integrasi model problem dan project based learning...
TRANSCRIPT
INTEGRASI MODEL PROBLEM DAN PROJECT BASED LEARNING DALAM
PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS STEM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH LISTRIK DINAMIS
TESIS
Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Sebagian dari Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar
Magister Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Fisika
Oleh.
RANY APRIYANI
NIM. 1707240
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA
SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
2019
RANY APRIYANI
INTEGRASI MODEL PROBLEM DAN PROJECT BASED LEARNING DALAM
PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS STEM UNTUK MENINGKATAN
KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH LISTRIK DINAMIS
disetujui dan disahkan oleh penguji :
Pembimbing I
Dr. Taufik Ramlan Ramalis, M.Si.
NIP. 195904011986011001
Pembimbing II
Irma Rahma Suwarma, M.Pd, Ph.D.
NIP. 198105032008012015
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi Pendidikan Fisika
Dr. Taufik Ramlan Ramalis, M.Si.
NIP. 195904011986011001
ii
PERNYATAAN
Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa tesis/tesis/disertasi dengan judul
"INTEGRASI MODEL PROBLEM DAN PROJECT BASED LEARNING
DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS STEM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH LISTRIK DINAMIS" ini beserta
seluruh isinya adalah benar-benar karya saya sendiri. Saya tidak melakukan
penjiplakan atau pengutipan dengan cara-cara yang tidak sesuai dengan etika
ilmu yang berlaku dalam masyarakat keilmuan. Atas pernyataan ini, saya siap
menanggung risiko/sanksi apabila di kemudian hari ditemukan adanya
pelanggaran etika keilmuan atau ada klaim dari pihak lain terhadap keaslian
karya saya ini.
Bandung, Agustus 2019
Yang membuat pernyataan,
Rany Apriyani
iii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT. Karena atas nikmat,
rahmat, dan karunia-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan tesis yang berjudul
―INTEGRASI MODEL PROBLEM DAN PROJECT BASED LEARNING
DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS STEM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH LISTRIK DINAMIS‖. dengan tesis
ini penulis dapat memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar magister
pendidikan dari Program Studi Pendidikan Fisika Sekolah Pascasarjana UPI
Bandung.
Melalui tesis ini mengajak pembaca untuk lebih meningkatkan kualitas
pembelajaran salah satunya dengan pendekatan STEM (Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics) sains, teknologi, rekayasa dan matematika.
Penulis ucapkan terimakasih kepada seluruh pihak yang membantu dalam
terselesaikannya tesis ini, khususnya kepada kedua orang tua, Bapak Dr. Taufik
Ramlan Ramalis, M.Si., dan Ibu Irma Rahma Suwarma, M.Pd, Ph.D. Apabila
terdapat dan kekurangan dalam tesis ini, penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik
yang membangun untuk perbaikan di masa mendatang.
Akhir kata, semoga tesis ini bermanfaat untuk semua pihak, khususnya bagi
penulis, serta dapat memberikan konstribusi dalam dunia pendidikan Indonesia.
Bandung, Agusuts 2019
Penulis
iv
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Rasa Syukur tak henti penulis limpahkan kepada Yang Maha Pengasih dan
Maha Penyayang, Allah SWT. Atas kehendak-Nya pula dihadirkan orang-orang
yang berjasa dalam terselesaikannya tesis ini. Oleh karena itu, ucapat terimakasih
penulis sampaikan kepada:
1. Bapak Dr. Taufik Ramlan Ramalis, M.Si., selaku dosen pembimbing I serta
Pembimbing Akademik dan Ibu Irma Rahma Suwarma, M.Pd, Ph.D., selaku
dosen pembimbing II yang dengan penuh kesabaran membimbing,
mengarahkan, dan memberikan saran juga nasehat kepada penulis selama
penyusunan tesis.
2. Seluruh Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Fisika Sekolah Pascasarjana
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia yang telah memberikan ilmu yang sangat
bermanfaat serta berguna dalam penyelesaian tesis.
