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Penugasan Blok Respirasi
Tutorial : 26
Tutor : dr. Fuad
Anggota Kelompok 3 :
Nila Indria Utami (09711110)
Rialita Nilasari (09711230)
Tegar Yasya¶ Haq (09711087)
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Resume Kasus 3
Seorang lak i-lak i 30 tahun datang ke puskesmas dengan keluhan batuk berdahak
yang bercampur darah. Batuk dirasakan sejak 3 bulan yang lalu dan selama ini
hanya minum obat batuk yang di beli di warung namun tidak membaik. Pasien
menyatakan sejak batuk ini berat badannya turun, merasa lesu, ser ing demam, dan
tidak nafsu makan. Ayah pasien yang tinggal serumah dengannya juga memilik i
r iwayat batuk lama dan berobat tidak rutin. Dok ter menduga pasien tersebut
mender ita TBC dan berencana melakukan pemer iksaan lebih lanjut.
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Analisis Kasus
Step I Problem Pasien
a. Diagnosis
Apakah metode MGIT cocok diterapkan dalam mendiagnosis kondisi pasien?
b. Cost-effectiveness
Apakah biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk melakukan penegakan diagnosis dengan
metode MGIT terjangkau?
Step II Analisis PICO
Patient/Problem Lak i-lak i, 30 tahun, dengan batuk
berdahak bercampur darah
Inter vention MGIT (Mycobacter ia Growth Indicator
Tube)
Compar ison Media kultur LJ (Gold St ¡ d ¢ d )
Outcome Hasil kultur kuman TBC yang lebihcepat, sensitif, dan spesif ik
Type of Question Diagnosis
Type of Study Prospective, blind controlled tr ial compar ison to gold standard
Step III Clinical Answerable Question
³Apakah metode MGIT sudah sensitif, spesif ik dan cepat untuk mendiagnosis TB
pada pasien lak i-lak i usia 30 tahun dengan batuk berdahak bercampur darah?´
Step IV Penelusuran Evidence
Melalui website : htt p://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?hid=7&sid=c3c89dcc-
db82-4 3c-a2c2 -
512be39919d7%40sessionmgr13&vid=1&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3Qt bGl2ZQ
%3d%3d#db=mnh&AN=20514851.
Melalui website ebsco : search.ebscohost.com
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K eyword : Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Dipilih artikel :
The manual MGIT system for the detection of M tuberculosis in respiratory
specimen : an exper ience in the university Malaya Medical Center
Fadzilah Mohd Nor MBBS, K ee Peng NG MBBS, phd, Yun FONG NGEOW
FR CPath,MD
The journal of or iginal ar ticle 2009 ; 31(2) : 93 -97
Background :
A prospective study was conducted on 510 respiratory specimens for the presence
of M. tuberculosis detected by direct acid ± fast bacilli (AFB) smear examination,
culture in Manual Mycobacter ia Growth Indicator Tube (BBL MGIT, Becton ±
Dick inson) and culture on Lownstein ± Jensen (LJ) medium.
Methods :
Cultur on Lowenstein Jensen Medium : All specimen were decontamined and
digested using the BBL Mycoprep R eagent ( Bectonn Dick inson ) containing N-
acetyl ± L ±cysteine ± 2% sodium hydroxide (NACL ± NAOH ). For each
specimen equal volume of reagent and specimen were pi peted into a centr ifuge
tube, vor texed br if ly and allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 minutes.
The BBL MycoPrep Pheosphate Buffer (PH ) was added to 10 ml mark on the
sentr ifuge tube and mixture was centr ifug at 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes.The
supernatant f luid was discarded. A small amount of phosphate buffer was added to
resuspend the sendiment which was used to inoculate a slant of LJ medium
(Oxoid). All cultures were incubated at 37 derajat celcius and examined daily
until the appearance of colonies resembling mycobacer ia.ZN staining was carr ied
out on thr colonies to identify AFB. Conf irmed AFB wee sent to the TB
R eference Laboratory at the National Publc Health Laboratory, Sg. Buloh,
Selangor, for speciation. Specimen were considered culture negative if there were
still no colonise foremed af ter 8 weeks of incubation.
