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PENGARUH PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG MINYAK
“SHALE OIL” DI AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP IMPOR
MINYAK AMERIKA SERIKAT TAHUN 2011-2015
SKRIPSI
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1
Disusun Oleh:
HERLINA TRIA SUKMAWATI
201310360311045
JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIAYAH MALANG
2017
ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Nama : Herlina Tria Sukmawati
NIM : 201310360311045
Jurusan : Ilmu Hubungan Internasional
Fakultas : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik
Judul Skripsi : Pengaruh Pengembangan Tambang Minyak “Shale Oil” di
Amerika Serikat Terhadap Impor Minyak AS Tahun 2011-2015
Telah dipertahankan di hadapan Dosen Penguji Ujian Skripsi
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik
Jurusan Hubungan Internasional
dan dinyatakan LULUS
Pada hari: Senin, 31 Juli 2017
Tempat: Ruang PSP FISIP
Mengesahkan,
Dekan FISIP - UMM
Dr. Asep Nurjaman, M.Si
Dewan Penguji :
1. Havidz Ageng Prakoso, MA ( )
2. Haryo Prasodjo, MA ( )
3. M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA ( )
4. Gonda Yumitro, MA ( )
viii
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillah segala puji bagi Allah SWT atas segala limpahan rahmat-
Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan sebuah skripsi yang berjudul Pengaruh
Pengembangan Tambang “Shale Oil” di Amerika Serikat Terhadap Impor
Minyak AS Tahun 2011-2015. Shalawat serta salam tak lupa penulis hanturkan
kepada junjungan Nabi Besar Muhammad SAW yang telah menuntun kita dari
zaman kegelapan hingga ke zaman yang terang benderang yaitu Dienul Islam.
Skripsi ini disusun dan diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh
gelar sarjana strata 1 (S-1) pada Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas
Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Dengan segala
keterbatasan yang dimiliki penulis, masih banyak terdapat kekurangan yang harus
diperbaiki dalam penelitian ini. Semoga hasil penelitian ini dapat menyumbang
pengetahuan baru atas perkembangan yang terjadi di kawasan Amerika Serikat,
khususnya bagi Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional FISIP UMM.
Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis banyak mendapat bantuan dan
dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, ucapan terimakasih penulis
sampaikan kepada:
1. Kedua orang tuaku tercinta yang selalu memberikan kasih sayang, doa, dan
supportnya serta telah memberikan segala kebutuhan baik material maupun non
material agar penulis dapat menyelesaikan studi di Jurusan Hubungan
Internasional hingga selesai, terimakasih atas semuanya.
2. Mbak-mbakku, masku, dan seluruh keluarga yang selalu memberikan semangat
dan doa,
3. Bapak Havidz Ageng Prakoso, MA dan Bapak Haryo Prasodjo, MA selaku
dosen pembimbing I dan dosen pembimbing II yang selalu meluangkan waktu
untuk memberikan ide, saran, dan dukungan serta dengan penuh kesabaran
ix
membimbing penulis selama proses bimbingan hingga skripsi ini bisa
terselesaikan.
4. Bapak M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA dan Bapak Gonda Yumitro, MA selaku dosen
penguji I dan dosen penguji II, terimakasih atas kritikan yang membangun dan
saran agar penulisan skripsi ini lebih baik.
5. Dosen-dosen Jurusan Hubungan Internasional seluruhnya, Bapak Ruli Inayah
Ramadhoan, Bapak Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Bapak Hafid Adim Pradana,
Bapak Tonny Dian Effendy, Ibu Helmia Asyathri, Ibu Demeiati N.
Kusumaningrum, Ibu Dyah Estu Kurniawati, Ibu Septian Nur Yekti, terimakasih
atas ilmu pengetahuan yang diberikan selama di bangku kuliah
6. Sahabat-sahabat HI 2013 yang telah berbagi ilmu, pengalaman, semangat, serta
kebersamaannya selama kuliah.
7. Teman-teman main ku, Mbak Anggun, Mbak Vita, Mbak Umul, Mbak Eke,
Amel, Inda, Yuni, Dila, Mila, terimakasih atas kebersamaannya.
8. Semua pihak yang turut membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi, yang
tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu persatu.