3. Bapak Muaz, S.Pd. selaku guru yang memberikan izin untuk melakukan
penelitian di kelas yang beliau naungi.
4. Rekan-rekan yang sudah memberikan saran dan motivasi dalam
menyelesaikan tesis ini, Noviana Putri, Ratu Dewi Sri Lestari, Ermawati
Dewi, Erni Astri, dan Vita Oktavia.
5. Adi Nugraha selaku suami penulis selalu memberikan dukungan moral dan
motivasi dalam menyelesaikan tesis ini.
6. Orang tua penulis yang selalu memberikan doa yang tak terputus, dukungan
moral dan materi yang tak terhitung dan tak akan terganti oleh apapun.
7. Kakak dan Adik penulis yang selalu memberikan dukungan moral dan
motivasi dalam menyelesaikan tesis ini.
8. Semua pihak yang telah mendukung serta memberikan semangat kepada
penulis hingga terselaikannya tesis ini.
Semoga seluruh kebaikan orang-orang yang penulis sebutkan mendapat
balasan yang lebih baik dari Allah SWT., aamiin.
v
INTEGRASI MODEL PROBLEM DAN PROJECT BASED
LEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS STEM UNTUK
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH
LISTRIK DINAMIS
Rany Apriyani
Program Studi Pendidikan Fisika
Sekolah Pascasarjana
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan
masalah siswa dalam materi listrik dinamis melalui integrasi model problem
dan project based learning dalam pembelajaran berbasis STEM.
Implementasi STEM dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan melatihkan domain
scientific practices dan engineering practices yang dikaitkan dengan model
problem dan project based learning. Metode penelitian yang digunakan
adalah pre eksperimen dengan desain one group pretest-posttest. Subjek
penelitian ini terdiri dari 27 siswa kelas X di salah satu SMK di Kabupaten
Bandung Barat. Instrumen kemampuan pemecahan masalah dalam penelitian
ini adalah 4 soal uraian terstruktur yang masing-masing soal terdiri dari 5
pertanyaan untuk setiap langkah kemampuan pemecahan masalah yaitu
memfokuskan masalah, mendeskripsikan masalah dalam deskripsi fisika,
merencanakan solusi, melaksanakan rencana pemecahan masalah, dan
mengevaluasi penggunaan solusi pemecahan masalah. Sebagai hasil dari
penelitian, ditemukan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan
masalah siswa dengan diterapkannya integrasi model problem dan project
based learning dalam pembelajaran berbasis STEM.
Kata Kunci: STEM, Problem based Learning, Project based Learning, dan
Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah.
vi
INTEGRATION OF MODEL PROBLEMS AND PROJECT
BASED LEARNING IN STEM BASED LEARNING
TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITIES
IN DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
Rany Apriyani
Physics Education
Sekolah Pascasarjana
Indonesia University of Education
ABSTRACT
This research has been conducted to improve students' problem solving
abilities in direct current electricity in STEM based learning. The
implementation of STEM in this research is to train the domain of scientific
practices and engineering practices that are associated with model problems
and project based learning. The research method used was pre-experiment
with the design of one group pretest-posttest. The subjects of the research
consist of 27 students at 10th grade of one of the Vocational Schools in
Kabupaten Bandung Barat. The instrument of problem solving ability in this
study are 4 structured description questions, each of which consists of 5
questions for each step of problem solving ability, namely visualize the
problem, describe the problem in physics description, plan the solution,
execute the plan, and check and evaluate. As a result of the research, it was
found that there was an increase in students' problem solving abilities with
the application of integration model problem and project based learning in
STEM-based learning.