Culture by manual MGIT system (BBL MGIT) : Specimens were decontaminated
and digested as descr i be above for LJ culture. A por tion 0,5 ml specimens was
inoculated into each BBL MGIT tube together with BACTEC MGIT Growth
supplement (oleic acid ± al bumin ± dextrose ± catalase ) and BBL MGIT PANTA
anti biotix mixture ( polymycin B, amphoter icin B, nalidixic acid, tr imetropim, and
azlocillin).The BBL tube MGIT tubes were incubated at 37 derajat Celsius and
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examined daily in a nm wavelength UV light source f luorescence detector (Bactec
TM MicroMGIT device, Sparks, MD, Maryland, USA) up to 8 weeks of
incubation. When a tue was found to be positive for bacter ial growth, a por tion of
the tube content was removed and used to prepare two smear one for ZN staining
and one for Gram sataining. If AFB were present in the ZN smear, the tube
content was subculture onto slant of LJ medium. If organism grew on subculture
and were identif ied as M.tuberculosis complex the BBLMGIT culture was
considered a true positive. However, if AB were not seen but the gram stained
smear showed other bacter ia or fungi, the BBLMGIT culture was considered
contamined. The time to detected was def ined as the inter val between the
incubation of an inoculated tube and positive reading in a tube whose content was
also AFB smear positive.
Results : The results showed 101(19,8%) positives by the BBLMGIT, 60 (11,7%) by Lj medium culture, 31 (6.1%) by direct AFB smear examination and 29(5,7%)
by all three methods (Tabel 1 & 2).
Sensitivity and specif ity : The BBLMGIT was positive for all the culture positive
specimens except for 6 specimens that grew M. tuberculosis scomplex, thus
giving a sensitivity of 90 % (54/60) against LJ culture. In contras, the sensitivity
of the AFB microcopy was only 48,3% (29/60). Of the 54 BBL MGIT positives,
29 ( 53,7 %) were ZN smear positive and 25 (4.3 %) were ZN negative. The
specif ity of the BBL MGIT was calculated to be 89, six %, as this test was
negative in 403 of the 450 LJ culture specimens. Of the 47 false positivedef ined
by the absence of mycobacter ial growth on LJ agar, 2a4 were due to obvious
contamination rate of 4,7 % ( 24/510) for the BBL MGIT system.
Keywords : Mycobacter ium tuberculosis diagnosis, manual MGIT system
Step V Jawaban Per tanyaan K linik
a. Diagnosis
Apakah metode MGIT cocok diterapkan dalam mendiagnosis kondisi pasien?
Dar i hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa MGIT cocok diterapkan dalam
mendiagnosis TB karena spesif itas dan sensitivitasnya cukup tinggi ser ta wak tu
yang di butuhkan lebih cepat sehingga dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis rutin
TB.
b. Cost-effectiveness
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Apakah biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk melakukan penegakan diagnosis dengan
metode MGIT terjangkau?
Dalam jurnal ini disebutkan dar i segi biaya termasuk agak mahal tetapi didalam jurnal tidak disebutkan secara pasti berapa biayanya. Dan dikasus
yang kami dapatkan tidak dicantumkan status ekonomi dar i pasien sehingga
kami belum bisa emastikan MGIT ini terjangku atau tidak untuk pasien.
Step VI Menentukan Level of Evidence
Tabel 1. K r iter ia level of Evidence
Studies of diagnosis
Level Cr iter ia
1 i.Independent interpebtion of the result (without knoeledge of the result
of the diagnosis or gold standar t)
ii.Independent interpretation of the diagnosis standar t (without
knowledge of the result)
iii.Selection of people suspected (but not know) to have the disosder
iv.R eproduci ble descr i ption of both the test and diagnosis standar t
v.At least 50 patients with and 50 patient without the disorder
2 Meets 4 of the level 1 cr iter ia
3 Meets 3 of the level 1 cr iter ia
4 Meets 1 or 2 of the level cr iter ia
Tabel 2. Level of recommendation
Grade Cr iter iaGrade A The best evidence was at level 1
Grade B The best evidence was at level 2
Grade C The best evidence was at level 3
Grade D The best evidence was at level 4 and
consensus
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Hasil penelitian diagnosis dengan prospective blinding level 2 grade B
Step VII Cr itical Appraisal
Was there an independent, blind
compar ison with a reference (gold)
standard of diagnosis?
