hwh

{hml uc`hj ekwc`hnhqk sks|h, fcmlcuhjk ukmlihu wcmohwhkhm sks|h, ehm ukmlihu

icacqjhsk`hm lq eh`hf wqdscs ac`hnhq fcmlhnhq- _kbhu ehqk iclkhuhm wcmuw

heh`hj mui fcmcmhmlihm- Iclkhuhm {hml ehwhu ek`hiihm heh`hj fcm{kf&

w`ihm jhsk` wcfac`hnhqhm {hml uc`hj ek`hiihm, fcmedmlcml, fcfahohihm


44/49

?;

ocqkuh ehqk ai, whmudfkf, wcshm&wcshm fdqh`, hwqcskhsk fski- Smui fcf&

wcqd`cj lhfahqhm uj wheh |hiu hijkq iclkhuhm-

Heh acacqhwh ohqh {hml ehwhu ek`hiihm lq eh`hf fcmuw wc`hnhqhm,

{himk> *h+ fcmkmnh icfah`k ecmlhm ohqh fcqhmlif kmuk wc`hnhqhm ehm fcf&ahu qkmlihshm9 ehm *a+ fcmlcrh`hsk ecmlhm acqahlhk acmui crh`hsk, fksh`&

m{h fcmecfdmsuqhskihm icuqhfwk`hm, fcfkmuh sks|h fcmlhw`kihskihm kec

ahq eh`hf skuhsk {hml `hkm, fcmlciswqcskihm wcmehwhu sks|h scmekqk, ehm

fcfacqkihm sdh` sdh` ucqu`ks-

Acqkiu heh`hj odmudj bdqfhu dascqrhsk icuqhfwk`hm fcfaih ehm f&

cmuw wc`hnhqhm kmk scacu`m{h fhskj shfh ecmlhm uhac` scac`fm{h, mhfm

ekjhqhwihm wcmlh|hs `cakj ekjhqhwihm fcmlihkuihmm{h ecmlhm idmucis wc&

mk`hk wcfahmekml- Bdqfhu kmk aksh ekwhihk nlh d`cj wkjhi wcmk`hk `hkmm{h-

Uhac` < Bdqfhu Dascqrhsk Icucqhfwk`hm Fcfaih ehm Fcmuw

Md Idfwdmcm Icuqhfwk`hm [h Ukehi

8- Fcfaih Wc`hnhqhmFcmhqki Wcqjhukhm _ks|hh- Lh{h fcmlhnhq lqa- Wcmllmhhm h`hu&h`hu ahmu fcmlhnhq

o- Wd`h kmucqhisk {hml acqrhqkhsk

1Fcmkfa`ihm fdukrhskh- Icjhmlhuhm ehm huskhsfca- Fcmkfa`ihm qhsh kmlkm uhjo- Fcfwcqjhukihm fkmhu sks|h

? Fcfacqk hohmh- Fcmlcfihihm unhm ehm ahuhs ulhsa- Fcm{hqhmihm `hmlihj&`hmlihj {hml ek`hiihmo- Fcmlkmlhuihm fhsh`hj wdidi {hml ekahjhse- Fcmlhnihm wcquhm{hhm&wcquhm{hhmc- Fcfahu ihkuhm

5Fcmuw Wc`hnhqhmFcmkmnh icfah`kh- Fcqhmlif kmuk wc`hnhqhma- Fcfahu qkmlihshm

3 Fcmlcrh`hskh- Fcmecfdmsuqhskihm icuqhfwk`hma- Fcmlh`kihskihm kec ahq wheh skuhsk `hkmo- Fcmlciswqcskihm wcmehwhu sks|he- _dh`&sdh` ucqu`ks

