jaringan ikat metabolisme pada pasien chikungunya

7/27/2019 Jaringan Ikat Metabolisme Pada Pasien Chikungunya

1/18

jaringan ikat metabolisme pada pasien Chikungunya1Sudarsanareddy Lokireddy1 2 , Sarojamma Vemula2 1 dan Ramakrishna Vadde1

11 Departemen Bioteknologi, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India22 Department of Community Medicine, Medical College Pemerintah, Anantapur, Indiapenulis email sesuai penulis email

Virologi Journal2008, 5: 31 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-5-31

Versi elektronik dari artikel ini adalah yang lengkap dan dapat ditemukan secara online di:http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31

Diterima: 16 Januari 2008

Diterima: 27 Februari 2008

Diterbitkan: 27 Februari 2008

2008 Lokireddy et al; licensee BioMed Central LtdIni adalah Akses Terbuka artikel didistribusikan di bawah ketentuan Creative Commons Attribution License (

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), yang memungkinkan tidak dibatasi penggunaan, distribusi, dan reproduksi dalammedia apapun, asalkan karya asli benar dikutip.

Abstrak

Latar belakang

Chikungunya (Chik) demam adalah penyakit virus ditularkan kepada manusia oleh gigitan virus Chikungunya (Chik virus)

yang terinfeksi nyamukAedes. Chik virus adalah anggota dari genusAlphavirus dari Togaviridae keluarga. Laporan

sebelumnya telah menunjukkan bahwa infeksi virus Chik menghasilkan arthritis akut pada host manusia berdasarkan

wilayah besar dan collagenosis nekrosis atau fibrosis.

Hasil

Kami melakukan studi ini untuk menentukan pengaruh Chikungunya di atas kolagen dan metabolisme jaringan ikat di 75

orang yang terkena Chikungunya. Pertama, kita diputar untuk mucopolysaccharides dalam urin oleh setil trimetil

Amonium Bromida (CTAB) uji. Penampilan endapan berat menunjukkan adanya tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari

mucopolysaccharides dan kemudian dihitung dengan metode dye DMB. The mucopolysaccharide kemih pada pasien Chik

adalah 342 45 mg / l dibandingkan dengan kontrol sehat (45 5,6 mg / l). Blok bangunan kolagen, prolin dan

hydroxyproline juga diukur pada pasien Chik dan diamati ekskresi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol sehat.

Ekskresi kemih hydroxyproline lebih besar daripada tingkat prolin.

Kesimpulan

Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa infeksi virus dan kerusakan Chik mempengaruhi metabolisme tulang rawan dan ikat dan

melepaskan produk rusak dari jaringan dan bertanggung jawab untuk meningkatkan tingkat prolin, hydroxyproline dan

mucopolysaccharides pada pasien Chik terpengaruh.

Latar belakang

Chikungunya (Chik) demam adalah penyakit virus ditularkan kepada manusia oleh gigitan virus Chikungunya (Chik virus)

yang terinfeksi nyamukAedes. Chik virus adalah anggota dari genusAlphavirus dari Togaviridae keluarga. Chik virus

pertama kali diisolasi dari serum pasien demam selama wabah demam berdarah yang terjadi di Kecamatan Newala,Tanzania pada tahun 1953 [ 1]. Para alphavirus adalah partikel menyelimuti dan genom mereka terdiri dari terdampar,

positif-sense RNA tunggal molekul sekitar 12.000 nukleotida. Chik virus merupakan patogen manusia penting yang

menyebabkan sindrom penyakit yang ditandai dengan demam, sakit kepala, ruam, mual, mialgia muntah, dan arthralgia [

2 - 8]. asosiasi Its dengan kondisi perdarahan fatal dilaporkan di India [ 9]. Chik virus secara geografis didistribusikan

dari Afrika melalui Asia Tenggara, dan transmisi untuk manusia terutama melalui spesies nyamukAedes [ 1 ]. Sejak

1953, viurs Chik telah menyebabkan wabah terdokumentasi dengan baik banyak dan wabah di Afrika dan Asia Tenggara,

yang melibatkan ratusan ribu orang [10 - 12 ]. Laporan terbaru menggambarkan wabah penyakit Chik besar terjadi di

pulau-pulau di Samudra Hindia, lepas pantai timur Afrika [ 5 , 8 ,13 ]. Timbulnya kembali Chik juga telah dilaporkan dari

Indonesia [ 14] dan sangat wabah besar baru-baru ini di India. Tidak ada pengobatan atau vaksin tersedia, dan relatif

sedikit penelitian telah dilakukan ke dalam patogenesis nya, dibandingkan dengan arbovirus lainnya, seperti demam

berdarah.

Laporan sebelumnya telah menunjukkan bahwa infeksi virus Chik menghasilkan arthritis akut pada host manusia [ 7 ,15

,16 ] berdasarkan wilayah besar dan collagenosis nekrosis atau fibrosis [17 ]. Arthritis adalah radang sendi dan jaringan

sekitarnya, termasuk tulang rawan, ligamen, dan tendon. jaringan ikat terutama terdiri dari mucopolysaccharides, zat

protein - kolagen dengan asam amino utama prolin, dll hydroxyproline, kalsium, belerang, dan kolagen.

Mucopolysaccharide, pengukuran prolin dan hydroxyproline dalam urin digunakan dalam diagnosis dan pengobatan

gangguan berbagai diwariskan yang mempengaruhi tulang dan jaringan ikat. Kehadiran mereka dalam urin berasal dari

bahan dasar kolagen, dan tulang [18 - 20 ]. Meskipun banyak laporan menyatakan bahwa virus Chik menghasilkan

arthritis pada manusia. mekanisme biokimia ini dan perubahan mucopolysaccharides, prolin dan hydroxyproline dalam
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp%3Fprocess%3Ddefault%26msg%3Dce&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi5G_2hq0JdoONpQcL5JTMlR4HRZQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp%3Fprocess%3Ddefault%26msg%3Dce&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi5G_2hq0JdoONpQcL5JTMlR4HRZQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B2http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B8http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B8http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B9http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B9http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B10http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B10http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B12http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B5http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B8http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B13http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B13http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B14http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B14http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B7http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B15http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B15http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B16http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B16http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B17http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B17http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B18http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B18http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B20http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp%3Fprocess%3Ddefault%26msg%3Dce&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi5G_2hq0JdoONpQcL5JTMlR4HRZQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp%3Fprocess%3Ddefault%26msg%3Dce&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi5G_2hq0JdoONpQcL5JTMlR4HRZQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp%3Fprocess%3Ddefault%26msg%3Dce&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi5G_2hq0JdoONpQcL5JTMlR4HRZQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B2http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B8http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B9http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B10http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B12http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B5http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B8http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B13http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B14http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B7http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B15http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B16http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B17http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B18http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B20


2/18

nyeri sendi akut belum dilaporkan dalam literatur masa lalu. Selama musim tahun terakhir wabah demam Chik di bagian

Selatan India telah membawa kita ke carryout percobaan tentang pengaruh virus Chik pada kolagen dan jaringan ikat.

