kompilasi materi kompetensi linguistik kelas ix

Adjective Clause (Klausa Adjektif)

Tujuan Pembelajaran :Setelah selesai pembahasan materi ini peserta didik diharapkan mampu:

1. Menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan “adjective clause” dan “relative pronoun”

2. Menyebutkan macam – macam “relative pronoun” dan masing – masing fungsinya.

3. Menjelaskan perbedaan antara relative pronoun who, which, whom, whose.

4. Menggunakan r elative pronoun untuk melengkapi kalimat.

Ilustrasi:Saya suka buku............ada di atas meja itu.Kata apa yang cocok untuk mengisi titik – titik di atas?

Sebelum lebih jauh berbicara tentang “adjective clause”. Terlebih dahulu pelajari istilah – istilah berikut ini:

1. Clause ( Klausa) adalah :sekelompok kata yang mengandung sebuah subjek dan sebuah kata

kerja (verb).

2. Independent Clause ( Klausa Independen) adalah :kalimat lengkap yang mengandung sebuah subjek dan sebuah kata kerja (verb). Independent Clause disebut juga “main clause.”

3. Dependent Clause ( Klausa Independen) adalah :kalimat tidak lengkap yang harus dihubungkan kepada sebuah “Independent Clause”.

4. Adjective Clause (Klausa Adjektif) adalah :sebuah “dependent clause” yang memodifikasi sebuah kata benda yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan, mengidentifikasi, atau memberi informasi lebih lanjut tentang benda tersebut. Adjective Clause disebut juga Relative Clause.

ExampleI like the book which is on the table.Kata “which” memodifikasi kata “book”.

Klausa Adjective biasanya diawali oleh kata yang disebut “relative pronoun” atau kata ganti penghubung yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan Kata Benda yang dijelaskan dengan Kalimat yang menjelaskannya.Macam – Macam Kata Ganti Penghubung (Relative Pronouns) - who - whom - whose

Kompilasi Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris by Hadiwinata 1

- which - that Some Examples1. The man who came here just now is Mr.Wahyu. (=Pria yang baru saja datang ke sini adalah Pak Wahyu)2. The film which I saw last night was very good. (=Film yang saya lihat tadi malam sangat bagus)3. The girls whom I met in the party last night are very friendly. (=Gadis – gadis yang saya jumpai di pesta tadi malam sangat ramah.)4. The boy whose father died looks very sad. (=Anak lelaki yang ayahnya meninggal itu tampak sangat sedih.)Question 1Tahukah kamu apa arti kata – kata who, which, whom, whose, yang terdapat dalam contoh kalimat tadi?answer : Question 2Karena keempat kata tersebut memiliki arti yang sama dalam bahasa Indonesia, dapatkah kata – kata tersebut saling menggantikan?answer : meskipun keempat “relative pronoun” tersebut memiliki

makna yang sama dalam bahasa Indonesia, namun masing – masing memiliki fungsi yang

berbeda - beda. “who” dan “whom” hanya digunakan untuk kata ganti penghubung “orang”.Sedangkan “which” digunakan untuk kata ganti penghubung “benda”Perhatikan Contoh Berikut!1. I thanked the man who helped me.2. They killed the dog which bit a boy.

Latihan. Complete these sentences with who or which.

1. I don’t know the girl ........... talked with you.2. The book ........... You bought yesterday is very good.3. She wants a magazine...........has alot of picture in it.4. The police caught the thief ...........stole my money.5. Did you see someone ...........went out from this room?

Apa perbedaan antara who, whom, dan whose?Untuk menjawab pertanyaan di atas, perhatikan contoh – contoh kalimat berikut ini

1.The man who drives an aeroplane is called a pilot2.The film was about a man who fought against the corruption.3.The man whom I met in the party a pilot4.I will visit the doctor whom you talked about.5.The man whose son died looked sad. 6.President Susilo will visit the people whose houses were damage by floods.


Latihan. Fill in the blanks with, who, whom, or whose!

1. The man .............she married with left her a month after they got married. 2. I met the girl …………you saw in the party.3. They visited the man …………….bought a new car.4. Has he talked to the girl .............. book he borrowed yesterday?5. The woman ……….. car was stolen called the police.6. The servant .................broke the vase apologized for her carelessness.7. I apologized to the woman.............I spilled her coffee.8. They met the woman...............husband is the president of the corporation.9. The passengers..............came late missed the train.10.The profesor...............theory used everywhere died at the age of 70.

Bagaimana cara menggunakan kata “that”.Relative pronoun (kata penghubung) who, whom dan which dalam kalimat – kalimat di atas dapat diganti dengan Relative pronoun (kata penghubung) that.

Examples1. The passengers who came late missed the train.

Menjadi: The passengers that came late missed the train.

2. I apologized to the woman whom I spilled her coffee.Menjadi:

I apologized to the woman that I spilled her coffee.

3. The film which I saw last night was very good.Menjadi:

The film that I saw last night was very good.

Latihan . Fill in the blanks with : who, whom, whose or which.

1. He has eaten the fruit …………. he bought this morning. 2. I saw the doctor ……………. I met in the hospital.3. She has studied the lesson ……………the teacher explained last

week.4. I met the girl …………you saw in the party.5. They visited the man …………….bought a new car.6. Has he returned the book ………….. he borrowed yesterday?7. Siti will not post the letter ………… she wrote yesterday.8. We removed the chair …………..you bought last week.9. The woman …………… has glasses is my mother.10. The girls ………….. are playing volleyball are SMP 1 students.11. The man …………. died of hunger is very old.12. The woman ……….. car was stolen called the police.13. I met the girl ………….. umbrella was left.14. She married the man …………wife died last year.


15. He knows the man ………….. son went to England two years ago.

16. The old man …………… you helped in the street is his grandpa.

17. Do you see someone ……………is bringing a suitcase?18. I don’t like people …………. talk too much.19. The film ………………I watched last night is about the

Vietnam’s war.20. We visited the family ………….. house was on fire last month.21. The servant broke the plate …………..my aunt bought in the

market.22. Have you read the magazine ………………. I gave to you?23. The young lady ………….. lives next to me is very beautiful.24. The boys …………. are playing football look very happy.25. The man ………..dog bit a boy is called by the police.26. Did you remember the man …………… motor-cycle hit you?27. The man ……………. I met this morning is a tailor.28. The young man …………she married a month ago died of

cancer.29. The cat ……………..is sleeping by the door is very tame.30. Are the shoes ……………….. you bought last Sunday

comfortable to wear?

Degrees of Comparison(Tingkat Perbandingan)

We use degrees of comparison when we want to compare things or people.(=Kita menggunakan tingkat perbandingan bila kita ingin membandingan benda atau orang)

Look at this example: 1. Amir is as clever as Ahmad. (=Amir sama pandainya dengan

Ahmad.)

Explanation :Ungkapan “as clever as” adalah contoh bentuk perbandingan untuk

membandingkan dua hal yang sama. Perbandingan seperti ini disebut “positive degree” atau perbandingan tingkat positif.

Look at this example: 2. A buffalo is bigger than a sheep.(=Seekor kerbau lebih besar daripada seekor domba.)

Explanation :Ungkapan “bigger than” adalah bentuk perbandingan. Perbandingan

seperti ini disebut “comparative degree” atau perbandingan tingkat lebih.

Look at this example:


3. Jakarta is the largest city in Indonesia. (=Jakarta adalah kota paling besar di Indonesia.)

Explanation :Ungkapan “the largest” adalah juga bentuk perbandingan.

Perbandingan seperti ini disebut “superlative degree” atau perbandingan tingkat paling.

Perhatikan contoh nomor 2 dan 3 di atas2. A buffalo is bigger than a sheep. Kata : bigger berasal dari kata big (=besar) yang ditambah akhiran “er” (=lebih).