Semoga Allah SWT selalu melindungi dan meridhoi atas segala apa yang
telah penulis sampaikan dalam skripsi ini. Semoga penulisan skripsi ini bisa bagi
penulis khususnya dan semua pihak pada umumnya. Akhirnya, saran dan kritik
yang membangun selalu penulis harapkan dalam rangika memperbaiki kekurangan-
kekurangan yang ada dalam penulisan skripsi ini.
Wssalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb
Malang, 7 Agustus 2017
Penulis,
Herlina Tria Sukmawati
201310360311045
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DAFTAR ISI
Sampul…………………………………………..……………………………. i
Lembar Persetujuan Skripsi ………………………………………………….. ii
Lembar Pengesahan ………………………………………………………….. iii
Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi ……………………………………………... iv
Pernyataan Orisinalitas ………………………………………………………. v
Abstraksi……………………………………………………………………… vi
Abstract ………………………………….……………………………..…….. vii
Kata Pengantar ………………………………………………………………. viii
Daftar Isi……………………………………………………………………… ix
Daftar Tabel ………………………………………….……………..…….….. xiii
Daftar Gambar………………………………………………………………... xiv
Daftar Grafik ……….…………………………………………………..……. xv
Daftar Singkatan……………………………………………………………… xvi
Daftar Lampiran ……………………………………………………………… xvii
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ………………..………………………….……... 1
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah ……………………………………………….... 1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah ………………………………………………………. 4
1.3. Tujuan Dan Manfaat Penelitian ………………………………………..... 5
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian………………………………………………..… 5
1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian …………………………………………….….. 5
A. Manfaat Akademis ……………………………………….…… 5
B. Manfaat Praktis ………………………………………….……. 5
1.4. Penelitian Terdahulu …………………………………………….….…… 6
1.5. Teori / Kerangka Konseptual …………………………………..…..……. 16
xi
1.5.1 Keamanan Energi …………………………………….……….…... 16
1.6. Metode Penelitian ………………………………………….……….…… 18
1.6.1 Metode / Tipe Penelitian ………………………….………….…… 18
1.6.2 Teknik Analisa Data ……………………..……………………….. 19
1.6.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data …………………………………….….. 19
1.6.4 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian …………………..…………………….. 20
A. Batasan Materi…………………………..………………….…. 20
B. Batasan Waktu ………………………….…………………….. 20
1.7. Argumen Dasar.………………………………….………………….…... 20
1.8. Sistematika Penulisan ………………………….…………………….….. 21
BAB II. IMPOR MINYAK AS SEBELUM “SHALE OIL”……………… 23
2.1. Sejarah Impor Minyak AS…………...…….……………………………. 23
2.2. Kebutuhan Minyak AS ………………………………………………….. 27
2.3. Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Minyak AS….…………………..……………… 32
BAB III. PENGEMBANGAN “SHALE OIL” DI AS …………………….. 36
3.1. Sejarah dan Dinamika Pengembangan Shale Oil di AS ………………… 36
3.2. Teknologi Fracking Sebagai Optimalisasi Produksi Shale Oil…...…..…. 39
3.3. Kebijakan Energi AS ……………………………………………………. 48
BAB IV. PENURUNAN IMPOR MINYAK AS ………………………….. 51
4.1. Keindependenan AS …………………………………………………….. 51
4.2. Availability (Ketersediaan) ……………………………………………… 52
4.3. Reliability (Ketahanan) ………………………………………………….. 62
4.4. Affordability (Keterjangkauan) …………………………………………. 65
4.5. Sustainability (Ketahanan) ………………………………………………. 66
4.6. Peningkatan Produksi Shale Oil dan Penurunan Impor Minyak AS ……. 67
BAB V. PENUTUP………………………………………………………….. 71
5.1. Kesimpulan ……………………………………………………………. 71
5.2. Saran …………………………………………………………………… 73
Lampiran ……………………………………………………………………. 74
xii
Lampiran 1. Konsumsi Petroleum AS di Berbagai Sektor…………………… 74
Lampiran 2. Impor Minyak AS ………………………………………………. 77
Lampiran 3. Produksi Minyak AS …………………………………………… 79
Daftar Pustaka …………………………………………………….……….. 80
xvii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Konsimsi Petroleum AS di Berbagai Sektor
Lampiran 2 Impor Minyak AS
Lampiran 3 Produksi Minyak AS
80
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