Dalam studi ini kami mengumpulkan sampel darah dan urin dari penderita demam kronis Chik dan parameter biokimia

dipelajari terkait dengan jaringan ikat, yang bertanggung jawab untuk nyeri sendi dan artritis akut.

Hasil

Chik pasien telah melaporkan incapacitating nyeri sendi, atau radang sendi, yang dapat berlangsung selama beberapa

minggu atau bulan. Parameter biokimia umum pasien Chik dan kontrol sehat digambarkan dalam Tabel 1 . albumin

serum dan kreatinin yang menunjukkan variasi yang signifikan dengan kontrol. Kami melakukan studi ini untuk

menentukan pengaruh Chik di atas kolagen dan metabolisme jaringan ikat dengan mengukur tingkat mucopolysaccharide,

hydroxyproline dan prolin dalam sampel urin pasien Chik. Urine dari 75 pasien menderita berbeda dengan Chik telah

dievaluasi untuk kehadiran mucopolysaccharides oleh skrining trimetil setil amonium bromida (CTAB) tes dalam urin.

Penampilan endapan berat menunjukkan adanya mucopolysaccharides dalam sampel. Jumlah endapan tergantung pada

konsentrasi mucopolysaccharides. Tergantung pada konsentrasi mereka, sampel diklasifikasikan sebagai negatif, ringan,

sedang, dan berat. Dalam studi ini, kami mengamati sedang hingga kasus yang parah. Kontrol sehat menunjukkan tidak

ada endapan dengan CTAB. Kami juga diukur secara kuantitatif kemih tingkat mucopolysaccharides dalam spesimen urin

pagi pertama dengan metode sederhana dan cepat DMB dan digunakan dalam memahami patofisiologi penyakit arthritis di

Chik. mucopolysaccharides kemih (GAG) ekskresi pada pasien meningkat secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol

sehat. Kami juga mengamati variasi yang signifikan pada tingkat ekskresi urin dari Tabel hydroxyproline dan prolindengan kontrol sehat ( 2). Para pasien menderita dengan Chik diekskresikan tingkat yang lebih tinggi hydroxylproline

dari prolin. Kami juga melakukan tindak lanjut dari penelitian selama 10 pasien dengan persetujuan mereka sampai satu

minggu yang telah sakit rematik kronis. The mucopolysaccharides diekskresikan kencing terus menerus tinggi dalam dua

hari pertama dan tingkat perlahan-lahan penurunan pada hari kemudian, tetapi pada akhir satu minggu (sampai 10 hari)

kami menemukan masih pasien mengeluarkan nilai yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol (Tabel 3 ). Perubahan

tingkat hydroxyproline kencing dan prolin juga diukur dan mengamati perbedaan yang signifikan dengan kontrol sehat.

Tabel 1. karakteristik biokimia dan Chikungunya pasien normal

Tabel 2. Pengaruh Chikungunya (pada hari rata-rata 3 - 5) pada tingkat prolin, dan asam mucopolysaccharides hydroxyproline

Tabel 3. Perubahan urin hydroxyproline prolin, dan mucopolysaccharides selama demam Chikungunya panjang minggu.

Diskusi

Proteoglycan, sebuah bangunan mucopolysaccharide blok tulang rawan dalam ruang bersama, digunakan oleh kondrosit

(sel tulang rawan-bangunan) untuk membuat tulang rawan lebih. Setelah infeksi patogen, sendi biasanya menunjukkan

respon peradangan alami yang terutama mempengaruhi sinovium (sinovitis). Proses ini diperlukan untuk perbaikan

jaringan yang rusak bawaan, yang memungkinkan bersama untuk menutup fungsi normal. Mediator inflamasi dilepaskan

ke sendi dari sumber seperti saraf, immunocytes, synoviocytes, dan vascular endothelium membantu untuk mengatur

tanggapan ini penyembuhan. Ini mediator inflamasi yang sama juga bekerja pada saraf-saraf bersama, yang mengarah

ke baik eksitasi atau sensitisasi [21 ]. Ketika orang-orang menderita arthritis, mereka mengalami kehancuran selektif

kolagen dalam tulang rawan sendi mereka. Kolagen adalah protein struktural yang paling melimpah di tulang rawan. Ini

membantu memberikan elastisitas sendi dan bekerja sebagai "perekat" yang memegang bersama berbagai komponen

tulang rawan. Hal ini juga berisi sebagian besar mucopolysaccharides yang memberikan kekuatan tulang rawan

penyembuhannya. Mucopolysaccharides secara massal besar-molekul polimer karbohidrat linear terdiri dari asam

glukuronat atau iduronic dan N-acetylglycosamine atau unit N-asetilgalaktosamin. Sulfat dan Chondroitin sulfat heparanberasal dari proteoglikan di mana ini glukosaminoglikan (GAG) yang kovalen dihubungkan pada akhir mengurangi ke grup

hidroksil residu serin [22 ]. Proteoglikan mengandung GAG terikat untuk agregat membentuk asam hyaluronic besar

yang terjerat dalam jaringan kolagen sebagai unsur struktural utama dari tulang rawan. Kehilangan proteoglikan adalah

fitur awal resorpsi matriks. Erosi dari lapisan tulang rawan sendi merupakan ciri khas osteoarthritis. Peningkatan yang

sesuai pada GAG telah dilaporkan dalam cairan sinovial, serum, dan urin pasien dengan penyakit rematik rematik [23 ,

24 ]. Konsisten dengan ini, kami mengamati dalam studi kami ekskresi yang lebih tinggi dari mucopolysaccharides melalui

urin (Tabel 2).