3. Jakarta is the largest city in Indonesia. Kata : largest berasal dari kata large (=luas) yang ditambah akhiran “est” (=paling)

Explanation

Sebuah kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb) yang pendek (hanya satu suku kata) dapat diubah dari tingkat positif (positive degree) menjadi tingkat komparatif (comparative degree) dengan cara ditambah akhiran –er dan menjadi tingkat superlatif (superlative degree) dengan cara ditambah akhiran –est. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

No Positive Degree

Comparative Degree

Superlative Degree

1. Long (panjang)

Longer (lebih panjang)

Longest (paling panjang)

2. Tall (tinggi) Taller (lebih tinggi Tallest (paling tinggi)

3. Cheap (murah)

Cheaper (lebih murah)

Cheapest (paling murah)

4. Small (kecil) Smaller (lebih kecil) Smallest (paling kecil)

5. Funny (lucu) Funnier (lebih lucu) Funniest (paling lucu)

Sedangkan untuk kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb) yang panjang (dua suku kata atau lebih) dapat diubah dari tingkat positif (positive degree) menjadi tingkat komparatif (comparative degree) dengan cara ditambah kata MORE dan menjadi tingkat superlatif (superlative degree) dengan cara ditambah kata MOST. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

No Positive Degree Comparative

Degree Superlative Degree

1.Important(penting)

More important(lebih penting)

Most important(paling penting)

2.Dangerous(bahaya)

More dangerous (lebih bahaya)

Most dangerous(paling bahaya)


3.Boring

(membosankan)

More boring(lebih

membosankan)

Most boring(paling membosankan)

4.Diligent(rajin)

More diligent(lebih rajin)

Most diligent(paling rajin)

5.Expensive(mahal)

More expensive(lebih mahal)

Most expensive(paling mahal)

Beberapa kata sifat memiliki tingkat komparatif (comparative degree) dan tingkat superlatif (superlative degree) yang tidak beraturan. Artinya tidak ditambah akhiran –er untuk komparatif dan tidak ditambah akhiran –est untuk superlatifnya.

Berikut ini daftar kata sifat yang memiliki bentuk komparatif dan superlatif yang tidak beraturan:

No Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

1. Good (baik) Better (lebih baik) Best (paling baik)

2. Bad (buruk) Worse (lebih buruk) Worst (paling jelek)

3. Far (jauh) Further (lebih jauh) Furthest (paling jauh)

4. Little (sedikit) Less (lebih sedikit) Least (paling sedikit)

5. Many/much

(banyak) More (lebih banyak) Most (paling banyak)

Exercise 1 Lengkapilah tabel berikut dengan “positive degree, “comparative

degree” dan “superlative degree” yang benar. Sebutkan pula makna bahasa Indonesianya

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Short (pendek)

Fast (cepat)

darker (lebih gelap)

deeper (lebih dalam)

highest (tertinggi)

smartest (paling cerdas)

Happiest (paling bahagia)

Notes 1. Dalam kalimat tingkat komparatif biasanya diikuti oleh kata “than”

yang makna bahasa Indonesianya “daripada”; 2. Dalam kalimat tingkat superlatif biasanya didahului oleh kata

“the” 3. Huruf “y” pada kata “happy, lazy, crazy, pretty, dsb. harus diubah

menjadi “i” sebelum ditambah akhiran “er” atau “iest”


Examples 1. My ruler is longer than yours.2. Sofi looks happier than Santi.3. The weather today is hotter than yesterday.4. Bengawan Solo is the longest river in Java island.5. Do you know who the richest man in Indonesia is?

Exercise 2 :Complete the following sentences with the correct form of degrees of comparison of the word in brackets.(Lengkapilah kalimat berikut dengan bentuk “positive degree, “comparative degree” atau “superlative degree” dari kata yang tersedia dalam kurung.)

1. Mr. Kodir is _______ than Mr. Pedro. (rich)2. Hanna is the_______ student in m class. (smart)3. Your dictionary is as_______ as hers. (good)4. Do you remember what the_______ moment in your life is? (happy)5. Can a donkey run _______ than a horse? (fast)6. Ahmad is the_____________ student in my class (diligent)7. English is not as _______________ as most people think. (difficult)8. The tsunami in Aceh killed _______________ people than it was in

Japan (many)9. My computer is ________________ than yours. (expensive)10. Reading a book is _____________________ than watching television.

(useful)

Exercise 3. Make a sentence based on the picture.

Pictures below are for number 1 – 4. (number 1 is done for an example)

Name : Mrs. Lucy Name : Mrs. Laura Age : 35 years old Age : 50 years oldHeight : 165 cm tall Height : 170 cm tall

1. Mrs. Laura is older than Mrs. Lucy. (Ny. Laura lebih tua daripada Ny. Lucy)

2. Mrs. Laura is ______________ than Mrs. Lucy. (tall)3. Mrs Lucy is ______________ than Mrs. Laura. (short)4. Mrs Lucy is ______________ than Mrs. Laura. (young)


Monas EifelBuilt : in 20th century Built : in

18th centuryHeight : 70 m Height : 120

m

5. Eifel is ________________ than Monas. (high)6. Eifel is ________________ than Monas. (old)

Exercice 4. Reaarange these jumbled words into a good sentence!

1. than - a – starts – most - earlier – reporter – working – people=> ______________________________________________________

2. the – newspaper – Kompas – is – the – in – city – largest.=> ______________________________________________________

3. office – reporter – Jim Taylor – the – his – is – oldest – in.=> ______________________________________________________

4. In the morning – it – study – in the afternoon – than – is – better – to=> ______________________________________________________

5. than – late – better – never – is – it => ______________________________________________________


Eliptical Sentence (Kalimat Eliptik)

Tujuan PembelajaranSetelah selesai proses belajar mengajar tuntas, siswa diharapkan mampu:

1. Menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan Eliptical Sentence.2. Membuat kalimat eliptik yang berasal dari dua buah kalimat3. Menggunakan kalimat eliptik untuk memberi respons positif

Adalah kalimat yang dihilangkan sebagian karena bagian yang dihilangkan tersebut memiliki kesamaan gramatikal dengan kalimat sebelumnya. Kalimat Eliptik merupakan gabungan 2 (dua) buah kalimat yang memiliki Subjek berbeda tetapi bagian yang lainnya sama. Kalimat yang di-eliptik-kan adalah kalimat yang kedua.

Pahami Contoh Berikut:1. I am a student.

My bother is a student.

Kedua kalimat di atas dapat digabung menjadi :I am a student, and my brother is too. ATAU : I am a student, and so

is my brother.

2. He can operate a computer. I can operate a computer.

Kedua kalimat di atas dapat digabung menjadi :He can operate a computer, and I can too. ATAU : He can operate a

computer and, so can I.

3. You love Sundanese food. She loves Sundanese food.

Kedua kalimat di atas dapat digabung menjadi :You love Sundanese food, and she does too. ATAU : You love

Sundanese food, and so does she.

4. My father doesn’t like lamb.My mother doesn’t like lamb.

Kedua kalimat tersebut dapat gabungkan menjadi:My father doesn’t like lamb,and my mother doesn’t either. ATAU :My father doesn’t like lamb, and neither does my mother.

5. She didn’t watch the football match on TV last night.We didn’t watch the football match on TV last night.


Kalimat tersebut dapat dieliptikkan menjadi:She didn’t watch the football match on TV last night, and we didn’t

either.ATAU : She didn’t watch the football match on TV last night, and neither did

we.

Quiz 1.Buatlah kalimat eliptik dari pasangan kalimat berikut ini.

1. She can dance well. Her sister can dance well.

→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

2. She doesn’t speak English well. They doesn’t speak English well.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

3. She is reading a magazine.We are reading a magazine.

→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________ 4. Tono didn’t buy a new book book.

His sister didn’t buy a new book.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________5. Indonesia is a tropical country.

Thailand is a tropical country.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

Ada kata – kata khusus yang digunakan untuk membuat kalimat eliptik yaitu:1. untuk kalimat positif

a. toob. so

2. untuk kalimat negative a. either b. neitherPerhatikan Perbedaan Letak Kata “too” dan “so” dalam kalimat berikut:

1. A radio is an electronic media, and a TV is too.2. A radio is an electronic media, and so is a TV.

Kata “too” diletakkan di akhir kalimat, sedangkan kata “so” diletakkan di tengah kalimat setelah kata “and”.

Perhatikan Pula Perbedaan Letak Kata “either” dan “neither” dalam kalimat berikut:

1. My father doesn’t like Indian films, and I don’t either.2. My father doesn’t like Indian films, and neither do I.


Kata “either” diletakkan di akhir kalimat, sedangkan kata “neither” diletakkan di tengah kalimat setelah kata “and”.

Quiz 2. Pilihlah kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat eliptik berikut ini.Example 1

I like English, and my sister does.......... a. too c. either b. so d. neither

Example 2. She will not go to the party, and......... will her sister. a. too c. either b. so d. Neither

1. You want to pass the exam, and I do...... a. too c. either b. so d. neither

2. I can’t remember his name, and she can’t............ a. too c. either b. so d. neither

3. English is a difficult subject, and ........is mathematics. a. too c. either b. so d. neither

4. I won’t go to Bali, and ............have my family. a. too c. either b. so d. neither

5. I was ill yesterday, and ......were you. a. too c. either b. so d. neither

Cara Meng-eliptik-kan Kalimat

Kalimat Eliptik berasal dari gabungan 2 (dua) buah kalimat yang memiliki Subjek berbeda tetapi bagian yang lainnya sama, dan kalimat yang di-eliptik-kan adalah kalimat yang kedua.

