kilas balik 40 tahun penelitian pei

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KILAS BALIK

40

TAHUN

PENELITIAN PEI

POTRET SEBUAH PERJALANAN



TIM

• Nurindah

• Rika

• NovriNelly

• Yaherwandi

• Akhmad Rizali

• Lia• Damayanti Buchori



Sumber Makalah (LIA: perbaiki ini ya)

• Prosiding kongres entomologi II (1983)

• Kumpulan makalah kongres entomologi IV (1992)

• Prosiding seminar nasional (1997)


• Prosiding simposium (2000)



• Prosiding seminar nasional XIII (2005)

• Konferensi nasional (2007)• Kongres VII dan seminar entomologi Indonesia (2007)




Rincian Makalah

• Total 761 makalah dari proseding seminar

tahun 1983

– 2008

• Peneliti Indonesia: 736 makalah

• Peneliti Indonesia

+ Asing:

32

makalah



ENTRY

• … abstrak

• 1970:…

• 1980:…

• 1990:…

• 2000:…

• 2010:…



Kelompok/Tema Penelitian

• Biodiversity (Keanekaragaman)

• Pestisida

dan

Efikasi• Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT)

• Pengendalian Hayati

• Biologi• Taksonomi

• Morfologi dan Fisiologi

• Behaviour (Perilaku)

• Polinasi

• Entomologi Kesehatan



Kelompok Serangga dan Habitat

Kelompok Serangga:• Herbivor• Parasitoid• Predator• Vektor

• Polinator

Kelompok Habitat:

• Hutan• Pertanian: Pangan, Hortikultura• Perkebunan

• Air



TUJUAN: Terbentuknya Database Riset

Entomologi di Indonesia• Kategori

– Topik – Kelompok Serangga

– Habitat• Subkategori

• ….



MENGAPA?

• Mengapa kita perlu database?

• Mengapa kita perlu melihat sejarah danperkembangan penelitian serangga?

• The significance of information on this

research:…. – Saling melengkapi penelitian di bidang entomologi• memperkuat hasil penelitian di bidang yang sama

– Menghindari duplikasi – buang waktu, biaya & energi.

– Memulai penelitian yang topiknya belum banyak

dilakukan implikasi untuk mendukungterbentuknya “better environment”



PERJALANAN PENELITAN

ENTOMOLOGI

PRA PEI: MASA PENJAJAHAN



Sejarah Penelitian Entomologi

• Sangat erat kaitannya

dengan pertanian• Abad 18‐19th (Belanda):

kopi (masuk tahun1696

dari India), tebu, kelapa

sawit (1848), kakao

(1665)large scale

plantation emerge

• The need for pest management

to

protect

investment thus:

• Research: geared toward

applied science



History of Research Lia:

indonesiakan ya• Started with the creation of the Botanical Garden

in 1817

• Early research on insect started in 1883. Theemphasize of research was on biology, ecology,taxonomy, which supported pest management.

• Until WW II: dual nature of agriculture: “under‐developed” indigenous

agriculture (rice)

and

the

“highly developed”

estate/plantation crop.



Dutch Occupancy

era:

• Publication of IDEAJournal: since 1800-1950



Breakthrough research

• Van der Goot:1918-1921: white stem borer on rice

(Scirpophaga innotata : Lepidoptera: Pyralidae):thorough research on basic and applied aspects,from taxonomy, ecology, until control method



Stemborers

• Distribution: limited when compared to otherborers, but have been known to causewidespread famine when it broke. Java,

Sumatra, S. Sulawesi,Kalimantan, Sumbawa

• It occurs in lowland (up to 200 m) region with

pronounced dry season.• Diapause: last larval instar attack rice that

enters reproductive stage (+shortening of the

daylength: April-August)



stemborer

• Diapause: obligatory, termination: 10 mm rainfall. Thelonger the resting period lasts, the faster the prepupaand pupa develop

• Pest management: based on the ecology and populationdynamic. Principles that were used were: global as well

as detailed observation of population (daily and weekly)and level of instars in the field, natural parasitism werealso observed



Breakthrough Research

• Van der Vecht: Artona catoxantha (Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae) attacking coconut : the biology, ecologyand taxonomy was thoroughly studied.