Pengukuran ekskresi urin hydroxyproline digunakan untuk memperkirakan katabolisme kolagen. Degradasi peptida

kolagen tulang rilis 4-hydroxyproline dan bebas yang mengandung 4-hydroxyproline ke plasma. pengukuran

hydroxyproline kencing sangat berguna dalam memantau pengobatan dan kemajuan dalam penyakit tulang metabolik

seperti osteomalasia dan osteoporosis dan penyakit Paget. Hydroxyprolme muncul dalam urin setelah degradasi kolagen

(collagenosis), yang mungkin berasal dari berbagai jaringan [25 ]. Mengukur hydroxyproline kemih telah didominasi

telah digunakan untuk menunjukkan pergantian kolagen tulang dalam kondisi normal dan patologis. Kolagen, yang

merupakan> 90% dari lemak bebas matriks organik tulang, adalah penting dalam integritas struktural dan merupakan

elemen utama struktur jaringan ikat di mana fase mineral yang mengkristal selama pembentukan tulang [ 20 ,26 ].

hydroxyproline urin mencerminkan perputaran kolagen harian dan pada manusia telah menunjukkan potensi besar sebagai

indeks status gizi dan laju pertumbuhan [ 27 ,28 ]. Para pasien Chik menunjukkan tingkat lebih tinggi diekskresikan

hydroxyproline dari prolin menunjukkan peningkatan kolagen omset (Tabel 2). Pada follow-up studi pada pasien Chik

dipilih, peningkatan kadar mucopolysacchariedes, prolin dan hydroxyproline menunjukkan omset highermetabolic di awal
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhHtVt6rsJwEQbGCtQISV-q2HkNJAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3hACX1mCmUTNkAjGWK4AY2bUyKQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhHtVt6rsJwEQbGCtQISV-q2HkNJAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3hACX1mCmUTNkAjGWK4AY2bUyKQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B21http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B21http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B22http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B22http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B23http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B23http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B24http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B25http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B25http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B20http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B26http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B26http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B27http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B28http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B28http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhHtVt6rsJwEQbGCtQISV-q2HkNJAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3hACX1mCmUTNkAjGWK4AY2bUyKQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhHtVt6rsJwEQbGCtQISV-q2HkNJAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3hACX1mCmUTNkAjGWK4AY2bUyKQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B21http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B22http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B23http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B24http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B25http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B20http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B26http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B27http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B28http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgz7_usq4lgwhnUgMtR5Unv3aI6Pg


3/18

hari dan semakin surut di hari kemudian (Tabel 3).

Kesimpulan

Pada pasien Chik metabolisme kolagen dan jaringan ikat itu sangat dipengaruhi dan metabolisme meningkat

menyebabkan peningkatan ekskresi prolin, hydroxyproline dan mucopolysaccharides dalam urin dibandingkan dengan

kontrol sehat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa infeksi virus Chik, jaringan ikat biasanya menunjukkan respon inflamasi danmenyebabkan kerusakan tulang rawan dan jaringan ikat, metabolisme meningkat dan melepas produk terdegradasi ke

darah dan akhirnya dibuang melalui urin.

Bahan dan metode

Subjek

Selama tahun pada Juli - Oktober 2006, Chik break out di Andhra Pradesh, India, total 75 (45 jantan + 30 betina) pasien

dipilih berdasarkan gejala penyakit untuk penelitian ini. Kami juga mengambil 20 usia-orang sehat yang cocok dipilih dari

masyarakat dan digunakan sebagai subjek kontrol. Sampel darah dan air seni dikumpulkan dari setiap mata pelajaran

dengan persetujuan tertulis untuk studi lanjut. Dari semua mata pelajaran, 5 ml darah dikumpulkan dalam tabung

heparinized dan disentrifugasi pada 1500 g selama 15 menit pada 4 C. Plasma dan pellet RBC dipisahkan disimpan

dalam tabung Eppendorf dan disimpan pada -80 C sampai analisis. Kit komersial tersedia diukur analisis Darah dan

parameter umum lainnya.

Analisis Urin

Sampel urin dikumpulkan dari pasien dan digunakan untuk estimasi dari mucopolysaccharides, prolin dan hydroxyproline.

Total penentuan hydroxyproline kemih dilakukan menggunakan metode yang dijelaskan oleh Cleary dan Saunders (1974)

[ 29 ]. Secara singkat, urin melewati kolom resin ion retardasi untuk menghilangkan asam, garam, dan pigmen. Dari

eluat kolom, urin penentuan hydroxyproline dilakukan oleh teroksidasi menjadi pirol asam 2-karboksilat dan kemudian ke

pyrole. Warna diproduksi dengan benzaldehida dimetil amino-adalah masured pada 560 nm [ 30 ]. Tingkat prolin dalam

sampel urin diukur dengan metode Bates et al (1973) [ 31 ]. Dua sampel urin ml dicampur dengan 2 ml pereaksi

ninhidrin asam dan disimpan dalam bak air mendidih selama 1 jam Tabung dipindahkan ke penangas es untuk

menghentikan reaksi. 5 toluena ml ditambahkan dan dicampur dan membaca pada 520 nm terhadap toluena kosong. uji

Skrining untuk mucopolysaccharides dalam urin diuji oleh Amonium setil trimetil Bromida (CTAB) uji. Lima ml urin segar

ditambahkan dengan 1 ml CTAB (cetavilon) larutan (50 g / l dalam buffer sitrat (1 M) dari pH 6,0). Sebuah endapan beratmenunjukkan adanya mucopolysaccharides (Varley et al 1990). DMB Uji dilakukan dasarnya untuk pengukuran

mucopolysaccharides sesuai dengan metode et al Whitley. (1989) [32]. Secara singkat, DMB (1,9-dimethylmethylene

biru) larutan zat warna dibuat dengan melarutkan 16 mg DMB, glisin 3,04 g, 2,37 g natrium klorida, dan 0,5 ml 0,1 mol / l

asam klorida dalam 1 l air suling . PH larutan disesuaikan dengan 3. Untuk setiap uji, spesimen urin pasien dicampur

dengan 1 ml larutan pewarna pada suhu kamar, dan absorbansi diukur pada 525 nm tanpa penundaan setelah

pencampuran sampel dan larutan zat warna. Alat tes telah dikalibrasi ayat kurva standar kondroitin sulfat (5-100 mg / l).

Hasilnya dinyatakan sebagai mg / l. Semua estimasi kolorimetri parameter biokimia diatas dalam sampel diukur dengan

menggunakan Biotek ELISA Reader.

Analisis statistik

Analisis statistik dilakukan oleh perangkat lunak InStat GraphPad. Subyek dengan Chik dibandingkan dengan kontrol

sehat. Sarana dan standard error berarti dihitung dan perbedaan antara berarti adalah siswa t-test.

Penulis Kontribusi

SL merancang dan melakukan percobaan dengan darah pasien, sampel urin. SL juga dilakukan analisis statistik akhir dari

data dan memberikan kontribusi untuk menulis kertas. SV (dia adalah spesialis dalam penyakit menular) panduan untuk

kita untuk memilih pasien chikungunya untuk penelitian selama waktu darah dan pengumpulan urin. RV mengawasi

proyek secara keseluruhan, dirancang percobaan, menganalisa data dan menulis kertas. Semua penulis membaca dan

menyetujui naskah akhir.