1. Bila Predikat dalam kalimat mengandung “modals”(can, may, must, shall, will, could, might, should, would) maka “modals” yang sama digunakan pada kalimat yang dieliptikkan.Example 1:

She can sing “Indonesia Raya”. I can sing “Indonesia Raya”.

Eliptiknya menjadi:She can sing “Indonesia Raya”, and I can, too. ATAU : She can sing

“Indonesia Raya”, and so can I.

Example 2: The students shouldn’t smoke. The teachers shouldn’t smoke.

Eliptiknya menjadi:The students shouldn’t smoke, and the teachers shouldn’t either

AtauThe students shoudn’t smoke and neither should the teachers.


2. Bila Predikat dalam kalimat mengandung “to be”(am, is, are, was, dan were) maka “to be” yang digunakan pada kalimat yang dieliptikkan harus disesuaikan dengan Subjek pada kalimat yang dieliptikkan tersebut.

Example 1I am an SMP student.She is an SMP student.

Eliptiknya menjadi:I am an SMP student, and she is, too. ATAU : I am an SMP

student, and so is she.

Example 2He wasn’t here yesterday.We weren’t here yesterday.

Eliptiknya menjadi:He wasn’t here yesterday, and we weren’t either ATAU : He wasn’t

here yesterday, and neither were we.

Quiz 3.Gabungkan pasangan kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat eliptik. Gunakan kata pembentuk eliptik yang sesuai dengan kalimat tersebut.Ingat! Kalimat Positif gunakan “too “atau “so”, dan Kalimat Negatif gunakan “either” atau “neither”

1. I must study hard. Everybody must study hard.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

2. He mustn’t cheat in the test. We mustn’t cheat in the teast.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

3. He is a diligent student. You are a diligent student.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

4. Ridwan isn’t reading now. His brothers aren’t reading now.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

5. The President will come to the ceremony. The Vice President will come to the ceremony.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

6. You shouldn’t watch TV too long. Your brother shouldn’t watch TV too long.→ _________________________________________________


→ _________________________________________________

7. She was on holiday last week. Her children were on holiday last week.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

8. Vitamins are not produced by our body. Minerals are not produced by our body.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

9. Men can’t live without water. Animals can’t live without water.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

10. They are standing in a queue. I am standing in a queue.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

3. Bila Predikat dalam kalimat hanya berupa kata kerja penuh bentuk I (simple pesent), maka dalam kalimat eliptik kata kerja tersebut harus diganti dengan “do” atau “does”.

Example 1. He goes to SMP 1 Bungbulang.I go to SMP 1 Bungbulang.

dibuat kalimat eliptik menjadi:He goes to SMP 1 Bungbulang, and I do too. ATAU : He goes to SMP 1 Bungbulang,and so do I

Example 2. Animals need water to live.Plants need water to live.

dibuat kalimat eliptik menjadi:Animals need water to live, and plants do too. ATAU : Animals need

water to live,and so do plants.

Example 3. I like news programs on TV.My father likes news programs on TV.

dibuat kalimat eliptik menjadi:I like news programs on TV, and my father does too.

ATAU :I like news programs on TV, and so does my father.

Quiz 4. Gabungkan pasangan kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat eliptik. Gunakan kata pembentuk eliptik yang sesuai dengan kalimat tersebut. Ingat! Kalimat Positif gunakan “too “atau “so”, dan Kalimat Negatif gunakan “either” atau “neither”


1. She likes Sundanese food. I like Sundanese food.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

2. They don’t subscribe the paper. You don’t subscribe the paper.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

3. A buffalo eats grass. A cow eats grass.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

4. We don’t like alcoholic drink. He doesn’t like alcoholic drink.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

5. Newspapers get money from ads. Magazines get money from ads.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

6. My mother likes reading. My father likes reading.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

7. I don’t understand what he said. They don’t understand what he said.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

8. The students borrow the book from the library. The teachers borrow the book from the library.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

9. Mr. Joko doesn’t speak Sundanese. Mr. Aryo doesn’t speak Sundanese.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

10. I grow some flowers in the garden. My neighbours grow flowers in the garden.→ _________________________________________________→ _________________________________________________

Quiz 5. Gabungkan pasangan kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat eliptik. Gunakan kata pembentuk eliptik yang sesuai dengan kalimat tersebut.

Ingat! Kalimat Positif gunakan “too “atau “so”, dan Kalimat Negatif gunakan “either” atau “neither”


1. Jakarta suffered from floods. Bandung suffered from floods. ___________________________________________2. I came late to school. She came late to school. ___________________________________________3. My brother didn’t watch the film. My sister didn’t watch the film. ___________________________________________4. I got up late this morning. My brother got up late this morning. ___________________________________________5. Football didn’t get a gold medal in SEA GAMES. Basketball didn’t get a gold medal in SEA GAMES. ___________________________________________6. The boys felt very hungry. The girls felt very hungry. ___________________________________________7. We didn’t go to the beach last Sunday. They didn’t go to the beach last Sunday. ___________________________________________8. The nurse examined the patient. The doctor examined the patient. ___________________________________________

Quiz 6. Lengkapilah Kalimat Eliptik berikut dengan kata pembentuk eliptik ( too, so, either,

neither ) dan “auxiliary” ( tobe, modal, do, does, did ).

Example: My mother goes to the market every Sunday, and my aunt...............................Answer : does too.1. I can’t remember his name, and she ............2. You want to pass the exam, and I.............3. English is an international language, and ............Arabic.4. I’ve never been to Bali, and ..................... my family. 5. She was ill yesterday, and ..................... you.6. I must study hard, and everybody .....................................7. He mustn’t cheat in the test and..........................we.8. He is a diligent student,and ...............................you.9. Ridwan isn’t reading now,and his brothers .....................................10. The President will come to the ceremony,and the Vice President......................................

Quiz 7Responlah kalimat berikut ini dengan menggunakan kalimat eliptik. Gunakan “So........I” untuk merespon pernyataan positif dan gunakan “Neither.........I” untuk merespon pernyataan negatif.

Example:1. Your friend : I am hungry now.

You : So am I. Let’s go to the canteen,then.2. Your friend : I can’t anwser question number 5.

You : Neither can I. Let’s ask our friends,then.


1. Your friend : I am sleepy now You : .......................................................... . Let’s have some coffee,then.

2. Your friend : I can’t understand what she explained. You : .............................................................. . Let’s ask her to explain one more time,then.

3. Your friend : I am tired now You : .............................................................. Let’s take a rest,then.

4. Your friend : I didn’t do my home work. You : .............................................................. . Let’s do it now,then.

5. Your friend: I don’t like horror films. You : ............................................................... Let’s find another film,then.

6. Your friend : I am not ready to go now. You : ............................................................... Let’s go later,then.

7. Your friend : I will go to the beach tomorrow You : ............................................................... Let’s go together,then.

8. Your friend : I like reading detective stories. You : .............................................................. . So we have the same hobby,then.

9. Your friend: I got 9 for the English test. You : ............................................................. .So we got the same

mark,then.

10. Your friend : I’ve never been to the new bookstore,yet. You : .............................................................. . What about going there next Sunday?

Kata Hubung Tunggal(Single Conjunction)

Tujuan PembelajaranSetelah menyelesaikan bahasan tentang Kata Hubung Tunggal peserta didik diharapkan mampu:

1. Menyebutkan macam – macam kata hubung tunggal2. Menyebutkan kegunaan masing – masing kata hubung


3. Menggunakan kata hubung tunggal dalam kalimat

Adalah:Kata – kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua buah kalimat. Kalimat yang dihubungkan bisa berupa kalimat yang menyatakan sebab akibat, saling bertentangan, menyatakan pilihan, atau menyatakan dua kegiatan/peristiwa yang terjadi bersamaan.

A. Untuk menyatakan sebab akibat biasanya digunakan kata hubung :

- Because = karena

- For = karena

- So = sehingga

Study these examples:1. He didn’t go to school because he was ill. (=Dia tidak pergi ke sekolah karena dia sakit.)2. The child cried, for he was afraid of a dog. (=Anak itu menangis, karena dia takut akan anjing.)3. He was ill,so he didn’t go to school. (=Dia lelah, sehingga dia pergi tidur.)