• Between outbreaks the insect is rare or absent fromthe plantations; (confined to localized areas?).

• Severe infestations occur in dry weather and end soon

after the start of the wet monsoon. 1925: developmentsurveillance and monitoring system. ETL:establishedby integrating the population level of the larval moth,

and the presence of parasites and hyperparasites.



The complex ofparasites andhyperparasites ofcoconut:about 30

species of naturalenemy complexes

In fact, this was

the first study donewhich actuallyimplemented theIPM concept (beforethe birth of the termIPM).



Breakthrough research

Kalshoven : study the termites Neotermes tectonae (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) (teak wood --> one of the few species in the world to attack

living wood



Other research include:

• Helopeltis antonii (Hemiptera: Miridae) on tea and cacaoin plantation. First recorded: 1841. 1916: Leefmansstudied Helopeltis biology and ecology,

• major breakthrough: the discovery of the black ants(Dolichoderus bituberculatus ) tending the mealy bugsPseudococcus hispidus and that these two speciesappeared to have reciprocal relationship with Helopeltis



Helopeltis:

• Together these two

insects disturb

Helopeltis adults to

such an extent that

their feeding

and

reproduction on cacao

are considerably

impededbasis for

control (1917)

•



Where are we now?

Jaman Kemerdekaan

• Indonesia’s role in tropical ecologyresearch:???

• Intellectual gap when the Dutch left and theintroduction of Green revolution (1950-1960)



Green Revolution in Indonesia

• Introduction of new rice varieties• Extensive uses of fertilizers

• Extensive uses of pesticides

• Our knowledge on ecology at that time wasvery limited

• Pandangan bahwa semua tipe tanah sama



Penelitian bias pada interaksi

serangga‐tanaman?

• Studies on insect-plant interaction are weightedtoo heavily on economic entomology, withparticular emphasis on herbivore damage andeconomic loss

• (jalu bisakah ini diperkuat dengan data: apayang bisa ditampilkan disini?)

• data publikasi penelitian ambang ekonomi yang hanyamemperhatikan aksi herbivora tanpa memperhitungkanperan predator & parasitoid sebagai faktor mortalitasbiotik yang efektif (even until now)



HASIL DARI

40

TAHUN

PERJALANAN



TEMA/KELOMPOK PENELITIAN



TEMA PENELITIAN



TEMA PENELITIAN MENGENAI

PENGENDALIAN HAMA



LOKASI PENELITIAN



TRENDS

Individual Research Topic



KELOMPOK SERANGGA



KELOMPOK HABITAT



SPECIAL TOPICS



INTERAKSI SERANGGA TANAMAN

KOMODITI PRIORITAS



KOMODITI PRIORITAS

(food security

dan devisa negara)

• padi

• Kakao• Sawit

• Kapas

• Sayuran?



PADI



Cacao:• Conopomorpha cramerella

(Cacao pod borer) was firstdetected in 1895 and nowthought to be an indigenouspest originating from

Rambutan (host shift fromNephelium lappaceum ).

• Since insecticide are

commonly used, studies onthe natural enemies have notgained much information

• What type of research

should be conducted?



Other research

include:

• Hypothenemus hampei ( Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

on coffee: first found in1909. Studies were made onthe life history and control of the insect by Leefmans(1923). 1980’s: introduced parasitoid Cephalonomia africa



Sawit



Kapas Amrasca biguttulla

‐Key

pest :serangga hama yang

ditemukan di semua wilayah pengembangan

kapas. Studi tentang bioekologi telah dilakukan

pada kapas introduksi dan telah dikembangkan

teknik pengendalian dengan konservasi

predatornya dan tanaman yang moderately

resistant.



Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Pada tahun 1930an bukan sebagai serangga hama yang

merugikan, karena dapat dikendalikan oleh musuh

alaminya:

Parasitoid: 43

spesies

Predator: 62 spesies

Patogen serangga: 9 jenis

Penggunaan insektisida yang intensif

pada menyebabkan serangga ini menjadi

hama utama. Studi tentang bioekologi

telah dilakukan dan dengan konservasiparasitoid dan predatornya statusnya

berubah dari serangga hama utama

menjadi serangga hama potensial



Pengendalian Hama

• Pestisida kimiawi

• Pestisida nabati• Pengendalian Hayati



Pestisida Kimia



Pestisida Nabati



Pengendalian Hayati

Apa kelemahan penelitian pasca



Apa kelemahan penelitian pasca

kemerdekaan?• Penelitian integratif dan holistic: menurun

• Banyak penelitian terapan tetapi sedikit yangmenyentuh aspek penelitian dasar (besar dieconomic entomology)

• Whilst this is important, we have neglectedmany other important issues, particularlypollination, insects as vectors, and manyfundamental issues of insect plant interaction

• Evolution-phylogeny



PENELITIAN ARAH DEPAN



Studies on

Pollination

1. Apis cerana: activity andbehavior in carrying pollen:1927 by Heide continued byTati who looked at therelationship between climateand activity

2. Pollinators of Crotalaria

juncea and Tephrosia vogelii :impact of climate towardactivity

3. Tea and its pollinators: issueson low pollination

4. The largest study on insectpollintors is the introduction ofElaeidobius kamerunicus fromCameroon to increase theproduction of oil palm



Island Biogeography



Molecular Genetics



Molecular Genetics

• Penelitian hubungan kekerabatan

Trichogrammatoidea spp.

Parasitoid

Helicoverpa armigera – publikasi Bahagiawati

dkk (2008) di Agrobiogen

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY



MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Serangga Transgenic• Nyamuk dan WOLBACHIA

• Infeksi Wolbachia menyebabkan:1. Partenogenensis

2. Kematian pada hewan jantan

3. Feminisasi

4. Cytoplasmic Incompatibility

• Wolbachia sebagai pengendali hayati (vektor)



DEMAM BERDARAH• Disebarkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus

• Bian et al.,2010 :

‐ Wolbachia dapat menekan duplikasi virus demam berdarah

dalam saluran makanan nyamuk‐ Wolbachia dapat menekan penyebaran virus demamberdarah ke bagian thorax dan kepala nyamuk

‐ Wolbachia dapat menurunkan penyebaran virus demamberdarah oleh Ae.aegypti ‐ Wolbachia dapat meningkatkan lama hidup Ae. Aegypti yang

terinfeksi

‐

14

hari setelah diinfeksi,

wolbachia memblok penyebaranvirus demam berdarah

Bian et al., 2010 PLoS Pathog 6(4)



Perbedaan Nyata pada 14 dan 21 hari setelah wolbachia

diinfeksikan pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti

Bian et al., 2010 PLoS Pathog 6(4)

MALARIA



MALARIA

• Di dunia membunuh 1‐2 juta orang per tahun terutamaanak‐anak di Afrika

• Di Indonesia

malaria

menjadi penyebab utamakematian, diperkirakan 50 orang menderita malaria per

1.000 orang penduduk

• Disebarkan oleh nyamuk Anopheles• Pengembangan nyamuk transgenik

Shigeto Yoshida,PLoS Pathog 3(12



Wolbachia Mating,

Nature

Reviews/Genetics

Cytoplasmic Incompatibility, Mating Combination



Cytoplasmic Incompatibility, Mating Combination (Clark et al ., 2002)

Clark et al. MoD 111 2002 3‐15

LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE:



LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE:CHALLENGES

• Changes in international trade and theappearance of new alien pests: newassociations between alien pests and localplants, alien pests and indigenous natural

enemies, non-indigenous BC agents and localindigenous insects

• Climate change and insect-plant interaction

• Land use change and habitat fragmentation

d h d l



Land use change and insect‐plant

interaction

• Host shift: introduction of cacao and attacksof Conopomorpha cramerella (a localherbivore on rambutan-Nephelium )

Hi t f E ti S i



History of Exotic Species

• In Indonesia, the problem of exotic species

becomes more important due to the factthat it is an archipelago country—what willthe impact be?