Ucapan Terima Kasih

Publikasi ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari program 'Bioteknologi Pertanian tanah kering di Andhra Pradesh' dengan

dukungan keuangan untuk Divisi Riset dan Komunikasi, Departemen Luar Negeri, pemerintah Belanda. Andhra PradeshBelanda Bioteknologi Program, IPE, Hyderabad, India.

Referensi

1. Ross RW: Epidemi Newala. III. Virus: Isolasi, sifat patogen dan hubungan dengan epidemi. Jurnal Kebersihan 1956, 54:. 177-91 PubMed Abstrak

Return to text

2. Thaikruea L, Charearnsook O, Reanphumkarnkit S, Dissomboon P, Phonjan R, Ratchbud S, etal:.: Chikungunya
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3hACX1mCmUTNkAjGWK4AY2bUyKQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3hACX1mCmUTNkAjGWK4AY2bUyKQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B29http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B30http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B31http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B30http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B32http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B32http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B32http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B32http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/13346078&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiQCpKehq3BheHEybdMS18KO6Ooeghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi3hACX1mCmUTNkAjGWK4AY2bUyKQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B29http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B30http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B31http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj6d9DNvcYtaOiFAyrggCFDpIZvTQ#B32http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/13346078&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiQCpKehq3BheHEybdMS18KO6Ooeg


4/18

di Thailand suatu penyakit reemerging?

Daerah tropis Asia Tenggara J Med Kesehatan Masyarakat1997, 28:. 359-64 PubMed Abstrak

Return to text

3. Diallo M, Thonnon J, Traore-Lamizana M, Fontenille D: Vektor virus Chikungunya di Senegal: data saat inidan siklus transmisi.

American JournalKedokteran Tropis dan Kebersihan 1999, 60: 281-286.

Return to text4. Powers AM, Brault AaronC, Tesh RobertB, Weaver ScottC: Re-munculnya-nyong Chikungunya dan virus

o'nyong: bukti silsilah geografis yang berbeda dan hubungan evolusi jauh.

Jurnal tahun 2000 Umum, Virologi81: 471-479. PubMed Abstrak | Publisher Full Text

Return to text

5. Schuffenecker Aku, Iteman saya, Michault A, Murri S, Frangeul L, Vaney MC, et alwabah. Genome:mikroevolusi Chikungunya virus menyebabkan Samudra Hindia.

PLoS Med2006, 6: 263. Full Teks Publisher

Return to text

6. NiCd. Institut Nasional Penyakit Menular, New Delhi: Demam Chikungunya.CD 2006Alert,10 (2): 6-8.

Return to text

7. Paquet C, Quatresous I, Solet JL, Sissoko D, Renault P, Pierre V, Cordel H, Lasalle C, Thiria J, Zeller H,Schuffnecker I: Chikungunya wabah di Reunion: Epidemiologi dan pengawasan.

Surveil Euro 2006, 11: 2.

Return to text

8. Nelson Lee, Wong chunk, Lam WaiY, Wong Ann, Lim Wilina, Lam ChristopherWK, Cockram CliveS, SungJosephJY, Chan PaulKS, Tang JulianW: Chikungunya demam, Hong Kong.

Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006, 12:. 1790 PubMed Abstrak

Return to text

9. Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Chakravarty SK: demam Dengue di Calcutta: beberapa pengamatanepidemiologi.

Indian J Med Res1964, 52 (7): 651-9. PubMed Abstrak

Return to text

10. Rao TR: epidemi baru-baru ini disebabkan oleh virus Chikungunya di India, 1963 - 1965. Budaya Scientifc1966, 32: 215.

Return to text

11. Halstead SB, Scanlon JE, Umpaivit P, Udomsakdi S: Dengue dan Chikungunya infeksi virus pada manusiadi Thailand, 1962 1964. IV. Epidemiologi penelitian di daerah metropolitan Bangkok.

American JournalKedokteran Tropis dan Kebersihan 1969, 18: 997-1021.

Return to text

12. Posey D, O'Rourke Thomas, Roehrig Johnt, Lanciotti Roberts, Weinberg Michelle, Maloney Susan: Laporansingkat:-nyong demam o'nyong di Afrika Barat.

Am J Med Hyg 2005 daerah tropis,73 (1): 32. PubMed Abstrak | Publisher Full Text

Return to text

13. Lahariya C, Pradhan SK: Munculnya virus Chikungunya di benua India setelah 32 tahun: tinjauan. J Vect Dis Borne2006, 43: 151-160.

Return to text

14. Laras K, Sukri NC, Larasati RP, MJ Bangs, Kosim R, Djauzi WT, et alIndonesia.: Pelacakan kembalimunculnya epidemi chikungunya virus dalam.

Trans R Soc MedHyg daerah tropis 2005, 99: 128. PubMed Abstrak | Publisher Full Text

Return to text

15. Kennedy Ac, Flemming J, Salomo L: Chikungunya virus arthropathy: deskripsi klinis.J Rheumatol1980, 7: 231-6. PubMed Abstrak

Return to text

16. Fourie ED, Morrison JG: sindrom rematik Arthritis setelah demam Chikungunya.SAfr Med J1979, 56: 130-2. PubMed Abstrak

Return to text17. zden S, M Huerre, JP Riviere, Coffey LL, PV Afonso, et alInfeksi. Otot Manusia Satelit: Sel sebagai TargetVirus Chikungunya.

PLoS ONE2007, 2 (6): 527. Publisher Full Text

Return to text

18. Kusam TA, Henneman PH: hydroxyproline urin sebagai indeks pergantian kolagen dalam tulang.Baru ENGL J Med1963, 268: 132.

Return to text

19. Kawata H, T Koizumi, Wada R, Yo-Shida T: ekskresi urin mucopolysaccharide asam dalam kerusakan hati.
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/10644846&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiIMUzOcxLdWNNwQd5-MH6AOnHrpQhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=10644846http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=10644846http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030263&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhCbyU3gkur-qkkhzJ-L5ezxg2nbQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/17283640&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgV2euVQCZzbqysQr698tGxR7NsYQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/16014827&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhixR7zQ4rcnA518jIJ3w3AzPMPhBghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/16014827&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhixR7zQ4rcnA518jIJ3w3AzPMPhBghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/7373626&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgJWO-_JqVnk1NCstNaffSmXieAuAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/7373626&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgJWO-_JqVnk1NCstNaffSmXieAuAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/494034&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhAP72Nb49u7io02FB7cqAYrbFBKghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/9444021&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgMkOqH7DW7DWF7-0bHVaPp_dtVbwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/10644846&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiIMUzOcxLdWNNwQd5-MH6AOnHrpQhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=10644846http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030263&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhCbyU3gkur-qkkhzJ-L5ezxg2nbQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/17283640&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgV2euVQCZzbqysQr698tGxR7NsYQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/14195505&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiiZYNrv-zUujFfsuAVaUDgWRa9Nwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/16014827&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhixR7zQ4rcnA518jIJ3w3AzPMPhBghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=16014827http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/15693148&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjGEAKCcWqRwzzInKi8-ZByjLO-uQhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.03.013http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/7373626&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgJWO-_JqVnk1NCstNaffSmXieAuAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/494034&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhAP72Nb49u7io02FB7cqAYrbFBKghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000527&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiaM3Cy1CxGG0Qx_ElMt5LVsxmFYg


5/18

Gastroenterology1959, 40: 507.