Yes, there was an independent and blind
compar ison. On page 94 was descr i be ³
the clinical sample studied comprsed
sputa, brocoalveolar lavages, pleural
f luids and tracheal aspirates collected
from patients suspect tobe having
pulmonary or pleural TB´ and ³
regardless of microscopresults, all
speciments were«««..´
Was the diagnostic test evaluated in an
appropr iate spectrum of patient (like
thus in whom it would be used in
practice) ?
No because on page 94 was descr i be
³«« suspect to be having pulmonary
or pleural TB.´
Was the reference standar t applied
regardless of the diagnostic test result?
Yes on page 94 was descr i be ³ «. The
sediment which was used to inoculate a
slant of LJ medium (Oxoid)
Was the test ( or cluster of tests)
validated in a second, independent
group of patients?
Yes valid on page 93 was descr i be ³
Using pr imary LJ culture as the gold
standar t, the sensitivity and specif icity
of the BBL MGIT were 90% and
89,6%.
Gold Standar
Hasil (+) Hasil (-)
MGIT Hasil (+) 54 47 N1
Hasil (-) 6 403 N2
N3 N4 510
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y Sensitivity : a/(a+c) = 54/(54+6) = 90%
y Specif icity : d/(b+d) = 403/(403+47) = 89,6 %
y Likelihood ratio positive = sensitivitas/(1 ± specif itas) = 90/(1-89,6) = 8,7
y Likelihood ratio negative = (1-sensitivitas/spesif isitas = (1-90)/89,6 = 0,11
y Positive predictive value = a/(a+b) = 54/(54+47) = 53%
y Negative predictive value = d/(c+d) = 403/(6+403) = 98%
y Pre-test probability (prevalence) = (a+c)/(a+b+c+d) = 60/510 = 11%
y Pre-test odds = prevalence/(1- prevalence) = 11/89 = 0,124
y Post-test odds = Pre-test odds + LR (+) = 0,124 + 8,7 = 8,824
= Pre-test odds + LR (-) = 0,124+0,11 = 0,134
y Post-test probability = Post-test odds(+)/(post-test odds(+) +1) = 0,898
= Post-test odds(-)/(post-test odds(-)+1) = 0,118
Dar i likelihood ratio 8,7-0,1 kami mendapatkan perubahan sedang
Is the diagnostic test
available,affordable,accurate, and precise
in your setting ?
Ya, metode diagnosis ini sudah ada
dan di perbolehkan di Indonesia ser ta
metode ini akurat dan tepat untuk
mendiagnosis TB
Can you generate a clinically sensi ble
estimate of your patient s pre ± test
probability (from personal exper ience,
prevalence statistics, practice databases,
or pr imary studies)?
y Are the study patients similar to your own?
y Is it unlikely that the diseases
possi bilities or probabilities havechanged since the evidence was
gathered?
Ya
Will the resulting post ± test probabilities
affect your management and hel p your patient?
y Could it move you across a test treatment threshold?
y Would your patient be a willing
par tner in carrying in out?
Ya
Would the consequences of the test hel p
your patient?
Ya
Step VIII : Penerapan pada pasien
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Menurut kami, metode BBL MGIT ini sudah dapat diaplikasikan untuk
menegakkan TB sesuai dengan kasus yang kami dapatkan karena metode ini
mempunyai sensitivitas sebesar 90% dan spesif isitas sebesar 89,6,% yang
hampir sama dengan gold standard menggunakan kultur media LJ yang memilik i
sensitivitas dan spesif isitas 100%. Selain itu metode BBL MGIT ini juga
memer lukan wak tu yang lebih cepat untuk mendeteksi M. tuberculosis
di bandingkan dengan menggunakan metode LJ sehingga diagnosis penyak it TB
juga bisa lebih cepat ditegakkan dan para dok ter juga bisa dengan segera
member ikan penatalaksaan yang efek tf untuk pasien ser ta dapat mencegah
penyebaran penyak it TB yang lebih luas kepada masyarakat lebih awal. Namun
kami belum mengetahui apakah metode ini terjangkau atau tidak bagi masyarakat
karena didalam jurnal ini disebutkan bahawa biaya metode BBL MGIT ini sedik it
agak mahal tetapi tidak disebutkan secara pasti berapa biaya yang di per lukan
untuk melakukan pemer iksaan dengan metode ini.