• Before 1950:

– Plutella xylostella, Crocidolomia binotalis

Exotic species

during

the

1980’s

and

1990’s

Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae) from Caribian on



Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae) from Caribian on

Leucaena leucocephala ‐‐1986

Exotic species during the 1980’s and 1990’sAl di di (H t Al did ) f C t l d S th A i



Aleurodicus dispersus ( Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Central and South America—

1987 on guava, cassava among others



Exotic species during the 1980’s and 1990’s

Perycima cruegeri

(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)

from

Papua

Nugini

on

Poinciana regia ‐‐1992

Exotic species during the 1980’s and 1990’s



Liriomyza huidobrensis ( Diptera:Agromyzidae) on ornamental to vegetables.‐

‐1994



Invasive species

of

plants

• Introduction of

herbivores: From 16exotic plants, 44herbivores havebeen introduced.What happened to it

(monitor?)



• C. odorata,

C.

connexa

and

its

impact reduce

fitness?

i i C d l l i id?



New association: C. connexa and local parasitoid?

Braconidae Ormyrus sp. (Ormyridae)

Gronotoma sp.(Eucoilidae) Eupelmus sp.(Eupelmidae)

FOOD FOR THOUGHTS



FOOD FOR THOUGHTS

New association between exotic biocontrol agent with local natural enemies: what does this imply?

• Additional hosts?

• Increase population of natural enemies?

• Host shift?

• Increase pop of previous host (due to release

from pressure)?

• Potential new pest buildup?

• Will exotic natural enemies affect local diversity?

CONSERVATION OF LOCAL DIVERSITY AND IMPACTS OF

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL



BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

– Non target impact:

• The ability

to

live

and

prolong

living

in

other

plants:

potential as pest buildup? i.e. as long as there are water hyacinth, the reproduction is ensured.

• Food web

subsidies change

in

energy

flow

in

the

food chain

What

does

this

scenario

means

in

islands?

Endemic species?

Biocontrol agents

are

additional

species

that

has

established in its new environment:

What is the Outcome of the Interaction?

?



Modification from Pearson & Callaway (2003)

Invasive

plants

Local

plantsBiotic homogenization

( - )

Insect

community / local insect

Biologicalcontrol agents

control

non-target

direct and indirect impact to local food

web

( + )

( + )

( - )

new association / extinction?

type

association?

( - / ?)

?

Invasive alien species in Small islands: what the consequences?



Mainland

Local species diversity: -migration between small island and mainland

-High rate of biotic homogenization

-Local extinction?

- Food subsidies in islands

High dispersionrate of invasivespecies

Low dispersion rateof natural enemies

Modification of Predator prey model (island vs

mainland?)Insect Conservation in

island

Interesting cases to pursue



Interesting cases to pursue

• History of past biological control: what is thesituation in the field?-established?/lost? Whatcontrols it now

• Is there such thing as non-target biological

control impact of past introduction?• El Nino: shortening of the cycle: what are the

consequences, particularly for explosive species

such as locusts?

Interesting cases to pursue (con’t)



Interesting cases to pursue (con t)

• Insect diversity

• Habitat fragmentation and pollination success

• Transgenic plants

If we look carefully



If we look carefully

• Research on insect-plant interaction in the tropicspose challenging questions: from taxonomy to

ecology, behaviour, evolution and genetics.Many opportunity to conduct quality research

• The constant problem of local invasiveness: why

are BPH still a problem? biotypes or pestmanagement?• pengembangan varietas hanya berorientasi pada

produksi

• pengembangan varietas tahan hanya berdasarkaninteraksi antara tplant dan a single herbivore (bitrofik),complex interactions antara herbivores, plant dan musuh

alami kurang dicermati/dipelajari.



Why DBD selalu menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di musim‐musim

tertentu?• Perilaku serangga vektor (nyamuk) kurang didpelajari?

•‐ diel pattern

• f

kilas balik 40 tahun penelitian pei

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