KONSTRUKSI IMAGE JEPANG SEBAGAI NEGARA BUKAN ENEMY

STATE DI TIONGKOK DAN KOREA SELATAN

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana

Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

MIFTA AULIA SYAHRHANI

201410360311140

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2018

vii

KATA PENGANTAR

Alhamdulillah, telah selesainya skripsi sebagai syarat utama untuk

mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik dengan judul Konstruksi Image Jepang

Sebagai Negara Bukan Enemy State di Tiongkok dan Korea Selatan. Puji syukur

saya ucapkan kepada Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezekinya yang melimpah

bagi saya untuk dapat menyelesaikan lembaran-lembaran ini. Sholawat serta salam

bagi junjungan kita, sang pemberi pencerahan Nabi Muhammad SAW hingga saat ini.

Konstruksi image Jepang sebagai Negara bukan Enemy State di Tiongkok dan

Korea Selatan merupakan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh Jepang terutama ketika era

PM Shinzo Abe yang mana status sebagai Enemy State telah disandang oleh Jepang

sejak akhir Perang Dunia II. Dalam melihat permasalahan bagaimana Jepang

mengkonstruksi dirinya sebagai Negara bukan Enemy State di Tiongkok dan Korea

Selatan itu pula, dianalisa menggunakan teori konstruktivis. Teori konstruktivis yang

digunakan ini adalah milik Alexander Wendt mengenai identitas yang mana dapat

diketahui identitas Jepang adalah Negara pasifis.

Adapun dengan terselesaikannya skripsi ini, maka penulis mengucapkan terima

kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada:

1. Allah SWT yang selalu memberikan nikmat dan karunia-Nya kepada

penulis sehingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan baik.

viii

2. Kedua orang tua, Mama dan Papa tercinta yang telah mendidik, mendorong,

dan memberikan kasih sayangnya kepada penulis agar menjadi seseorang

yang tangguh dalam menghadapi segala sesuatu. Kepada kedua Kakakku,

Kak Dita dan Kak Arif , terima kasih banyak atas dukungan doa, dan

terlebih lagi motivasi yang telah diberikan.

3. Bapak Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M.Si selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan

Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

4. Pembimbing pertama kesayangan yakni Bapak Tonny Dian Effendi, M.Si

dan pembimbing kedua yakni Bapak Dedik Fitra Suhermanto, M.Hub.Int

atas dukungan motivasi, serta bantuan pemikirannya, saya dapat

menyelesaikan skripsi ini di waktu yang tepat.

5. Kepada almamater Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah

membesarkan serta menjadikan saya sebagai salah satu Sarjana Ilmu

Politik.

6. Kepada yang terkasih A’ang Kunaifi dan juga Hawa serta Latte yang selalu

mendengarkan curahan hati, tangisan, mendoakan dan selalu memberi

motivasi demi terselesainya dan kelancaran skripsi ini.

7. Kos Erasmus terutama kepada Safira W. Wardani, Anisya Rachmawati,

Ervina Septyaningtyas, Indana Else Wininda yang selalu mendukung,

mendoakan, memberikan motivasi dan mendengarkan keluh kesah selama

menyelesaikan lembaran-lembaran skripsi ini hingga selesai.

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8. Keluarga besar KKN 25 Pujon terutama Bella Sekartaji yang selalu menjadi

teman dikala gabut mengerjakan skripsi.

9. Kepada keluarga besar HI D terutama Veronica Tiara Rani, Roudlotul

Inayah, Erdina Putri Amalia, Aldilla Nisa Aulia, Rivanie Trizonanda RN,

Ghilda Fitrisia Rahayu, Nurfarida Hazimah terima kasih sebesar-besarnya

atas segala petuah, motivasi, teman kegabutan, teman nongkrong, dan

doanya sehingga skripsi ini dapat selesai dengan baik. Semoga pertemanan

dan persahabatan kita tak akan lekang oleh waktu.

10. Kepada sahabat SMA yaitu Anggia Dwinda Paramhyta, Istia Hajar Al

Farisy, Laila Nur Rahmadhani, Rizki Robbi Izati walaupun terpisahkan oleh

jarak terima kasih telah memberikan motivasi dan juga doanya. Semoga

persahatan kita until Jannah.

11. Pendamping SE Jepang, Bapak Tonny Dian Effendi, M.Si beserta kawan-

kawan yang turut serta yang mana keberangkatan ke Jepang dapat

memunculkan sebuah motivasi untuk lebih giat menyelesaikan skripsi

walaupun tidak lama berada di Jepang namun kenangan dan pengalaman

yang didapatkan sungguh berharga.

12. Terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang mencintai serta mengkritik saya

selama ini dan juga ucapan terima kasih saya sampaikan kepada pihak-

pihak yang terlibat dan tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu.