Keyword: STEM, Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning,
Problem Solving Ability
vii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .............................................................................i
PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME ........................................................ii
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................iii
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH ................................................................................iv
ABSTRAK ..........................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................vi
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................vii
DAFTAR TABEL ..............................................................................................ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR .........................................................................................x
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian ....................................................................1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah Penelitian ...............................................................7
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................8
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ...............................................................................8
1.5 Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ..................................................................9
BAB II KAJIAN TEORI ..................................................................................12
2.1. STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) ............12
2.1.1 Practice: Scientific Practices dan Engineering Practices ..........15
2.1.2 Crosscutting Concept ..................................................................19
2.1.3 Disciplinary Core Ideas ..............................................................20
2.2 Model PBL (Problem Based Learning) ................................................24
2.3 Model PjBL (Project Based Learning) ................................................26
2.4 Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah .......................................................30
2.5 Hubungan Model PBL dan PjBL dalam Pembelajaran
berbasis STEM terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah ................34
2.6 Penelitian yang Relevan .......................................................................42
2.7 Kerangka Pikir Penelitian ....................................................................47
viii
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................49
3.1 Jenis dan Desain Penelitian ...................................................................49
3.2 Partisipan ...............................................................................................50
3.3 Populasi dan Sampel ............................................................................50
3.4 Instrumen Penelitian ............................................................................51
3.5 Prosedur Penelitian ...............................................................................52
3.6 Analisis Data ........................................................................................54
BAB IV TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ....................................................63
4.1 Deskripsi Kegiatan Pembelajaran .........................................................63
4.2 Deskripsi Kemampuan Pemecahaan Masalah Siswa ............................100
4.2.1 Memfokuskan Masalah ..............................................................113
4.2.2 Mendeskripskan Masalah dalam Deskripsi Fisika .....................115
4.2.3 Merencanakan Solusi ..................................................................118
4.2.4 Melaksanakan rencana pemecahan masalah ..............................121
4.2.5 Memeriksa dan Mengevaluasi ...................................................124
BAB V SIMPULAN, IMPLIKASI DAN REKOMENDASI .........................128
A. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................128
B. Implikasi .................................................................................................129
C. Rekomendasi ..........................................................................................129
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .........................................................................................131
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................141
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Definisi literasi STEM ...................................................................13
Tabel 2.2 Framework untuk K-12 Science Education ...................................15
Tabel 2.3 Tahapan Scientific Practice dan Engineering Practice dalam
Pendekatan STEM .........................................................................16
Tabel 2.4 Distinguishing Practices in Science from those
In Engineering ...............................................................................21
Tabel 2.5 Deskripsi Sintaks Model PBL ........................................................26
Tabel 2.6 Deskripsi Sintaks Model PjBL ......................................................29
Tabel 2.7 Langkah Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Fisika .......................33