Bandingkan kalimat nomor 1 dengan nomor 3 pada contoh tadi1. He didn’t go to school because he was ill.

3. He was ill,so he didn’t go to school.

Question :Kesimpulan apa yang bisa kamu ambil?

Explanation Sebuah tanda baca koma (,) selalu digunakan sebelum kata hubung

for dan so. Tanda baca koma tidak diperlukan sebelum kata hubung because.

Exercise 1Gantilah kata hubung “so” dalam kalimat berikut dengan kata hubung “because”. Lakukan perubahan seperlunya.

1. It rained very hard for long time, so the flood happened

everywhere.

You say :

2. We were very hungry, so we decided to buy some bread.

You say :

3. There was no interesting program to see, so we turned off the TV.

You say :

4. The weather was very bad, so many flights were cancelled.

You say :

5. The water is clean enough, so we can swim here.

You say :


B. Untuk menghubungkan yang kalimat saling bertentangan biasanya digunakan kata : - But = tetapi (bertentangan langsung) - Although = meskipun (bertentangan dengan dengan hasil tak terduga)

Study these examples:1. Ahmad is a very diligent student but his brother is rather

lazy.(= Ahmad adalah siswa yang rajin tetapi saudara lelaki dia agak

malas.)Kedua kalimat ini disebut bertentangan langsung karena di

dalamnya ada 2 (dua) kata yang saling ber-antonim yaitu diligent dan lazy

2. The family looks happy although they are poor.(= Keluarga itu tampak bahagia meskipun mereka miskin.)

Kedua kalimat ini disebut bertentangan dengan hasil tak terduga karena kalau miskin logikanya sedih (sad), namun di sini sebaliknya yakni bahagia (happy).

QuizJelaskan mengapa kalimat berikut ini

disebut “bertentangan dengan hasil tak terduga”.

1. He went to school although he was ill.(=Dia pergi ke sekolah meskipun dia sakit.)

2. The man still works hard although he is old.(=Pria itu masih bekerja keras meskipun sudah tua.)

3. The quality of this book is good although the price is price.(=Mutu buku ini bagus meskipun harganya murah.)

4. Although he has an own car, he goes to his office by bus.(=Meskipun dia punya mobil pribadi, dia pergi ke kantornya naik

bis.)

5. Although he works hard, he is still poor.(=Meskipun dia kerja keras,dia tetap miskin.)

Exercise 1. Supply the blanks in the following sentences with but or although.1. We went to the zoo _________ it was raining.2. My father doesn’t like Indian films________my mother does.3 He is tall__________his wife is short.4. I still trust him___________he has ever lied to me.4. Most of Indonesian people are still poor__________this country has plenty of natural resources.


C. Untuk menyatakan pilihan biasanya digunakan kata hubung : or = atau

Here are some examples:

• You can borrow the book from the library or you can buy it in the bookstore. (=Kamu bisa meminjam buku itu dari perpustakaan atau kamu bisa membelinya di toko buku.)

• Where will you continue your study after graduating from SMP, to SMA or to SMK? (=Kemana kamu akan melanjutkan studimu setelah lulus SMP,ke SMA atau ke SMK?)

D. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan/peristiwa yang terjadi bersamaan biasanya digunakan kata hubung : and = dan

Here are some examples:1. Both of my parents are reading. My mother is reading a magazine and my father is reading a newspaper. (= Kedua orang tuaku sedang membaca. Ibuku sedang membaca sebuah majalah dan ayahku sedang membaca sebuah surat kabar.)2. It was raining hard,and there was a strong wind. (= Hujan turun dengan lebat dan angin bertiup kencang.)

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with or or and.

1. Please go to the post office________buy some stamps for me.

2. You can send me a letter_______you can call me at work hours.

3. The sky was very dark ________it began to rain.

4. Are you here to study ______ to play?

5. I will call her _______ask her to come here now.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with or, and, because, so, although or but.

1. He was very tired,_________ he went to bed.2. The child hid behind his mother’s skirt__________he was afraid of the dog.3. Daniel made many promises_________________he had no intention of keeping them.4. I heard you went to Surabaya. Did you go there by plane ________ by train?5. She went to the library________ read some books there6. Albert Einstein became a well-known scientist _________ he didn’t go to


university.7. __________ he is always busy, he never forgets to do “shalat”.8. Many accidents happen _________the drivers drive carelessly.9. TVRI is a government’s TV station ________ Metro TV is a private one.10. I didn’t sleep well last night,________ I feel sleepy now.

Keterangan Kuantitas(Expressions of Quantity)

Tujuan PempelajaranSetelah selesai pembelaran, siswa diharapkan mampu:

1. Menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan keterangan kuantitas2. Menyebutkan macam – macam keterangan kuantitas untuk benda terbilang dan benda

tak terbilang3. Menggunakan kata keterangan kuantitas dalam kalimat.

Adalah :Kata – kata yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan jumlah suatu benda.

A. Macam – Macam Keterangan Kuantitas Yang Hanya Digunakan Dengan Kata Benda Terbilang.

KeteranganKuantitas

Digunakan dengan bendaMakna

Terbilang Tak terbilang

one one book X* satu,sebuah

each each book X* masing-masing

every every book X* setiap

two two books X* dua

both both books X* keduanya

a couple of a couple of books X* dua,sepasang

three,etc. three books X* Tiga

a few a few books X* Sedikit

several several books X* Beberapa

many many books X* Banyak

a number of a number of books X* sejumlah

X* = not used (tidak digunakan)For example:You can say : “I have one book” but You can’t say : “I have one rice”.

B. Macam Keterangan Kuantitas Yang Hanya Digunakan Dengan Kata Benda Tak Terbilang.


KeteranganKuantitas



a little X* a little rice sedikit

much X* much rice banyak

a great deal of X* a great deal of rice banyak

X* = not used (tidak digunakan)For example:You can say : “I have a little rice” but You can’t say : “I have a little book”.

C. Macam Keterangan Kuantitas Yang Dapat Digunakan Dengan Kata Benda TerbilangMaupun Dengan Kata Benda Tak Terbilang

KeteranganKuantitas



not any/no* not any/no books not any/no rice tidak ada

Some* some books some rice beberapa, sedikit

a lot of* a lot of books a lot of rice banyak

lots of* lots of books lots of rice banyak

plenty of* plenty of books plenty of rice banyak, melimpah

Most* most of books most of rice sebagian besar

All* all books all rice semua, seluruh

* = used for both ( digunakan untuk kedua jenis kata benda)For example:You can say : “I have no books” also You can say : “I have no rice”.

Here however, we will not learn all of the expressions of quantity. We’re only going to discuss some of them, those are:

each = masing - masingevery = setiapboth = keduanyaall = semua,seluruhmost = sebagian besar,kebanyakan.A lot of = banyak

Explanation.a. Each dan Every hanya diikuti oleh kata benda terbilang bentuk tunggal. Tidak boleh diikuti oleh kata benda bentuk jamak juga tidak boleh diikuti oleh kata benda tak terbilang. Kedua kata ini dapat saling mengganti namun dengan makna yang sedikit berbeda. Each dapat dipakai untuk membicarakan dua hal/dua orang atau lebih. Every hanya digunakan untuk tiga orang atau lebih tidak pernah dipakai untuk membicarakan yang dua orang/dua hal.Examples:

1. Each student should have own English dictionary to help them in learning English.(=Masing – masing siswa seharusnya memiliki kamus bahasa Inggris sendiri untuk membantu mereka dalam belajar bahasa Inggris.)

2. Every student should have an English dictionary to help them in learning English.(=Setiap siswa seharusnya memiliki kamus bahasa Inggris untuk membantu mereka


dalam belajar bahasa Inggris.)3. Each child will find his own personal road to success.

(=Masing – masing anak akan menemukan jalannya sendiri menuju keberhasilan.)4. I have two apples and there are two children here. So if I give the apples to them, each child will get one apple.

(=Saya punya 2 buah apel dan ada 2 orang anak di sini. Jadi jika saya berikan apel itu kepada mereka, masing – masing anak akan mendapatkan satu buah apel.)

Interlude Tentukan kata – kata benda berikut ini, apakah termasuk terbilang tunggal, terbilang jamak, atau tak terbilang. Kamu cukup memberi tanda check list (√) pada kolom yang sesuai.

Kata bendaKata Benda Terbilang Kata Benda Tak

terbilangTunggal Jamak

sentence

brancheswoman

water

mice

letters

salt

food

friends

money

student

people

Tips Kamu akan dengan mudah mempelajari tentang Keterangan Kuantitas apabila kamu

sudah paham macam – macam kata benda terbilang (bentuk tunggal dan jamak) dan macam – macam kata benda tak terbilang.