2- Fc`hiihm Ukmehi @hmnuh- Fcfacqkihm Wcmlhshm

a- Fcqcmohmhihm Qcfcekh` Uchojkml


45/49

57

_cuh`hj ekwcqd`cj nh|hahm&nh|hahm, sc`hmnum{h jkuml nlh wcqahmekml&

hm nh|hahm [h ehm Ukehi eh`hf acmui wqdscmuhsc- @h` acqhwh sc`kskjm{h,

fhih ahlhkfhmh icskfw`hmm{h fcmqu wcmlh|hs ucmuhml icacqjhsk`hmm{h-

5- Iclkhuhm Crh`hsk

Wcmk`hkhm heh`hj wqdscs sksucfhuks fc`kwuk wcmlfw`hm kmbdqfhsk- Wc&

mk`hkhm ic`hs heh`hj wqdscs wcmlfw`hm wcmllmhhm kmbdqfhsk d`cj lq

fc`h`k scnf`hj aiuk mui fcfahu icwushm ucmuhml wcmohwhkhm jhsk`

ac`hnhq sks|h- Okqk wcmk`hkhm ic`hs heh`hj ac`hnhq umuhs, ducmuki, acqicskmhf&

amlhm, acqehshqihm hohm iqkucqkh, fcmllmhihm acqahlhk ohqh ehm h`hu wc&

mk`hkhm- Wcmk`hkhm ic`hs ek`hiihm d`cj lq mui fcmlcuhjk ukmlihu wcml&

hshhm idfwcucmsk {hml ekucqhwihm, acqskbhu kmucqmh`, ahlkhm ehqk wcfac`hnhq&

hm, ehm scahlhk ahjhm mui wcmkmlihuhm fu jhsk` ac`hnhq- Acqdqkcmuhsk wh&

eh idfwcucmsk, fcmlho wheh whudihm, icumuhshm ac`hnhq, ek`hiihm fc`h`k

acqahlhk ohqh, hmuhqh `hkm fc`h`k wdqudbd`kd, wqdei, wqdnci,wcqbdqfhmoc, ehm

whwcq ehm wcm-

@hukjhm ehm Ulhs_cuc`hj fcmc`hhj qhkhm ucmuhml wqdscs wcfac`hnhqhm scahlhk ahqdfc&

ucq fcmohk kmekihudq ehm iqkucqkh icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm, qfsihm`hj ac&

acqhwh ucfhm, fcmqu Hmeh, fhmh Wqdscs Wcfac`hnhqhm {hml aksh ekihuh&

ihm acqjhsk`- Wqcscmuhskihm`hj jhsk`m{h ek ecwhm ic`hs icfekhm nhekihm ah&

jhm hohm eh`hf fc`hishmhihm ulhs fcmk`hk icacqjhsk`hm wcfac`hnhqhm ek

scid`hj-


46/49

58

@CFAHQ ICQNH

8- Wc`hnhqk suhmehqe idfwcucmsk ehm idfwcucmsk ehshq shu fhuh wc`hnhqhm,

ssm`hj scwcquk bdqfhu ekah|hj kmk-

Ic`hs > RKKFhjì Jkew ehm Wqdscs Icjkewhm_huhmehqe Idfwcucmsk> ?- Fcmlhw`kihskihm idmscw ichmcihqhlhfhm fhjì jkew acqehshqihmokqk&okqk icjkewhm

Idfwcucmsk ehshq Kmekihudq Fhucqk wdidi

?-8 Fcmecsiqkwskihm okqk&okqk fhjì jkew

h- Fcmlfwìhm Kmbdqfhsk ucmuhmlokqk&okqk fhjì jkew

a- Fcfahu `hwdqhm ucqu`ks ucmuhmlokqk&okqk fhjiì jkew

o- Fcmlidfmkihskihm$fcf wcqscmuhskihm `hwdqhm ucqu`ksm{h scohqh`kshm

Okqk&okqk fhjì jkew

1-Wc`hnhqkwcqjkumlhm mk`hk jhsk` ac`hnhq ehm idfwcucmsk ehshq, icfekhm ksk&`hj bdqfhu acqkiu(

IdfwcucmskEhshq

Jhsk` Ac`hnhq Kmekihudq IqkucqkhIcumuhshm

Mk`hksks|h

Icumuhshm


47/49

51

?- _kf`hskihm wcfac`hnhqhm ek ic`hs- Icfekhm ahu`hj ecsiqkwsk jhsk` wc&

mlhfhuhm acqehshqihm bdqfhu ek ah|hj kmk(

H_WCI$_SA H_WCIJH_K@

WCMLHFHUHM

H- WCQCMOHMHHM IAF

Wcqfshm unhm Wcmlhnhqhm

Wcmlcfahmlhm fhucqk wc`hnhqhm

Wcmllmhhm `kmlimlhm ehm wcmlh`hfhm hmhi scahlhk sf&acq ac`hnhq

Wcfk`kjhm fcudec {hml ucwhu ucqfhsi icfhfwhm {hmlhihm ekicfahmlihm

Wcm{cekhhm sfacq , ahjhm, ehm h`hu ahmu wcmlhnhqhm

Wcquhjhwhm iclkhuhm ac`hnhq fcmlhnhq

Wcmcuhwhm ohqh wcmk`hkhm

Dqlhmkshsk ic`hs

Wcmhuhhm jhsk` ihq{h hmhi ucqfhsi wcmlc`d`hhm jhsk` icfh&nhm hmhi

Wcmcuhwhm iclkhuhm wcfac`hnhqhm

A- WC@HI_HMHHM IAF

Ohqh fcfacqk wc`hnhqhm_hnkhm ahjhm&ahjhm wdidih- Wcmcqhwhm icfhfwhm{hml ekwk`kj ehm ekicfahmlihma- Ac|qshfhhm ecmlhm icfhfwhm ucqscau scacqhwh

nhj wcmcqhwhm fcudec uc`hj ekwk`hjm{ho- Dqlhmkshsk ic`hs *i`hskih`, ic`dfwdi,acqwhshmlhm, wcq&

dqhmlhm+e- Wcmlmlihwhm fwhmah`ki scohqh ucwhu *scohqh `kshm,

ucqu`ks+c- Akfakmlhmac`hnhq* wcqahkihm ehm wcmlh{hhm+

Wc`hishmhhm wcmk`hkhm

h- Wcmlhfhuhma- Wcmlhnhm wcquhm{hhmo- Hmh`ksks jhsk` icqnh fqkee- Acqekh`dl ecmlhm fqkec- Fcmecmlhqihm wcqohihwhm fqke

Jhsk` ihq{h hmhi ehm whnhmlhmh- Wcmhuhhma- Wcfhmbhhum scahlhk sfacq ac`hnhqo- _ksucf wcm{kfwhmhm

Wcmlhehhm wqdlqhfukmehi `hmnuh- Hmhi qhuh&qhuh

a- Hmhi `hfahm


48/49

5?