Tabel 2.8 Integrasi Model PBL dalam Domain Praktik
Saintifik terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah ....................38
Tabel 2.9 Integrasi Model PjBL dalam domain praktik rekayasa terhadap
Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah .................................................40
Tabel 3.1 Rancangan One Group Pretest-Posttest ....................................49
Tabel 3.2 Distribusi Tes Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah ..........................51
Tabel 3.3 Kriteria koefisien reliabilitas .........................................................57
Tabel 3.4 Klasifikasi indeks kesukaran .........................................................58
Tabel 3.5 Kriteria indeks daya pembeda ........................................................59
Tabel 3.6 Rekapitulasi hasil uji coba soal kemampuan
pemecahan masalah .......................................................................59
Tabel 3.7 Langkah Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Fisika .......................61
Tabel 3.8 Kategori Keterlaksanaan Pembelajaran .........................................62
Tabel 4.1 Rekapitulasi keterlaksanaan aktivitas guru pada integrasi
model PBL dan PjBL dengan pendekatan STEM .........................64
Tabel 4.2 Rekapitulasi keterlaksanaan aktivitas siswa pada integrasi
model PBL dan PjBL dengan pendekatan STEM .........................65
Tabel 4.3 Nilai rata-rata pretest, nilai posttest, nilai gain,
N-Gain, dan kategori N-Gain dari masing-masing siswa ..............103
Tabel 4.4 Persentase banyaknya siswa tiap kategori peningkatan
kemampuan pemecahan masalah ..................................................104
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Perubahan dari Kerangka Pikir Asli ke Revisi ...........................48
Gambar 3.1 Alur Penelitian .............................................................................55
Gambar 4.1 Komposisi Kompetensi dasar pada soal ujian akhir
semester genap fisika kelas XI tahun ajaran
2014/2015 dalam persentase........................................................68
Gambar 4.2 Diagram komposisi dimensi pengetahuan soal ujian akhir
semester genapfisika kelas XI tahun ajaran 2014/2015 ..............69
Gambar 4.3 Diagram komposisi dimensi proses kognitif soal ujian akhir
semester genapfisika kelas XI tahun ajaran 2014/2015 ..............70
Gambar 4.4 Grafik perbandingan hasil temuan dengan
refereed adoption standard of Bloom’s Taxonomy .....................70
Gambar 4.5 Sumber masalah dan alternatif pemecahan masalah ...................71
Gambar 4.6 Pilihan alternatif pemecahan masalah .........................................72
Gambar 4.7 Besaran fisis.................................................................................72
Gambar 4.8 Tujuan eksperimen ......................................................................72
Gambar 4.9 Alat dan bahan .............................................................................73
Gambar 4.10 Langkah dan sketsa percobaan ....................................................74
Gambar 4.11 Rencana tabel pengamatan ..........................................................74
Gambar 4.12 Data hasil praktikum siswa ..........................................................75
Gambar 4.13 Hubungan antara tegangan dan arus ............................................76
Gambar 4.14 Grafik hubungan antara tegangan dan arus .................................76
Gambar 4.15 Menganalisis bentuk grafik dan menentukan kemiringan ...........77
Gambar 4.16 Perumusan hukum Ohm ..............................................................78
Gambar 4.17 Kesimpulan ..................................................................................79
Gambar 4.18 Jawaban evaluasi siswa ...............................................................79
Gambar 4.19 Memfokuskan masalah seputar senter .........................................81
Gambar 4.20 Pertanyaan siswa seputar permasalahan ......................................81
Gambar 4.21 Informasi yang dinilai penting.....................................................82
Gambar 4.22 Faktor-faktor dalam permasalahan ..............................................83
Gambar 4.23 Hipotesis hubungan antar faktor permasalahan ...........................83
Gambar 4.24 Alternatif pemecahan masalah .....................................................84
xi
Gambar 4.25 Pilihan alternatif pemecahan masalah .........................................85
Gambar 4.26 Besaran fisis.................................................................................85
Gambar 4.27 Tujuan eksperimen ......................................................................86
Gambar 4.28 Alat dan bahan .............................................................................86
Gambar 4.29 Langkah dan sketsa percobaan ....................................................87
Gambar 4.30 Rencana tabel pengamatan ..........................................................87
Gambar 4.31 Data hasil praktikum siswa ..........................................................88
Gambar 4.32 Hubungan antara arus total dan arus yang mengalir ...................89
Gambar 4.33 Hubungan antara tegangan total dan tegangan pada
masing-masing hambatan pada rangkaian paralel .......................89
Gambar 4.34 Resistor pengganti pada rangkaian paralel ..................................89
Gambar 4.35 Hubungan antara daya total dan daya pada masing-masing
hambatan pada rangkaian paralel ................................................90