Return to text

20. Grant C, Kachniar JF: asam amino dan metabolit terkait. Dalam Dasar-dasar kimia klinis. DalamPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. Diedit oleh: NW Tietz. WB Saunders Co; 1982:377-400.

Return to text

21. Dougall Jason Jmc: Arthritis dan sakit: neurogenik asal nyeri sendi.

Arthritis Research & 2006 Terapi,8: 220. PubMed Abstrak | Teks Penuh BioMed Central | Full Teks TengahPubMed

Return to text

22. Margolis RK, Margolis RU: Struktur dan lokalisasi glikoprotein dan glukosaminoglikan glycoconjugates.Dalam Neurobiology of. Diedit oleh: Margolis RU, Margolis RK. New York: Plenum; 1989:85-126.

Return to text

23. Bensouyad A, Hollander AP, Dularay B, et alarthritis.: Konsentrasi glukosaminoglikan sinovial dalamcairan mereka dan hubungan imunologi dan inflamasi dengan mediator arthritis di.

Ann selesma Dis 1990, 49: 301-7. PubMed Abstrak |Penerbit Teks Penuh | Full Teks Tengah PubMed

Return to text

24. Vladimir Kery, Maria Orlovska, Maria Stanlkova, Risko Martin, Daniel Zlna: Ekskresi urin glikosaminoglikan diPenyakit rematik.

Klinis kimia 1992, 38 (6): 841. PubMed Abstrak |Publisher Full TextReturn to text

25. Dequeker J, Mbuyi-Muamba JM, Holvoet G: hydroxyproline dan metastasis tulang..Bone Dalam metastasis:pemantauan dan pengobatan Diedit oleh: BA Stoll, Parbhoo S. New York: Raven Press; 1983:181-99.

Return to text

26. Smith R, Elia M: Pentingnya hydroxyproline kencing dan-methylhistidine perubahan 3 dalampertumbuhan, kelaparan dan cedera analisis.Amino-acidDalam. Diedit oleh: JM Rattenbury. New York:

Tekan Haistead; 1981:225-36.

Return to text

27. Whitehead RC: hydroxyproline rasio kreatinin sebagai indeks status gizi dan laju pertumbuhan.1965, 567-570. LancetPubMed Abstrak | Publisher Full Text

Return to text

28. Howells CR, Wharton BA, Mc Tebu RA: Nilai indeks hydroxyproline kekurangan gizi.1967, 1082-1083. LancetPubMed Abstrak |Publisher Full Text

Return to text

29. Cleary Aku, Saunders PA: Sebuah prosedur yang disederhanakan untuk pengukuran totalhydroxyproline dalam urin.

Clin Chem Acta 1984, 57: 217-223.Publisher Full Text

Return to text

30. Raghuramulu N, Madhavan Nair K, Kalyanasundaram S: Sebuah manual teknik laboratorium.NIN2003.

Return to text

31. Bates LS, Waldron RP, Teare EP: Cepat penentuan status prolin bebas stres.Pabrik dan Tanah 1973, 39: 205-208. Publisher Full Text

Return to text

32. Whitley CB, Rindour MD, Draper KA, Dutton CM, Neglia JP: uji diagnostik untuk mucopolysaccharidosis. I.langsung metode untuk mengukur glikosaminoglikan ekskresi urin berlebihan.

Clin Chem 1989, 35: 374-9. PubMed Abstrak | Publisher Full Text

Return to text

Memiliki sesuatu untuk mengatakan? Berikan komentar pada artikel ini!

Syarat dan KetentuanPrivasi PernyataanInformasi bagi pengiklanPekerjaan di BMCHubungi kami