Untuk kata benda tak terbilang tidak adalah istilah “jamak” semuanya dianggap “tunggal”.

Explanation.

b. Both hanya diikuti oleh kata benda terbilang yang jumlahnya hanya 2 (dua). Tidak boleh diikuti oleh kata benda tak terbilang.

Examples:1. Both restaurants are good. (=Kedua restoran itu bagus.)2. Mrs. Ose and Mrs. Nina are sisters. Both of them teach English in SMP 1 Bungbulang. (Ibu Ose dan Ibu Nina adalah bersaudara. Keduanya mengajar bahasa Inggris di SMP 1 Bungbulang.)

Explanation.

c. Most, a lot of dan All dapat diikuti oleh kata benda terbilang maupun kata benda tak terbilang. Kalau diikuti oleh kata benda terbilang, maka kata bendanya harus dalam bentuk


jamak.Examples:

1. Most people in Indonesia eat rice as their daily diet. (Kebanyakan orang di Indonesia memakan nasi sebagai makanan mereka sehari - hari.)2. A baby spends most of his time for sleeping. (Seorang bayi menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya untuk tidur.)

3. All sugar is sweet. (=Semua gula adalah manis.)

4. The fifth principle of Pancasila is “social justice for all Indonesian people”, but up till now

not

all people have felt the justice.

(Asas kelima dalam Pancasila adalah “keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia, tetapi

hingga saat ini tidak semua orang telah merasakan keadilan itu.)

Quiz Apakah kata benda yang mengikuti kata “most” dan “all” dalam kalimat – kalimat berikut ini tergolong kata benda terbilang atau kata benda tak terbilang?

1. Most newspapers are daily published. 2. Most rice in Indonesia is produced by the farmers in Java island. 3. Indonesia imports most wheat from USA. 4. Out of all the students, Ali usually asks most questions during the class. 5. Most programs on RCTI and TPI are entertainments. 6. All cars have wheels. All wheels are round.7. All water we drink, all food we eat and all air we breathe is from Allah SWT. 8. We will not be able to count all enjoyment given by Allah SWT to us.Exercise. Supply the blanks in these sentences with each, both, or all.Remember :Each => used for singular countable noun only,Both => used for two countable noun only,All => used for plural countable noun,and uncountable noun.

1. It is very important for_______student to have a book.2. ___________ students in my class are diligent. No one is lazy.3. France and England are developed countries._______ of them are in Europe.4. I have two brothers._______ of them are married.5. It is impossible for us to know________ languages in the world.6. The host gave a present to ________ woman in the party.7. “Bank Indonesia” controls ________ money circulating in our country.8. He got serious injured in the accident. He broke _________of his legs.9. “Bengawan Solo” and “Citarum” are rivers in the island of Java and _________ of them run to the Java sea.10. A : Can we count .......... the stars in the sky? B : I don’t think we can.


QUESTION TAGS(PERTANYAAN PENGUKUH)

Tujuan PembelajaranSetelah selesai proses pembelajaran, peserta didik diharapkan mampu:

1. Menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan Question Tags.2. Menyebutkan beberapa ketentuan dalam question tags3. Mampu menggunakan question tag dalam ragam kalimat tertulis

Contoh Perbandingan dengan Bahasa Indonesia Sekarang musim kemarau, iya kan?

+ sekarang musim hujan => pernyataan+ iyakan? => pertanyaan pengukuh

Contoh dalam Bahasa Inggris :

1. You are a student, aren’t you?2. She didn’t answer your letter, did she?

Pernyataan Question tags

You are a student, aren’t you?She didn’t answer your letter, did she?

Beberapa Ketentuan dalam “Question Tag”

1. a. Bila Pernyataan Berupa Kalimat Positif, maka “Question Tag”-nya harus Negatif Contoh :

She is a beautiful girl, isn’t she?

b. Bila Pernyataan Berupa Kalimat Negatif, maka “question tag”-nya harus Positif Contoh

You don’t want to fail the exam, do you?

Quiz 1. Which one is the correct question tag?

1. She is an intelligent student, ... a. is she?b. isn’t she?

2. They aren’t in the classroom, ... a. are they?b. aren’t they?

3. You can’t drive a bus, ... a. can you?b. can’t you? 4. He will lend us some money, ... a. will he?


b. won’t he?

2. Bila Subjek dalam pernyataan tidak berupa kata ganti (bukan “I, you, we,they, he, she atau it ), maka dalam “question tag” subjek tersebut harus diganti dengan kata ganti yang sesuai.

Contoh :1. The film was very good, wasn’t it?2. Your father does not smoke, does he?3. Elisa is a dentist, isn’t she?4. Your books are on the table, aren’t they?

Quiz 2. Complete with a correct the question tag .

1. Your father is a teacher, ......................?2. Ali was absent yesterday, ....................?3. The library doesn’t have the book you need,.....................?4. The books are from the library, ........................?5. Mrs. Susi can’t speak Javanese, ..........................?

3. Bila Predikat dalam Pernyataan Mengandung “tobe”(am, is, are, was, were) atau “modals”(can, may, must, shall, will, have/has, could, might, should, would, had) maka “tobe” atau “modals” tersebut digunakan kembali pada “question tag”

Contoh : 1. You are a student, aren’t you? 2. She cannot sing well, can she?3. We have done our best, haven’t we?4. She has got married, hasn’t she?5. He won’t invite you to the party, will he?

Quiz 3. Supply with a correct question tag.

1. It is a good book, ................................?2. She must be here now, ...............................?3. We shouldn’t come late, ....................................?4. They were here just now,....................................?5. I have told you about it, ....................................?6. He won’t be angry with us, ...............................?

4. Bila Predikat dalam Pernyataan berupa Kata Kerja Penuh (bukan “tobe” atau “modals”) maka pada “question tag” harus menggunakan kata bantu “do atau does, (bila Kalimatnya “The Simple Present Tense”) dan menggunakan “did” (bila Kalimatnya “The Simple Past Tense”)

Contoh :


1. You go to school on Saturdays, don’t you?2. She likes Sundanese food, doesn’t she?3. They promised to help us, didn’t they?4. He forgot his keys, didn’t he?

Quiz 4. Choose the correct question tag.1. She likes Sundase songs, ...................

a. does sheb. doesn’t shec. did shed. didn’t she

2.They always give you good advice, ........?a. don’t theyb. do theyc. did theyd. didn’t they

3.You enjoyed the food in the party, ...........?a. do youb. don’t youc. did youd. didn’t you

4. He made some mistakes in the test, ........?a. does heb. doesn’t hec. did hed. didn’t he

5. TV stations get money from advertisements, ...........?a. do theyb. don’t theyc. did theyd. didn’t they

Quiz 5. Complete with correct.

1. He drinks a glass of milk every morning, ..........................?2. The sun rises in the east, ............................?3. It rained hard yesterday,............................?4. She went to Garut last week,..............................?5. The boys play football every Saturday

afternoon, .................................?6. You always bring your phone to school,...........................?

BEBERAPA KEKECUALIAN

1. Bila dalam pernyataan terdapat kata never, seldom, hardly ever, maka pernyataan

tersebut tergolong negatif oleh karena itu “question tag”-nya harus positif.

Contoh:1. She is never angry with you, is she?


2. He has never been to Bali, has he?3. Mr. John never comes late, does he?

Quiz 6. Choose the correct answer.1. She is never late to school, ..............?

a. isn’t she c. doesn’t sheb. is she d. does she

2. He never makes you sad, .................?a. doesn’t he c. isn’t heb. does he d. is she

3. They seldom go to city , ..............?a. aren’t they c. don’t theyb. are they d. do they

4. You’ve never travelled on train, .................?a. haven’t you c. didn’t youb. have you d. did you

Quiz 7. Complete with correct question tags.

1. You will never forget me,..........................?2. She is never angry with you,.........................?3. They never tell a lie, ..........................?4. We seldom meet to each other, ..........................?5. He has never called you, ............................?

2. Bila Pernyataan diawali dengan kata “that/this” maka dalam “question tag” kata tersebut diganti dengan kata ganti “it”

Contoh :1. That is your dictionary, isn’t it ?2. This is his car, isn’t it ?


1. This letter is for me,..........................?2. That is your motorcycle,.........................?3. This isn’t a library, ..........................?4. That isn’t her bag, ..........................?5. That is a good idea, ............................?