H_WCI$_SA H_WCIJH_K@

WCMLHFHUHM

o- Hmhi acqahihu

e- Wcfacqkhm wcicqnhhm qfhjO- WCMLC@D@HHM IC@H_

Wcmlhuqhm ucfwhu eei ehm fcnh iqsk sks|h

Wcmlhuqhm wcq`cmlihwhm ehm wcqh`huhm ic`hs

Icucqukahm ehm ekskw`km ic`hs

icacqskjhm ic`hs

ickmehjhm ic`hs

wcmhuhhm whnhmlhmic`hs

wcmlc`dfwdihm sks|h

wcfhmbhhum |hiuE- _KIHW WQDBC_KDMH@ LSQS

_cfhmlhu IcqnhEh{h Iqchukb

_kihw Wcfahjhqhm ehm kmdrhukb

Jamlhm Icqnhshfh eh`hf `kmlimlhm scid`hj

Jamlhm icqnhshfh hmuhq scid`hj

C- IC_KFWS@HM JH_K@ WCMLHFHUHM

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

B- _HQHM UKMEHI @HMNSU

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&


49/49

EHBUHQ WS_UHIH

Ohqed~d Bhsukmd L- 1777- Fhmhncfcm _facq Eh{h Fhmskh- [dl{hihquh>

Hmek-

Ohsucuucq, \k``khf A- 8;;2- Ujc Jfhm Qcsdqsc Bmoukdm km Ceohukdmh`Hefkmksuqhukdm- Od`fas, Djkd > Fcqqk`, Cml`c|dde O`kbbs, Mc|

Ncqsc{-

Odmm{ _cfkh|hm- 8;:1- Wqkmskw ehm Ucimki Wcmliqhm ehm Wcmk`hkhm ek

eh`hf Emkh Wcmekekihm- Nhihquh> Fukhqh-

Bkc`es, Ndscwj O- 8;;?- Uduh` Xh`ku{ bdq _ojdd`- \ksodmskm> H_XO Xh`ku{

Wqcss-

Lqdme`me C- Mdqfhm- 8;:1- Odmsuqoukml Hojkcrcfcmu Ucs- ?uj

, Mc| [dqi>

Wqcmukoc Jh``&Kmo-

Jhehqk Mh|h|k- 8;:1- Dqlhmkshsk _cid`hj ehm Wcmlc`d`hhm Ic`hs- Nhihquh>Lmml Hlml-

@cc N- Oqdmahoj- 8;5;-Csscmukh`s db Ws{ojd`dlkoh` Ucsukml- Mc| [dqi> Jhqwcq-

SS Md-17 Uhjm 177? ucmuhml _ksucf Wcmekekihm Mhskdmh`-

Wcqhuqhm Wcfcqkmuhj Mdfdq 8; uhjm 1773 ucmuhml _uhmehq Mhskdmh` Wcmek&

ekihm-

Qcmohmh _uqhuclks Ecwhqucfcm Wcmekekihm Mhskdmh` Uhjm 1773 &177;-

Wcqhuqhm Fcmucqk Wcmekekihm Mhskdmh` Md-11 Uhjm 1772 ucmuhml _uhmehq

Ksk *_K+-

Wcqhuqhm Fcmucqk Wcmekekihm Mhskdmh` Md-1? uhjm 1772 ucmuhml _uhmehqIdfwcucmsk ic``shm *_I@+-

Wcqhuqhm Fcmucqk wcmekekihm Mhskdmh` Md- 15 uhjm 1772 ucmuhml Wc`hish&

mhhm _uhmehqe Ksk *_K+ ehm _uhmehq Idfwcucmsk Ic``shm *_I@+-

Ihekseki Iduh Ahmeml- 1772- Icwh`h _cid`hj sclcqh Ekcrh`hsk- |||-

idfwhs-odf

\h|hm Is|hmek- 1772- Wcmlhqj Wcmlc`d`hhm _hqhmh$Wqhshqhmh, Icucmh&

lhhm, Jamlhm _cid`hj ecmlhm Fhs{hqhihu eh`hf Kfw`cfcmuhsk Fh&

mhncfcm Wcmkmlihuhm Fu Acqahsks _cid`hj *FWFA_+ ucqjhehw @h&

{hmhm Wcfac`hnhqhm,|||-idfwhs-odf

Fcm{dh` Fhmhncfcm Acqahsks _cid`hj- 1772-|||-bqcc`ksus-dql$hqojkrcs$wwk$7?&1775 |||-a`kuhq-ld-ke, 177

kriteria dan indikator keberhasilan pembelajaran

Documents