Gambar 4.36 Kesimpulan ..................................................................................91
Gambar 4.37 Kesimpulan permasalahan ...........................................................91
Gambar 4.38 Jawaban evaluasi siswa ...............................................................92
Gambar 4.39 Memfokuskan masalah seputar permasalahan.............................94
Gambar 4.40 faktor-faktor dalam permasalahan ...............................................95
Gambar 4.41 Menentukan alternatif pemecahan masalah .................................95
Gambar 4.42 Pembuatan prototype ...................................................................97
Gambar 4.43 Hasil prototype ............................................................................98
Gambar 4.44 Evaluasi kendala ..........................................................................99
Gambar 4.45 Pengembangan ide .......................................................................100
Gambar 4.46 Diagram persentase rata-rata kemampuan
pemecahan masalah siswa ...........................................................104
Gambar 4.47 Persentase rata-rata skor pretest-posttest kemampuan
pemecahan masalah siswa tiap langkah ......................................105
Gambar 4.48 Rata-rata skor N-Gain kemampuan pemecahan
masalah siswa tiap langkah .........................................................105
Gambar 4.49 Beberapa jawaban evaluasi solusi siswa......................................109
Gambar 4.50 Diagram persentase rata-rata kemampuan
pemecahan masalah siswa tiap pertemuan ..................................110
xii
Gambar 4.51 Persetase rata-rata kemampuan pemecahan masalah
siswa tiap pertemuan untuk masing-masing langkah ..................111
Gambar 4.52 Memfokuskan masalah ................................................................114
Gambar 4.53 Skor memfokuskan masalah siswa 3 tiap pertemuan ..................115
Gambar 4.54 Contoh jawaban memfokuskan masalah siswa 3 ........................115
Gambar 4.55 Mendeskripsikan masalah ...........................................................116
Gambar 4.56 Skor mendeskripsikan masalah siswa 12 tiap pertemuan ............117
Gambar 4.57 Contoh jawaban mendeskrpsikan masalah siswa 12 ...................118
Gambar 4.58 Merencanakan solusi ...................................................................119
Gambar 4.59 Skor merencanakan solusi siswa 18 tiap pertemuan....................121
Gambar 4.60 Melaksanakan rencana pemecahan masalah ...............................122
Gambar 4.61 Skor melaksanakan rencana pemecahan masalah siswa 21 tiap
pertemuan ....................................................................................123
Gambar 4.62 Memeriksa dan mengevaluasi .....................................................125
Gambar 4.63 Skor mwmweiksa dan mengevaluasi siswa 25
tiap pertemuan .............................................................................126
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran A.1 Analisis Silabus .........................................................................141
Lampiran A.2 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran .........................................145
Lampiran A.3 Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik ......................................................170
Lampiran A.4 Rubrik Penilaian Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik ..........................193
Lampiran B.1 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah ......216
Lampiran B.2 Pedoman Penskoran Tes Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah ....231
Lampiran B.3 Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah.....................233
Lampiran B.4 Lembar Observasi Keterlaksanaan ............................................236
Lampiran C.1 Lembar Judgement (Validasi) Tes Kemampuan
Pemecahan Masalah ..................................................................259
Lampiran C.2 Surat Pengantar Validasi Tes Kemampuan
Pemecahan Masalah ..................................................................261
Lampiran C.3 Lembar Hasil Judgement (Validasi) Tes Kemampuan
Pemecahan Masalah ..................................................................262
Lampiran C.4 Analisis Hasil Uji Coba Tes Kemampuan
Pemecahan Masalah ..................................................................269
Lampiran D.1 Hasil Pretest Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah
Listrik Dinamis Siswa ...............................................................276
Lampiran D.2 Hasil Posttest Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah
Listrik Dinamis Siswa ...............................................................277
Lampiran D.3 Nilai N-Gain Tes Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah
Listrik Dinamis Siswa ...............................................................278
Lampiran D.4 Hasil Pengolahan Data Jawaban
Lembar Krja Peserta Didik........................................................279
Lampiran D.5 Rekap Nilai Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik..................................283
Lampiran E.1 Dokumentasi Penelitian ............................................................284
Lampiran E.2 Surat Izin Penelitian ..................................................................285
Lampiran E.3 Surat Keterangan telah Melakukan Penelitian ..........................286
131
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