1999-2010 BioMed Central Ltd kecuali dinyatakan lain. Bagian dari Springer Science + Business Media .
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB19&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiNCQbc_WrU4fzHkgD22cb_hy79Nwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/17118212&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgDDw9d4EfbZ2bLdYZ7QV18FoCttghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2069&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiXJ01GJ7dyNLrv02xF9qj_9bdf4Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17118212http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17118212http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17118212http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/2344209&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjf9T-UlyVqX99eqepNNo_TLOoBSQhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=2344209http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=2344209http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2344209http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/1597009&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh4CxCx3BIxoKPq0qktyujRfmhALwhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=1597009http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=1597009http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=1597009http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/4158193&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhGFhjaq1ItCkAlwGF8vSDKSXQ0xAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(65)90870-6&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgheRL-rCxRTXQsng8UDW1fhQsI6Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/4164773&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi_nRnb_ICd0rjdvNZSeG5cOjFQOwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(67)92652-9&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhif4Tvb7G5f3FwiIwaAfYKOJLj3Cwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(67)92652-9&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhif4Tvb7G5f3FwiIwaAfYKOJLj3Cwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(67)92652-9&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhif4Tvb7G5f3FwiIwaAfYKOJLj3Cwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(74)90400-8&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg3jJ1ibufumpucVTXQeEif2vue4ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(74)90400-8&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg3jJ1ibufumpucVTXQeEif2vue4ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiU9EQEFxud1-ec2uglTP0ggMRnmghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjyOTfPSO3fcGe57bxRfvYtbPNyDghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/2493341&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgy9eVvCaU__T7LIfXxS6Pq9nFcmghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=2493341http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/postcomment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgCyPxTHLggnZz0OM6NgEIyp3YTNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/postcomment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgCyPxTHLggnZz0OM6NgEIyp3YTNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/postcomment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgCyPxTHLggnZz0OM6NgEIyp3YTNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/postcomment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgCyPxTHLggnZz0OM6NgEIyp3YTNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/info/terms&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjlsL7_hOy3r7lBFLPYqVeWTSpx9whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/info/privacy&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjDQndjnKAapAEU0HFhHVhaW2nf-whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/mediainformation/&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg2cmLZq8vmbdoXDBo-MuW9Niq6Qwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/mediainformation/&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg2cmLZq8vmbdoXDBo-MuW9Niq6Qwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/bmcjobs&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgxqXeYWaqKpgZ4QIPqlqfYWM3jVghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/contact&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhKD240D-QTVCANzVeBjGqNHVmzEghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/contact&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhKD240D-QTVCANzVeBjGqNHVmzEghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.springer.com/&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiRak3AZhZOgX9kDAoStS4nL06h2ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://oas.biomedcentral.com/RealMedia/ads/click_nx.ads/www.virologyj.com/article/virolj/1937588281%40Top,Bottom,x96,Middle!Bottom&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiriIAaLYqwKLikuLaIY0ldUN5ftghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB32&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgCMxbgYxPgaiTwBd8EGu5k8mCvTwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB31&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjSIKOKJ-nYWTtEwrJbhHM3fNpDVwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB30&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhirfIpBfh436HpgflP7DTMR4ufFmQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiU9EQEFxud1-ec2uglTP0ggMRnmghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB28&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjPhDDERYP2KO_-pulE1gx1rEWzawhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB27&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhglZnP7mC7q_altvigDHpNhcFKjMwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB26&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjqqxYgvoYhvW9UKaNC7-GAbDbSZghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB25&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhLHb0HjRY6p0rt7BuEyu5R311hbQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB24&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgMC4D1kSC2tO2LaXq7qgPe1vo3lghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB23&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhibpeT0n--uHsl1jqvZ5C_3T-vbJAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB22&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhillofc3wauqJ_aXOFLZrq4L1TOAQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB21&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgJX6_6z0AX24S2rGkbarpBIyhETghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB20&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjo8oYy9iGGVIsoNO-XdP7NKQNP1whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp%3Fui%3D1743-422X-5-31%26bibl%3DB19&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiNCQbc_WrU4fzHkgD22cb_hy79Nwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/17118212&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgDDw9d4EfbZ2bLdYZ7QV18FoCttghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2069&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiXJ01GJ7dyNLrv02xF9qj_9bdf4Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17118212http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17118212http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/2344209&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjf9T-UlyVqX99eqepNNo_TLOoBSQhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=2344209http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2344209http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/1597009&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh4CxCx3BIxoKPq0qktyujRfmhALwhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=1597009http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/4158193&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhGFhjaq1ItCkAlwGF8vSDKSXQ0xAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(65)90870-6&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgheRL-rCxRTXQsng8UDW1fhQsI6Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/4164773&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhi_nRnb_ICd0rjdvNZSeG5cOjFQOwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(67)92652-9&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhif4Tvb7G5f3FwiIwaAfYKOJLj3Cwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(74)90400-8&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg3jJ1ibufumpucVTXQeEif2vue4ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjyOTfPSO3fcGe57bxRfvYtbPNyDghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/2493341&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgy9eVvCaU__T7LIfXxS6Pq9nFcmghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=2493341http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/postcomment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgCyPxTHLggnZz0OM6NgEIyp3YTNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/postcomment&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgCyPxTHLggnZz0OM6NgEIyp3YTNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/info/terms&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjlsL7_hOy3r7lBFLPYqVeWTSpx9whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.virologyj.com/info/privacy&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjDQndjnKAapAEU0HFhHVhaW2nf-whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/mediainformation/&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhg2cmLZq8vmbdoXDBo-MuW9Niq6Qwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/bmcjobs&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgxqXeYWaqKpgZ4QIPqlqfYWM3jVghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/contact&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhKD240D-QTVCANzVeBjGqNHVmzEghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.springer.com/&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiRak3AZhZOgX9kDAoStS4nL06h2g


6/18

Connective tissue metabolism in chikungunya

patients

Sudarsanareddy Lokireddy1 , Sarojamma Vemula2 and Ramakrishna Vadde1

1

Department of Biotechnology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India

2 Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Anantapur, India

author email corresponding author email

Virology Journal2008, 5:31doi:10.1186/1743-422X-5-31

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:

http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31

Received: 16 January 2008

Accepted:27 February 200

8

Published:27 February 200

8

2008 Lokireddy et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
http://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp?process=default&msg=cehttp://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31http://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp?process=default&msg=cehttp://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp?process=default&msg=cehttp://www.virologyj.com/registration/technical.asp?process=default&msg=cehttp://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31


7/18

License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and

reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of Chikungunya virus

(CHIK virus) infectedAedes mosquitoes. CHIK virus is a member of theAlphavirus genus of thefamily Togaviridae. Previous reports have indicated that infection with CHIK virus produces an acute

arthritis in human hosts by large area of necrosis and collagenosis or fibrosis.

Results

We carried out the present study to determine the effect of chikungunya on the collagen and connective

tissue metabolism in 75 chikungunya-affected people. First, we screened for mucopolysaccharides inurine by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) test. Appearance of heavy precipitate indicates

the presence of higher levels of mucopolysaccharides and later quantified by DMB dye method. Theurinary mucopolysaccharide in CHIK patients was 342 45 mg/l compared to healthy controls (45 5.6 mg/l). The collagen building blocks, proline and hydroxyproline were also measured in CHIK

patients and observed higher excretion compared to healthy controls. Urinary excretions

hydroxyproline was greater than the proline levels.

Conclusion

These results indicate that CHIK virus infection affects and damage the cartilage and connective

metabolism and releases the degraded products from the tissue and responsible for increasing the levels

of proline, hydroxyproline and mucopolysaccharides in CHIK affected patients.

Background

Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of Chikungunya virus

(CHIK virus) infectedAedes mosquitoes. CHIK virus is a member of theAlphavirus genus of thefamily Togaviridae. CHIK virus was first isolated from the serum of a febrile patient during a dengue

epidemic that occurred in the Newala District, Tanzania in 1953 [1]. TheAlphaviruses are enveloped

particles and their genome consists of a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of

approximately 12000 nucleotides. CHIK virus is an important human pathogen that causes a diseasesyndrome characterized by fever, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia and arthralgia [2-8]. Its

association with a fatal haemorrhagic condition was reported in India [9]. CHIK virus is geographically

distributed from Africa through Southeast Asia, and its transmission to humans is mainly throughAedes species mosquitoes [1]. Since 1953, CHIK viurs has caused numerous well-documented

outbreaks and epidemics in both Africa and Southeast Asia, involving hundreds of thousands of people

[10-12]. Recent reports have described a massive outbreak of CHIK disease occurring on islands in theIndian Ocean, off the east coast of Africa [5,8,13]. Reemergence of CHIK has also been reported from

Indonesia [14] and very recent massive outbreak in India. No treatment or vaccine is available, and

relatively little research has been conducted into its pathogenesis, compared with that of other

Arboviruses, such as dengue.