3. Bila Pernyataan diawali dengan kata “These/Those” maka dalam “question tag” kata tersebut diganti dengan kata “they”

Contoh :1. These are yours, aren’t they ?2. Those aren’t your books, are they ?


1. These letters are for me,..........................?2. Those are your motorcycles,.........................?3. These aren’t lesson books, ..........................?4. These are her ballpoints, ..........................?5. Those aren’t my mistakes, ............................?


4. Bila Pernyataan diawali dengan kata “there”, maka dalam “question tag” kata tersebut digunakan kembali sebagai subjek

Contoh :1. There was an earthquake in Sumatra last week, wasn’t there ?2. There are a lot of people here, aren’t there?


1. There is a letter for me,..........................?2. There are many motorcycles,.........................?3. There aren’t lesson books here, ..........................?4. There was an interesting film last night, ..........................?5. There will be a football match, ............................?

5. Bila Pernyataan Positif Predikatnya memakai/mengandung “tobe am” maka “question tag”-nya menjadi “ aren’t I”

Contoh;1. I am healthy, aren’t I ?2. I am talking to you, aren’t I?

Catatan Tapi bila pernyataannya berupa kalimat negatif, maka pada “question tag”-nya tetap normal yaitu menggunakan “am I”

Contoh : I am not guilty, am I ?Quiz 11. Complete with correct question tags.

1. I am invited,..........................?2. I’m free,.........................?3. I am not late, ..........................?4. I’m not in the wrong way, ..........................?5. I am doing my job, ............................?

6. Untuk Pernyataan yang berupa kalimat perintah dan kalimat larangan, maka bentuk “question tag”-nya sama, yaitu menggunakan “ will you “Contoh:

1. Sit down, will you?2. Don’t smoke here, will you?


1. Do your homework,..........................?2. Never come late,.........................?3. Speak clearly, ..........................?4. Don’t forget to turn off the lights before you go to

bed, ..........................?5. Be carefull, ............................?

7. Bila Pernyataan berupa kalimat ajakan yang menggunakan “Let us = Let’s”, maka


“question tag”-nya selalu menggunakan “shall we”

Contoh:1. Let’s go to the library, shall we?

Quiz 13. Complete with correct question tags.1. Let’s go tomorrow,..........................?2. Let’s do it together,.........................?3. Let’s forget it what has happened, ......................?4. Let’s wait and see, ..........................?

STRUKTUR PARALEL MENGGUNAKAN KATA HUBUNG (KONJUNGSI) BERPASANGAN

Tujuan PembelajaranSetelah selesai proses pembelajaran, peserta didik diharapkan mampu:

4. menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan Kata Hubung Berpasangan5. menyebutkan beberapa ketentuan dalam Kata Hubung Berpasangan6. menggunakan Kata Hubung Berpasangan dalam ragam kalimat 7. membuat kalimat dengan menggunakan kata hubung berpasangan

Pasangan kata hubung:a. both .........and........ (......dan........,keduanya..........)*b. not only ...... but also.......... (tidak hanya......tetapi juga........)*c. either.......or........ (baik......ataupun............)*d. neither.........nor.......... (baik.....ataupun.....tidak.....)*

*makna frase di atas tidak mutlak dan dapat diubah sesuai dengan konteks kalimat.

Pehatikan beberapa contoh berikut:

1. Both my father and my mother are still alive.


(Ayahku dan ibuku keduanya masih hidup/belum meninggal)2. Not only Jakarta but also Bandung often suffers from floods.

(Tidak hanya Jakarta tetapi juga Bandng sering mengalami banjir.)3. Eiher kerosene or gasoline is expensive now.

(Baik minyak tanah ataupun bensin sekarang mahal.)4. Neither the President nor the Vice President of Indonesia is

Sundanese.(Baik Presiden ataupun Wakil Presiden Indonesia adalah bukan

orang Sunda.)5. The book is not only good but also cheap.

(Buku itu tidak hanya bagus tetapi juga murah.)

Remember ! (Ingat!)

Kedua pasang kata dalam struktur paralel harus diikuti oleh kata/kelompok kata yang memiliki bentuk grammatikal yang sama. Dengan kata lain, kalau kata “both” diikuti oleh kata benda, maka kata “and” sebagai pasangan katanya juga harus diikuti oleh kata benda.,tidak boleh diikuti oleh kata sifat, kata kerja atau jenis kata yang lainnya. Begitu pula pasangan kata yang lainnya.

Perhatikan kembali contoh – contoh di atas: 1. Both my father and my mother are still alive.

Kata Benda Kata Benda

2. The book is not only good but also cheap.

Kata Sifat

Coba kamu pelajari jenis kata apa yang mengikuti pasangan kata hubung pada contoh nomor 2, 3, dan nomor 4? Ingat pula bahwa posisi kata hubung berpasangan tidak selalu berada di awal kalimat tetapi bisa juga di tengah kalimat, tergantung kepada letak kata yang akan dihubungkan. Seperti pada contoh nomor 5.

Latihan 1. Sebutkan jenis kata yang mengikuti pasangan kata hubung dalam kalimat berikut ini!

1. Both the teachers and the students are on holiday now.2. Either John or Mary will come to Bob’s party.3. The cat is not only funny but also tame.4. That book is neither interesting nor accurate.5. Indonesia exports rubber not only to Japan but also to America.6. She can either dance or sing.7. A good football player needs both good skills and strong body.8. Neither my brother nor my sister likes Indian films.


Latihan 2. Gabungkan pasangan kalimat berikut dengan kata hubung berpasangan yang diberikan dalam kurung.Example : 1. I have met his father. I have met his mother. (either.........or.......)You write : => I have met either his father or his mother.( pada contoh 1 di atas 2 buah objek yaitu “his father” dan “ his mother” digabungkan oleh pasangan kata hubung “either.......or..........)

2. Wheat is grown in Kansas. Corn is grown in Kansas. (not only....but also....)You write : => Not only wheat but also corn is grown in Kansas. (pada contoh 2 di atas 2 buah subjek yaitu “wheat” dan “ corn” digabungkan oleh pasangan kata hubung “not only........but also..........)

1. The city suffers from air polluton.The city suffers from water pollution. (either .......or..........)=>___________________________________________________________

2. India has alot of population.Indonesia has alot of population. (not only..........but also.............)=>___________________________________________________________

3. He buys used cars. He sells used cars. (both .........and...........)=>___________________________________________________________

4. Ahmad is studying math. Ahmad is studying chemistry. (neither.......nor.......)=>___________________________________________________________

5. RCTI is a private TV station. Metro TV is a private TV station. (Either......or.......)=>____________________________________________________________

6. My father reads Republika. My father reads Pikiran Rakyat. (both........and.......)=>____________________________________________________________

7. A teacher should be patient. A teacher should be wise. (not only.......but also........)=>____________________________________________________________

8. John can speak Japanese. Mary can speak Japanese.(Neither........nor............)=>____________________________________________________________

9. I lost my wallet. I lost my keys. (not only.............but also.................)=>____________________________________________________________

10. The driver got injured in the accident.The passengers got injured in the accident. (Both.......and............)=>____________________________________________________________

11. I feel sleepy. I feel tired. (both..........and.................)=>____________________________________________________________

12. People elected the national representatives members in the general election.

People elected the local reprensentative members in the general election.

______________________________________________________________

Notice:


Bila 2 (dua) buah subjek dihubungkan oleh “both.......and.......”, maka kata kerjanya (predikat) harus menggunakan kata kerja “jamak” (=tanpa akhiran –s/-es).Sedangkan 2 (dua) subjek yang dihubungkan oleh “not only.......but also..........., either.....or..., dan neither.....nor.....”, subjek yang lebih dekat kepada kata kerja (predikat) menjadi penentu apakah kata kerjanya harus jamak atau tunggal.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:1. Both the teacher and the student are here.

Kata Kerja (Predikat) Jamak karena dua benda yaitu teacher dan student dihubungkan oleh kata hubung “both ……and…..”

2. Bandingkan dua kalimat berikut ini: a. Neither the teacher nor the students are here.

Kata Kerja(Predikat) Jamak karena subjek yang lebih dekat kepada predikat yaitu students bentuknya jamak.

b. Neither the students nor the teacher is here.

Kata Kerja(Predikat) Tunggal, karena subjek yang lebih dekat kepada predikat yakni teacher bentuknya tunggal.

a. Not only Siti but also her parents like reading.

Kata Kerja(Predikat) Jamak, karena subjek yang lebih dekat kepada predikat yakni parents bentuknya jamak.

b. Not only her parents but also Siti likes reading.