Penulis

xii

Daftar Isi

Lembar Cover Dalam . .......................................................................................... . i

Lembar Persetujuan Skripsi . ................................................................................ . ii

Lembar Pengesahan . ............................................................................................ . iii

Pernyataan Orisinalitas ......................................................................................... . iv

Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi . ......................................................................... . v

Motto. .................................................................................................................... . vi

Kata Pengantar . .................................................................................................... . vii

Abstraksi . ............................................................................................................. . x

Abstract . ............................................................................................................... . xi

Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................... . xii

Daftar Tabel . ........................................................................................................ . xvi

Daftar Grafik . ....................................................................................................... . xvii

Daftar Singkatan dan Akronim . ........................................................................... . xviii

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN . ................................................................................. . 1

1.1 Latar Belakang . .............................................................................................. . 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah . ......................................................................................... . 7

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian . ..................................................................... . 7

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian . .................................................................................... . 7

1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian . .................................................................................. . 8

xiii

a. Manfaat Akademis . ........................................................................... . 8

b. Manfaat Praktis . ................................................................................ . 8

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu . ..................................................................................... . 8

1.5 Kerangka Teori dan Konsep ........................................................................... . 18

1.5.1 Konstruktivis . ........................................................................................... . 18

1.6 Metodologi Penelitian . ................................................................................... . 28

1.6.1 Metode Penelitian ..................................................................................... . 28

1.6.1.1 Jenis Penelitian . ................................................................................. . 28

1.6.1.2 Metode Penelitian . ............................................................................. . 28

1.6.1.3 Tingkat Analisa . ................................................................................ . 28

1.6.1.4 Variabel Penelitian . ........................................................................... . 29

1.6.1.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian . ................................................................ . 29

a. Batasan Waktu ............................................................................. . 29

b. Batasan Materi ............................................................................. . 30

1.6.1.6 Teknik dan Alat Pengumpulan Data . ................................................ . 30

1.7 Hipotesa .......................................................................................................... . 30

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ..................................................................................... . 32

BAB 2 JEPANG SEBAGAI ENEMY STATE. .................................................. . 35

2.1 Ekspansi Jepang di Asia Pada Perang Dunia II . ............................................ . 35

2.1.1 Perang Jepang-Tiongkok 1894-1895 . ....................................................... . 35

2.1.2 Perang Jepang di Sekutu . .......................................................................... . 38

2.1.3 Kolonialisme Jepang di Asia . ................................................................... . 42

2.2 Jepang Sebagai Negara Pasifis . ...................................................................... . 46

2.3 Pandangan Jepang Sebagai Enemy State ........................................................ . 48

2.4 Pandangan Negara Bekas Jajahan Jepang . ..................................................... . 50

xiv

BAB 3 JEPANG SEBAGAI BUKAN ENEMY STATE . ................................. . 54

3.1 Kepentingan Jepang Mengkonstruksi Image Jepang . .................................... . 54

3.2 Upaya Jepang Mengkonstruksi Image Jepang . .............................................. . 58

3.2.1 Hard Power . ............................................................................................. . 58

3.2.1.1 Revisi Artikel 9 . ................................................................................ . 58

3.2.1.2 Proaktif Pasifisme . ............................................................................ . 62

3.2.2 Soft Power . ................................................................................................ . 64

3.2.2.1 Official Development Assistance (ODA) . ......................................... . 64

3.2.2.1.1 Official Development Assistance (ODA) di Tiongkok . .......... . 67

3.2.2.1.2 Official Development Assistance (ODA) di Korea Selatan . ... . 72

3.2.2.2 Japan Foundation . ............................................................................ . 75

3.2.2.2.1 Japan Foundation di Tiongkok . ............................................. . 78

3.2.2.2.2 Japan Foundation di Korea Selatan . ...................................... . 81

3.2.2.3 Abenomic . .......................................................................................... . 83

3.2.2.3.1 Abenomic di Tiongkok . ........................................................... . 89

3.2.2.3.2 Abenomic di Korea Selatan . .................................................... . 92

3.3 Konstruksi Image Jepang Sebagai Negara Bukan Enemy State

di Tiongkok dan Korea Selatan. ..................................................................... . 93

xv

BAB 4 PENUTUP . .............................................................................................. . 104

4.1 Kesimpulan . ................................................................................................... . 104

4.2 Saran . .............................................................................................................. . 107

Daftar Pustaka . ..................................................................................................... . 109

xvi

Daftar Tabel

Tabel 1 Posisi Penelitian . .................................................................................. . 15

Tabel 2 U.S Aircraft Damaged at Pearl Harbor . ............................................... . 39

Tabel 3 U.S Casualties at Pearl Harbor . ........................................................... . 40

xvii

Daftar Grafik

Grafik 1 Opini Publik Jepang-Tiongkok . ............................................................ . 69

Grafik 2 Alasan Pandangan Negatif Tiongkok Terhadap Jepang . ...................... . 70

Grafik 3 Jumlah Pelajar Bahasa Jepang di Tiongkok . ........................................ . 79

Grafik 4 Pandangan Hubungan Masa Depan Jepang dan Tiongkok . ................. . 95

xviii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN DAN AKRONIM

ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asian Nations

DK : Dewan Keamanan

FDI : Foreign Direct Investment

GDP : Gross Domestic Product

JENESYS : Japan East-Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youths

JIBC : Japan Bank for International Cooperation

JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency

JF : Japan Foundation

JLPT : Japanese Language Profiency Test

JPY : Japanese Yen

JSDF : Japan Self Defense Forces

KTT : Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi

LDP : Liberal Democratic Party

NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization

ODA : Official Development Assistance

PBB : Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa

PDB : Produk Domestik Bruto

xix

PKO : Peacekeeping Operations

PM : Perdana Menteri

SCAP : Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

SDF : Self Defense Forces

UKM : Usaha Kecil Menengah

USD : United States Dollar

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