Previous reports have indicated that infection with CHIK virus produces an acute arthritis in human

hosts [7,15,16] by large area of necrosis and collagenosis or fibrosis [17]. Arthritis is the inflammation

of a joint and its surrounding tissues, including the cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Connective tissueis mainly composed of mucopolysaccharides, protein substances collagen with major amino acids

proline, hydroxyproline etc, calcium, sulfur, and collagen. Mucopolysaccharide, proline and

hydroxyproline measurements in urine are used in the diagnosis and treatment of various inheritable

disorders that affect bone and connective tissues. Their presence in urine is originated from groundsubstance of collagen, and bone [18-20]. Though many reports state that CHIK virus produces arthritis

in humans. The biochemical mechanisms and the changes of mucopolysaccharides, proline and

hydroxyproline in this acute joint pain have not been reported in past literature. During last yearmonsoon outbreak of CHIK fever in Southern parts of India has led us to carryout the experiments on
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B8http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B9http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B10http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B12http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B5http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B8http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B8http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B13http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B13http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B14http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B7http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B15http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B15http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B16http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B16http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B17http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B18http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B20http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B8http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B9http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B10http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B12http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B5http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B8http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B13http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B14http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B7http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B15http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B16http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B17http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B18http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B20


8/18

the effect of CHIK virus on the collagen and connective tissue. In this study we collected the blood and

urine samples from chronic CHIK fever patients and studied biochemical parameters related to

connective tissue, which is responsible for acute joint pains and arthritis.

Results

CHIK patients have reported incapacitating joint pain, or arthritis, which may last for weeks or months.The general biochemical parameters of CHIK patients and healthy controls were depicted in Table 1.Serum albumin and creatinine were showing significant variation with controls. We carried out the

present study to determine the effect of CHIK on collagen and connective tissue metabolism by

measuring the levels of mucopolysaccharide, hydroxyproline and proline in urine samples of CHIKpatients. Urine from 75 different patients suffering with CHIK was evaluated for the presence of

mucopolysaccharides by screening cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) test in urine.

Appearance of heavy precipitate indicates the presence of mucopolysaccharides in the sample. Theamount of precipitate depends on the concentration of mucopolysaccharides. Depending upon their

concentration, samples were classified as negative, mild, moderate, and severe. In this study, we

observed moderate to severe cases. The healthy controls showed no precipitate with CTAB. We also

measured quantitatively urinary mucopolysaccharides levels in the first morning urine specimens bythe simple and rapid DMB method and used in understanding the pathophysiology of arthritis in CHIK

diseases. Urinary mucopolysaccharides (GAG) excretion in patients increased significantly compared

to healthy controls. We also observed the significant variation in the levels of urinary excretions ofhydroxyproline and proline with healthy controls (Table 2). The patients suffering with CHIK excreted

higher levels of hydroxylproline than proline. We also carried out the follow up study for 10 patients

with their consent up to one week who has chronic arthritic pains. The urinary excretedmucopolysaccharides are continuously high in the first two days and the levels were slowly decreasing

on later days, but at the end of one week (up to 10 days) we found still the patients are excreting higher

values compare to control (Table 3). The changes in the levels of urinary hydroxyproline and prolinewere also measured and observed the significant difference with healthy controls.

Table 1. Biochemical characteristics of normal and Chikungunya patients

Table 2. Effect of chikungunya (on average day 3 5) on the levels of proline, hydroxyproline and

acid mucopolysaccharides

Table 3. Changes of urinary proline, hydroxyproline and mucopolysaccharides during week longChikungunya fever.

Discussion

Proteoglycan, a mucopolysaccharide building block of cartilage within the joint space, is used bychondrocytes (cartilage-building cells) to create more cartilage. Following pathogenic infection, joints

typically exhibit a natural inflammatory response that mainly affects the synovium (synovitis). This

process is necessary for the innate repair of damaged tissues, allowing the joint to recoup normalfunction. Inflammatory mediators released into the joint from such sources as nerves, immunocytes,

synoviocytes, and vascular endothelium help to orchestrate these healing responses. These same

inflammatory mediators also act on joint sensory nerves, leading to either excitation or sensitization

[21]. When people suffer from arthritis, they experience a selective destruction of collagen within thecartilage of their joints. Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in cartilage. It helps provide

elasticity of joints and works as the "glue" that holds together the various components of cartilage. It

also contains the majority of mucopolysaccharides that give cartilage its healing powers.

Mucopolysaccharides are large-molecular mass linear carbohydrate polymers composed of glucuronicor iduronic acid and N-acetylglycosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine units. Chondroitin sulfate and

heparan sulfate are derived from proteoglycans in which these glycosaminoglycans (GAG) arecovalently linked at the reducing end to the hydroxyl group of serine residues [22]. Proteoglycans

containing GAG bound to hyaluronic acid form large aggregates that are enmeshed in a collagen

network as the principal structural constituents of cartilage. Loss of proteoglycans is an early feature of

matrix resorption. The erosion of the cartilage lining the joints is a hallmark of osteoarthritis. Acorresponding increase in GAGs has been reported in synovial fluid, serum, and urine of patients with
http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B21http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B22http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T1http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B21http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B22


9/18

rheumatic arthritic diseases [23,24]. Consistent with this, we observed in our studies higher excretion

of mucopolysaccharides through urine (Table 2).

Measurement of urinary hydroxyproline excretion is used to estimate collagen catabolism. Degradation

of bone collagen releases free 4-hydroxyproline and peptides containing 4-hydroxyproline into theplasma. Urinary hydroxyproline measurement is particularly useful in monitoring treatment and

progress in metabolic bone diseases such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis and Paget's disease.Hydroxyprolme appears in urine after degradation of collagen (collagenosis), which may originatefrom various tissues [25]. Measuring urinary hydroxyproline has predominantly been used to indicate

bone collagen turnover in normal and pathological conditions. Collagen, which constitutes >90% of the

fat-free organic matrix of bone, is important in its structural integrity and is the central element of

connective tissue structure in which the mineral phase crystallizes during bone formation [20,26].Urinary hydroxyproline reflects daily collagen turnover and in humans has shown great potential as an

index of nutritional status and growth rate [27,28]. The CHIK patients showed higher excreted levels of

hydroxyproline than proline indicates increased collagen turnover (Table 2). On follow-up study in theselected CHIK patients, increased levels of mucopolysacchariedes, proline and hydroxyproline

indicates highermetabolic turnover in early days and recedes progressively in later days (Table 3).

Conclusion

In CHIK patients the collagen and connective tissue metabolism was greatly affected and increased

metabolism leads to increased excretion of proline, hydroxyproline and mucopolysaccharides in urinecompared to healthy controls. It indicates that the CHIK virus infection, connective tissue typically

exhibits inflammatory response and leads to the damage of cartilage and connective tissue; increases

metabolism and releases degraded products in to blood and ultimately excreted through urine.