Kata Kerja (Predikat) Tunggal, karena subjek yang lebih dekat kepada predikat yakni Siti bentuknya tunggal.

Latihan 3. Garisbawahi bentuk kata kerja yang benar dari dalam kurung.

1. Both the students and the teacher (are/is) planning to come.2. Not only the students but also the teacher (are/is) planning to come.3. Not only the teacher but also the students (are/is) planning to come.4. Either the teacher or the students (work/works) hard.5. Both wheat and corn (are/is) grown in Kansas.6. Neither her husband nor her children (speak/speaks) English well.7. Not only her children but also her husband (speak/speaks) English.8. Both Roni and Bobi (enjoy/enjoys) horseback riding.9. Either small fox or malaria (are/is) a dangerous disease.10. Not only cats but also rabbits (breed/breeds) quickly.11. Neither my brother nor my sister (like/likes) Indian films.12. Not only the children but also the adults (read/reads) Harry

Potter.


13. Both John and Joe (go/goes) to work early.14. Either the teachers or the headmaster (come/comes) to school

six days a week.15. Not only Mark but also his parents (was/were) not at home

yesterday.

Latihan 4. Susunlah kata – kata acak berikut menjadi kalimat yang baik dan benar.

1. had – She – and – lunch – both – friends – dinner – with – her => ___________________________________________________________

2. math – not only – chemistry – I – studying – but also – am => ___________________________________________________________

3. your sister – or – at the airport – Either – will meet – your brother – you => ___________________________________________________________

4. nor –a refrigerator – a stove – They – neither – have – in their new apartment => _______________________________________________________________

5. irreplaceable – oil – natural – are – and – coal – resources – Both => ___________________________________________________________

THE PASSIVE VOICE ( KALIMAT PASIF )

A. How to Make the Passive Voice.

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Only transitive verbs ( verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen(=terjadi), sleep(=tidur), come(=datang), and seem (=tampaknya) are impossible to be used in the passive.

Perhatikan contoh – contoh cara mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif berikut ini:

ACTIVE PASSIVE *

Simple Present Tense

1. Ahmad helps the boy.2. My mother buys two kilos of apples.3. She invites me to the party.4. My father doesn’t like horror films.5. Do the boys see the that film?

1. The boy is helped by Ahmad.2. Two kilos of apples are bought by my mother.3. I am invited to the party by her.4. Horror films are not liked by my father.5. Is that film seen by the boys?

Present Continuous Tense

1. Ahmad is helping the boy.2. My father is making the coops.3. The girls are reading a magazine.4. My brother is not feeding the cats.5. Are they planting the trees?

1. The boy is being helped by Ahmad now.2. The coops are being made by my father.3. A magazine is being read by the girls.4. The cats are not being fed by my brother.5. Are the trees being planted by them?

Present Perfect Tense

1. Ahmad has helped the boy. 1. The boy has been helped by Ahmad.


2. Someone has stolen the phones.3. The police have caught the thief.4. They have not made an agreement.5. Have the farmers cultivated the rice field?

2. The phones have been stolen by someone.3. The thief has been caught by the police.4. An agreement has not made by them.5. Has the rice field been cultivated by the farmers?

Simple Past Tense

1. Ahmad helped the boy.2. The boys broke the window yesterday.3. He brought the books to the library.4. President didn’t attend the conference.5. Did they know your address?

1. The boy was helped by Ahmad.2. The window was broken by the boys yesterday.3. The books were brought by him to the library.4. The conference was not attended by the president.5. Was your address known by them?

Past Continuous Tense

1. Ahmad was helping the boy.2. The people were singing a song.3. Mr. Anto was feeding the chickens.4. They were not building a new house.5. Was the servant cleaning the room?

1. The boy was being helped by Ahmad.2. A song was being sung by the people.3. The chickens were being fed by Mr. Anto.4. A new house was not being built by them.5. Was the room being cleaned by the servant?

Simple Present Future Tense

1. Ahmad will help the boy.2. My uncle will give a notebook to me.3. The government will issue some new rules.4. We will not visit the zoo next month.5. Will you invite Mr. Rene to the party?

1. The boy will be helped by Ahmad.2. A notebook will be given by my uncle to me.3. Some new rules will be issued by the government.4. The zoo will not be visited by us next month.5. Will Mr. Rene be invited by you to the party?

* Pola utama Kalimat Pasif adalah tobe + Kata Kerja bentuk III ( Past Participle ) Jadi secara umum polanya dapat kita tulis sebagai berikut:

No. Tenses Pola

1. Simple Present Tense is/are/am + Past participle

2. Present Continuous Tense is/are/am + being + Past Participle

3. Present Perfect Tense have/has + been + Past Participle

4. Simple Past Tense was/were + Past Participle

5. Past Continuous Tense was/were + being + Past Participle

6. Simple Future Tense will + be + Past Participle

Latihan 1. Ubahlah bentuk aktif menjadi pasif dengan memberikan bentuk Be yang benar.

1. Tom opens the door. → The door ___________________ opened by Tom.


2. Tom is opening the door. → The door ___________________ opened by Tom.

3. Tom has opened the door. → The door ___________________ opened by Tom.

4. Tom opened the door → The door ___________________ opened by Tom.

5. Tom was opening the door.→ The door ___________________ opened by Tom.

6. Tom will open the door. → The door ___________________ opened by Tom.

Latihan 2.Ubahlah bentuk aktif menjadi pasif.

Example: Shakespeare wrote that play. → That play was written by Shakespeare.

1. Bill made that box.→ __________________________________________________2. Alex is preparing the report.→ __________________________________________________3. A waitress serves the customer.→ __________________________________________________4. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.→ __________________________________________________

5. Shirley has suggested a new idea.→ __________________________________________________6. Two horses were pulling the farmer’s wagon.→ __________________________________________________7. Josh will invite Ann to the party.→ __________________________________________________8. Kathy has returned the book to the library.→ __________________________________________________9. The president will make the announcement.→ __________________________________________________10. Mr. Brown is painting my house.→ __________________________________________________

B. How to Use the Passive Voice. The passive voice is usually used without a “by phrase.” We often prefer the passive when it is not known or not important to know exactly who or what performs the action. The passive is used when we want to stress the thing done than the doer of it.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

1. This house was built in 1890. (= Rumah ini dibangun pada tahun 1890.)

2. The new hotel will be built next year.(=Hotel baru itu akan dibangun tahun depan.)


3. This problem can be solved soon. (= Masalah ini dapat diselesaikan dengan segera.)

Latihan 3. Lengkapilah kalimat – kalimat ini dengan salah satu dari kata kerja berikut. (Jangan lupa mengubah kata kerja tersebut ke dalam bentuk Past Participle).

arrest wake knock check translate discuss look examine repair make

1. A decision will not be _____________ until the next meeting.2. That building is not safe. It should be _____________ down before it falls down.3. When you go through Customs, your luggage will be ___________ by a customs

officer.4. I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to be _______________ up at 6.00.5. Her new book will probably be ______________ into a number of foreign languages.6. If you kicked a policeman, you would be _______________________7. The missing boy is being ______________ for by the police.8. The road is being ____________ by the worker.9. The black box of the crash aeroplane will be __________ in Australia.10. The problems were ________________ by the government and the parliament last

week.

Latihan 4. Dalam teks berikut ini terdapat sejumlah kalimat pasif. Temukan dan tulis kembali kalimat – kalimat tersebut.

It was announced today that oil had been discovered off the coast of a small island nation in the Carribbean. This is considered a very important development. It came as a surprise, since it had been believed that no oil existed there. The prime minister declared that drilling rights would be given to a private companies.

The oil companies will be required to give proof of their capability of extracting the oil economically. Applications will be accepted for a period of sixty days, beginning March 1. The oil companies will be asked to sign an agreement to pay a percentage of their profits to the Department of Transportation. Some of these funds will be used to build highways; some will be spent on the study of solar energy. With the world’s oil supply becoming scarce, other kinds of fuel will have to be utilized.

Example: It was announced today … (=Diumumkan hari ini…..)

Latihan 5. Terjemahkan kalimat pasif berikut ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.1. That theory was developed by Dr. Ikeda.

→ ____________________________________________________________________

2. My sweater was made in England. → ____________________________________________________________________

3. English is taught everywhere.→ ____________________________________________________________________

4. “Monas’ was built in President Soekarno’s era.