Step IX : Evaluasi
Jurnal ini sudah valid namun kami memer lukan beberapa referensi tambahan
mengenai cost effectiveness dar i MGIT ini dan ketersediaan instrument dan
reagen MGIT di Indonesia.
Table 3. Tahap-Tahap Pelaksanaan Aplikasi Evidence Based Medicine
NO Steps Formulation Your work
1 Clinical scenar io What information do you
have?
Seorang laki-laki 30 tahun
batuk berdahak yang
bercampur darah.
2 PICO assessment Problem, inter vention,
compar ison, outcome-Problem : Laki-laki, 30
tahun, dengan batuk
berdahak bercampur
darah.
-intervention : MGIT
(Mycobacteria Growth
Indicator Tube)
-comparison : Media
kultur LJ (Gold Standard )
-outcome : Hasil kultur
kuman TBC yang lebih
cepat, sensitif, dan
spesifik
3 Clinical Question What is the question behindthe clinical scenar io?
Apakah metode MGIT
sudah sensitif, spesifik
dan cepat untuk
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mendiagnosis TB pada
pasien laki-laki usia 30
tahun dengan batuk
berdahak bercampur
darah?
4 Informationresearch
Whih source do you need tosearch?
search.ebscohost.com
5 Type of question PEDET a. Diagnosis
Apakah metode MGIT
cocok diterapkan dalam
mendiagnosis kondisi
pasien?
b. Cost-effectiveness
Apakah biaya yang
dikeluarkan untukmelakukan penegakan
diagnosis dengan metode
MGIT terjangkau?
6 Type of research Systematic research, R CT,
etc
Prospective
7 Search limits Do you want to restr ict your
search?
Dalam pencar ian jurnal
ini kami member ikan
beberapa batasan yaitu
dengan topic diagnosis
TB, search advance : high
sensitivity and highspecif icity (best balance)
dan tahun penerbit jurnal
desember 2005-desember
2010
8 K ey word and/or
phrase
Think of key word, phrase Diagnosis TB
9 Searchcombination
How will you combine your words and phrase using
and, or
K ami tidak menggunakankombinasi and phrase dan
penggunaan or
10 Summar ize What is your conclusion
about the journal?
Metode MGIT
merupakan metode yang
cukp baik untuk menegakkan diagnosis
TB karena memilik i
sensitivitas dan
sfesif isitas yang cukup
tinggi dan hampir sama
dengan media kultur LJ
yang menjadi gold
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standar. Metode ini juga
membutuhkan wak tu
yang lebih cepat
di baningkan metode LJdan AFB namun metode
ini memer lukan metode
yang sedik it mahal.
11 Application Can you apply to your
patient? Why?
Ya, karena metode ini
memilik i sensitif itas danspesif isitas yang cukup
tinggi dan wak tu yanglebih cepat untuk
mendiagnosis TB
4. Pesan dan Kesan
Dalam mengerjakan tugas ini kami menemukan beberapa kesulitan dan
manfaat. K esulitan per tama yang kami dapatkan adalah dalam mencar i jurnal
yang tepat untuk mendiagnosis kasus TBC yang kami dapatkan karena ada
beberapa jurnal yang tidak dapat di download. K edua, kami agak sedik it kesulitan
dalam mengar tikan beberapa istilah sulit yang terdapat pada jurnal ini tetapi
dengan menggunakan kamus kedok teran Dor land dan kamus terjemahan kami
dapat mengar tikan dan menger ti isi ahasan dar i jurnal ini.
Manfaat yang kami rasakan selama mengerjakan tugas ini adalah kami dapat
mengetahui perbandingan dar i sensitif itas dan spesif isitas dar i beberapa metode
yang digunakan untuk mendiagnosis TBC sehingga nantinya kami bisa memilih
metode yang paling tepat untuk menegakkan diagnosis dar i penyk it TBC ini
secara efek tif dan dapat segera member i penanganan yang optimal untuk pasien
ser ta mencegah terjadinya penularan secara meluas dar i penyak it ini.