Materials and methods

Subjects

During last year July October 2006, CHIK out break in Andhra Pradesh, India, a total of 75 (45 males

+ 30 females) patients were selected based on disease symptoms for this study. We also taken the 20age-matched healthy persons were chosen from the community and used as control subjects. Blood and

urine samples were collected from each subject with their prior written consent for further studies.

From all subjects, 5 ml of blood was collected in heparinized tubes and centrifuged at 1500 g for 15min at 4 C. Plasma and pelleted RBC were separated stored in eppendorf tubes and kept at -80 C until

analysis. Commercially available kits measured Blood analysis and other general parameters.

Urine analysis

The urine samples were collected from the patients and used for estimation of mucopolysaccharides,

proline and hydroxyproline. Total urinary hydroxyproline determinations were performed employingthe method described by Cleary and Saunders (1974) [29]. Briefly, urine was passed through a column

of ion retardation resin to remove acid, salts, and pigments. From the column eluate, urine

hydroxyproline determination was performed by oxidized to pyrrole 2-carboxylic acid and then topyrole. The color produced with dimethyl amino-benzaldehyde is masured at 560 nm [30]. The proline

levels in urine sample were measured by the method of Bates et al (1973) [31]. Two ml urine sample

mixed with 2 ml acid ninhydrin reagent and kept in boiling water bath for 1 h. The tubes transferred toan ice bath to terminate the reaction. 5 ml toluene was added and mixed and read at 520 nm against the

toluene blank. Screening test for mucopolysaccharides in urine was tested by Cetyl Trimethyl

Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) test. Five ml of fresh urine was added to 1 ml of CTAB (cetavilon)solution (50 g/l in citrate buffer (1 M) of pH 6.0). A heavy precipitate indicated the presence ofmucopolysaccharides (Varley et al 1990). The DMB assay was performed essentially for measurement

of mucopolysaccharides according to the method of Whitley et al. (1989) [32]. Briefly, the DMB (1,9-

dimethylmethylene blue) dye solution was prepared by dissolving 16 mg of DMB, 3.04 g of glycine,2.37 g of sodium chloride, and 0.5 mL of 0.1 mol/l hydrochloric acid in 1 l of distilled water. The pH of

the solution was adjusted to 3. For each assay, the patient's urine specimen was mixed with 1 ml of the

dye solution at room temperature, and measured absorbance at 525 nm without delay after mixing thesample and dye solution. The assay was calibrated verses a standard curve of chondroitin sulfate (5
http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B23http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B24http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B25http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B20http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B20http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B26http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B27http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B28http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B29http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B30http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B31http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B32http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B23http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B24http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B25http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B20http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B26http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B27http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B28http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T2http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31/table/T3http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B29http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B30http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B31http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/31#B32


10/18

100 mg/l). The results were expressed as mg/l. All colorimetric estimations of above biochemical

parameters in samples were measured by using BIOTEK ELISA Reader.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed by GraphPad InStat software. Subjects with CHIK were compared

with healthy controls. Means and standard error of means were calculated and differences betweenmeans were student's t-test.

Authors' contributions

SL designed and conducted the experiments with patient's blood, urine samples. SL also performed the

final statistical analysis of the data and contributed to writing the paper. SV (she is specialist in

infectious diseases) guide to us for selecting the chikungunya patients for research during time of bloodand urine collection. RV supervised the overall project, designed experiments, analyzed the data and

wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The publication was conducted as part of the programme 'Biotechnology for Dry land Agriculture in

Andhra Pradesh' with financial support for the Research and Communication Division, Ministry of

Foreign Affairs, the government of Netherlands. Andhra Pradesh Netherlands BiotechnologyProgramme, IPE, Hyderabad, India.

References

1. Ross RW: The Newala epidemic. III. The virus: isolation, pathogenic properties and

relationship to the epidemic.

Journal of Hygiene 1956 , 54:177-91. PubMed Abstract

Return to text

2. Thaikruea L, Charearnsook O, Reanphumkarnkit S, Dissomboon P, Phonjan R, Ratchbud S, etal.: Chikungunya in Thailand: a reemerging disease?

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997 , 28:359-64. PubMed Abstract

Return to text

3. Diallo M, Thonnon J, Traore-Lamizana M, Fontenille D: Vectors of Chikungunya virus in

Senegal: current data and transmission cycles.

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999 , 60:281-286.

Return to text

4. Powers AM, Brault AaronC, Tesh RobertB, Weaver ScottC: Re-emergence of chikungunyaand o'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant

evolutionary relationships.

Journal of General Virology 2000 , 81:471-479. PubMed Abstract |Publisher Full Text

Return to text

5. Schuffenecker I, Iteman I, Michault A, Murri S, Frangeul L, Vaney MC, et al.: Genome

microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak.
http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/13346078http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/9444021http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/10644846http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=10644846http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=10644846http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp?ui=1743-422X-5-31&bibl=B4http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp?ui=1743-422X-5-31&bibl=B3http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp?ui=1743-422X-5-31&bibl=B2http://www.virologyj.com/sfx_links.asp?ui=1743-422X-5-31&bibl=B1http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/13346078http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/9444021http://www.virologyj.com/pubmed/10644846http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=10644846


11/18

PLoS Med2006 , 6:263. Publisher Full Text

Return to text

6. NICD. National Institute of Communicable Disease, New Delhi: Chikungunya Fever.

CD Alert2006 , 10(2):6-8.

Return to text

7. Paquet C, Quatresous I, Solet JL, Sissoko D, Renault P, Pierre V, Cordel H, Lasalle C, Thiria J,

Zeller H, Schuffnecker I: Chikungunya outbreak in Reunion: Epidemiology andsurveillance.

Euro Surveill2006 , 11:2.

Return to text

8. Nelson Lee, Wong ChunK, Lam WaiY, Wong Ann, Lim Wilina, Lam ChristopherWK,

Cockram CliveS, Sung JosephJY, Chan PaulKS, Tang JulianW: Chikungunya fever, Hong

Kong.

Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006 , 12:1790. PubMed Abstract

Return to text

9. Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Chakravarty SK: Haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta: someepidemiological observations.

Indian J Med Res 1964 , 52(7):651-9. PubMed Abstract

Return to text

10. Rao TR: Recent epidemics caused by Chikungunya virus in India, 1963 1965.

Scientifc Culture 1966 , 32:215.

Return to text

11. Halstead SB, Scanlon JE, Umpaivit P, Udomsakdi S: Dengue and Chikungunya virusinfection in man in Thailand, 1962 1964. IV. Epidemiologic studies in the Bangkok

metropolitan area.

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1969 , 18:997-1021.

Return to text

12. Posey D, O'Rourke Thomas, Roehrig Johnt, Lanciotti

jaringan ikat metabolisme pada pasien chikungunya

Documents