→ ____________________________________________________________________

5. The Prambanan temple will be renovated next year.→ ____________________________________________________________________

6. A new strategy is being prepared to overcome the problem.→ ____________________________________________________________________

7. Thousands American soldiers are sent to Iraq and Afghanistan.→ ____________________________________________________________________

Beberapa Terminologi Penting dalam Bahasa InggrisBeberapa Terminologi Penting dalam Bahasa Inggris

A.A. Subjek (Subject)Subjek (Subject)Subjek adalah pokok kalimat. Biasanya berupa kata benda. Dalam Subjek adalah pokok kalimat. Biasanya berupa kata benda. Dalam kalimat positif dan negatif terletak di awal kalimat. Sedangkan kalimat positif dan negatif terletak di awal kalimat. Sedangkan pada kalimat tanya terletak setelah pada kalimat tanya terletak setelah auxiliaryauxiliary (kata bantu). Contoh (kata bantu). Contoh kata bantu adalah: kata bantu adalah: do, does, did, have, has, had, is, am, are, can, do, does, did, have, has, had, is, am, are, can, will, mustwill, must, dll , dll

Contoh : Contoh : 1.1. SheShe is a good student. is a good student.

“she” adalah Subjek dalam kalimat positif“she” adalah Subjek dalam kalimat positif2.2. WeWe don’t like smoking. don’t like smoking.

“we” adalah subjek dalam kalimat negatif.“we” adalah subjek dalam kalimat negatif.3.3. Where did Where did youyou go in the last holiday? go in the last holiday?

“you” adalah subjek dalam kalimat tanya informatif.“you” adalah subjek dalam kalimat tanya informatif.4.4. Are they playing basketball?Are they playing basketball?

“they” adalah subjek dalam kalimat tanya interrogatif“they” adalah subjek dalam kalimat tanya interrogatifB.B. Verba Verba

Verba adalah kata yang sangat penting dalam kalimat bahasa Verba adalah kata yang sangat penting dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris karena hampir setiap kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris Inggris karena hampir setiap kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris mengandung verba ( kata kerja). Verba tersebut berfungsi sebagai mengandung verba ( kata kerja). Verba tersebut berfungsi sebagai Predikat biasanya terletak setelah subjek baik dalam kalimat Predikat biasanya terletak setelah subjek baik dalam kalimat positif, negatif, maupun kalimat tanya. Namun dalam kalimat positif, negatif, maupun kalimat tanya. Namun dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya biasanya di dahului oleh negatif dan kalimat tanya biasanya di dahului oleh auxiliaryauxiliary. . Contoh:Contoh:

1.1. I I invitedinvited all of my classmates to my birthday party. all of my classmates to my birthday party.“invited” adalah verba sebagai predikat dalam kalimat “invited” adalah verba sebagai predikat dalam kalimat positif.positif.

2.2. We don’t lWe don’t likeike spacy food. spacy food.“like” adalah verba sebagai predikat dalam kalimat “like” adalah verba sebagai predikat dalam kalimat negatif yang didahului oleh auxiliary “do + not”. negatif yang didahului oleh auxiliary “do + not”.

3.3. What do you What do you need need right now?right now?“need” adalah verba dalam kalimat tanya informatif yang “need” adalah verba dalam kalimat tanya informatif yang didahului oleh auxiliary “do”. didahului oleh auxiliary “do”.

4.4. Did she Did she callcall you yesterday? you yesterday?“call” adalah kata kerja sebagai predikat dalam kalimat “call” adalah kata kerja sebagai predikat dalam kalimat tanya interrogatifyang didahului auxiliary “did”.tanya interrogatifyang didahului auxiliary “did”.

5.5. She is a good singer.She is a good singer.“is” adalah kata kerja (tobe) sebagai predikat dalam “is” adalah kata kerja (tobe) sebagai predikat dalam kalimat positif.kalimat positif.


Latihan 1. Sebutkan Subjek dan Verba (sebagai predikat) pada Latihan 1. Sebutkan Subjek dan Verba (sebagai predikat) pada kalimat kalimat berikut ini.kalimat kalimat berikut ini. Contoh: The man speaks English very well.Contoh: The man speaks English very well.

Subjek kalimatnya adalah Subjek kalimatnya adalah The manThe man. Verba sebagai predikatnya. Verba sebagai predikatnya adalah adalah speaksspeaks..

1.1. Jack put the letter in the mailbox.Jack put the letter in the mailbox.2.2. The children walked to school.The children walked to school.3.3. Chairil Anwar wrote a lot of poems.Chairil Anwar wrote a lot of poems.4.4. Mary didn’t do her homework.Mary didn’t do her homework.5.5. Does Mr. John come from America?Does Mr. John come from America?6.6. Birds is flying in the sky.Birds is flying in the sky.7.7. Why did the baby cry?Why did the baby cry?8.8. The students need a pen.The students need a pen.9.9. My friends enjoyed the party.My friends enjoyed the party.10.10. Are they studying in the library?Are they studying in the library?11.11. Did you enjoy the party?Did you enjoy the party?12.12. When will we go to the zoo?When will we go to the zoo?13.13. She opened the door.She opened the door.14.14. Father asks me to study hard.Father asks me to study hard.15.15. Ana doesn’t always come on time.Ana doesn’t always come on time.16.16. George is a productive writer.George is a productive writer.17.17. The soup smells very good.The soup smells very good.18.18. I didn’t go anywhere during holiday.I didn’t go anywhere during holiday.19.19. Does she stay there?Does she stay there?20.20. What does he teach at the school?What does he teach at the school?21.21. Jack has a part-time job.Jack has a part-time job.22.22. He works at a fast-food restaurant.He works at a fast-food restaurant.23.23. Monkeys don’t like water.Monkeys don’t like water.24.24. Do you have a pet?Do you have a pet?25.25. When did they arrive?When did they arrive?

C. Adjective (Kata sifat)C. Adjective (Kata sifat)Kata sifat (adjective) adalah kata yang menerangkan kata benda Kata sifat (adjective) adalah kata yang menerangkan kata benda

(noun). Dalam istilah tata bahasa kata sifat memodifikasi kata benda. (noun). Dalam istilah tata bahasa kata sifat memodifikasi kata benda. Memodifikasi artinya “mengubah sedikit”. Kata sifat tidak memiliki Memodifikasi artinya “mengubah sedikit”. Kata sifat tidak memiliki bentuk jamak. Jadi kita tidak bisa menambahkan akhiran “e/es” kepada bentuk jamak. Jadi kita tidak bisa menambahkan akhiran “e/es” kepada kata sifat. Beberapa contoh kata sifat: kata sifat. Beberapa contoh kata sifat: good, bad, young, beautiful, old, good, bad, young, beautiful, old, rich, poor, brown, hungry, thirsty, modern, careful, easyrich, poor, brown, hungry, thirsty, modern, careful, easy, dll., dll.Contoh pemakaian kata sifat untuk memodifikasi kata benda:Contoh pemakaian kata sifat untuk memodifikasi kata benda:

1.1. good student (=siswa yang baik)good student (=siswa yang baik)“good” adalah kata sifat, “student” adalah kata benda.“good” adalah kata sifat, “student” adalah kata benda.

2.2. rich man (=orang kaya)rich man (=orang kaya)“rich” adalah kata sifat, “man” adalah kata benda.“rich” adalah kata sifat, “man” adalah kata benda.

3.3. beautiful girl (=gadis yang cantik)beautiful girl (=gadis yang cantik)“beatiful” adalah kata sifat, “girl” adalah kata benda.“beatiful” adalah kata sifat, “girl” adalah kata benda.

Latihan 2. Sebutkan kata sifat dan kata benda dalam frase berikut ini.Latihan 2. Sebutkan kata sifat dan kata benda dalam frase berikut ini.1.1. Easy questionEasy question2.2. Soft voiceSoft voice3.3. Good bookGood book4.4. Intelligent studentIntelligent student5.5. Young manYoung man


6.6. Lazy boyLazy boy7.7. Black jacketBlack jacket8.8. Big houseBig house9.9. Hungry peopleHungry people10.10. Busy roadBusy road11.11. Heavy doorHeavy door12.12. Expensive carExpensive car13.13. Correct answerCorrect answer14.14. Diligent girlDiligent girl15.15. Green appleGreen apple

Latihan 3 Dalam teks berikut ini paling tidak terdapat sebilan buah frase yang berupa kata sifat + kata benda. Carilah semua frase tersebut, kemudian pahami artinya!

Success Story

Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Frank is now the head of a very large company, but as a little boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he was used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1938 he bought a small work-shop of his own. During the war Frank used to make spare parts of aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. By the end of the war, the small work-shop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his beautiful wife came. She wanted him to repair their son’s bicycle!


kompilasi materi kompetensi linguistik kelas ix

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