indeks-kualitas-lingkungan
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
1/44
BAHAN KAJIANMK. PERENCANAAN LINGKUNGAN
INDEKS KUALITAS
LINGKUNGAN
Disajikan:Prof Dr Ir Soearno MS
PMPSLP PPSUB A!"s#"s $%&%
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
2/44
DE'INITI(N AND B(UNDING
A)a *i+an! Lin!k"n!an:Penen#"an a,aka- s"a#" asa)a- )in!k"n!an akan enja+i)e*i- *aik/ a#a" enja+i )e*i- *"r"k/ 0 aka INDEKSee!an! ,eranan ko"nikasi 1an! san!a# ,en#in!
INDEKS 22222 Un#"k en1e+er-anakan
INDEKS a#a" INDIKAT(R : Sarana 1an! +isarakna "n#"kere+"ksi *an1ak +a#a +an inforasi -in!!a enja+i *en#"k
1an! ,a)in! se+er-ana 3 na"n akna esensin1a asi- #e#a,a+a.
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
3/44
PERANAN INDEKS
Da)a Proses Pean#a"an Lin!k"n!an +i,er)"kan +an+i!"nakan DATA +an IN'(RMASI
Da#a +an Inforasi ini -ar"s +a,a# +i#erjea-kanenja+i *en#"k 1an! "+a- +i,a-ai aknan1a
INDEKS LINGKUNGAN +a,a# +i,akai "n#"k:
&. Me)"kiskan #ren+ 4 ke5en+er"n!an k"a)i#as )in!k"n!an$. Mene!askan a+an1a kon+isi +an asa)a- )in!k"n!an 1an!si!nifikan
6. Proses ,en!!"naan +a#a #eknis +a)a ,en!a*i)anke,"#"san o)e- P(LIC7 MAKER
.
Da)a ,roses ,en1e+er-anaan DATA +an IN'(RMASIini)a- +i,er)"kan konse, #en#an! INDEKSLINGKUNGAN/
.
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
4/44
PENTINGN7A INDEKS LINGKUNGAN
E,a# ,eranan ,en#in! In+eks Lin!k"n!an:&. Me*an#" +a)a ,er""san ke*ijakan$. Sarana "n#"k en!e8a)"asi efek#i8i#as ,ro!ra
)in!k"n!an6. Me*an#" +a)a en+isain ,ro!ra )in!k"n!an
9. Me,er"+a- ko"nikasi +en!an ,"*)ik se-"*"n!an+en!an kon+isi )in!k"n!an
Ena a5a ,en!!"naan In+eks Lin!k"n!an:
&. A)okasi s"*er+a1a$. Pen1"s"nan "r"#an4 ,erin!ka# )okasiona)6. Pen!a3anan *ak" "#"9. Tren+ ana)1sis. Inforasi ,"*)ik
;. Kajian
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
5/44
BAHASA INDEKS
Da)a Kon#eks Ma#ea#ika: =ARIABEL3 ni)ain1a *era!aDa)a Profesi Lin!k"n!an:PARAMETER > En8ironen#a) 8aria*)e3
en1a#akan k"a)i#as )in!k"n!an 1an! +i"k"r
INDEKS LINGKUNGAN:
Ka+an!ka)a e)i*a#kan 8aria*e) ,o)"#an 1an! en5erinkan j")a- ,o)"#an 1an! +i)e,askan ke +a)a )in!k"n!an3 +an#i+ak e)i*a#kan k"an#i#as ,o)"#an 1an! se*enarn1a a+a +i+a)a )in!k"n!an
=aria*e) Po)"#an: K"an#i#as fisik3 KIia a#a" *io)o!i 1an!+iaks"+kan se*a!ai "k"ran ,en5earan )in!k"n!an
Misa)n1a: Konsen#rasi S($ +a)a a#osfer
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
6/44
=ARIABEL P(LUTAN
=aria*e) s"*er ,o)"#an: Ti+ak +a,a# en5erinkan kon+isi)in!k"n!an 1an! se*enarn1a
=aria*e) Po)"#an en5ak", akna:&. =aria*e) "#" )in!k"n!an$. =aria*e) s"*er ,o)"#an
=aria*e) ,o)"#an "#" )in!k"n!an:
Men1a#akan Kea+aan Lin!k"n!an 0 en!"k"r kon+isi a*ien
)in!k"n!an 1an! ak#"a)
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
7/44
INDIKAT(R LINGKUNGAN
In+ika#or Lin!k"n!an er",akan K"an#i#as #"n!!a) 1an!+i#"r"nkan +ari sa#" 8aria*e) ,o)"#an +an +i,akai "n#"ken5erinkan ?e,resen#asikan@ *e*era,a a#ri*"#)in!k"n!an.
Misa)n1a:In+ika#or #araf ,en5earan S($ > *an1akn1a -ari +ianakonsen#rasi S($ a#osfer e)a,a"i *ak" "#"
Be*era,a in+ika#or 1an! +isajikan se5ara *ersaaan "n#"ke*erikan !a*aran #en#an! kon+isi )in!k"n!an3 +ise*"#:
PR('IL KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN
In+ika#or )in!k"n!an +a,a# +isajikan se5ara in+i8i+"a) a#a"+ia!re!asikan se5ara a#ea#ik3 e*en#"k s"a#" INDEKSLINGKUNGAN
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
8/44
PR('IL KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN
Con#o-: EN=IR(NMENTAL UALIT7 PR('ILE ?&;@()e-: EPA SEATLE REGI(NAL (''ICE
Un#"k e)a,orkan ,e)an!!aran "#" "+ara +i!"nakan +"ain+ika#or:
&. Ban1akn1a -ari se)aa ana *ak" "#" "+ara a*ien##er)a,a"i
$. Ke,ara-an #araf ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#"
Un#"k e)a,orkan ,e)an!!aran "#" air +i!"nakan +"ain+ika#or:
&. Panjan! s"n!ai 1an! #i+ak een"-i *ak" "#" a*ien#
$. Ke,ara-an ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#"
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
9/44
C(NT(H PR('IL LINGKUNGAN
Ko,onen In+ika#or Tren+.
AIR Panjan! s"n!ai 1! #i+ak ses"ai *ak" "#" I,ro8in! Ke,ara-an Pe)an!!aran *ak" "#" I,ro8in!
UDARA J")a- -ari ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#" I,ro8in!
Ke,ara-an ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#" I,ro8in!
RADIASI Near #er e,os"re Ti+ak a+a,er"*a-an
PESTISIDA Konsen#rasi +a)a akanan +an air I,ro8in!
LIMBAH Po,")asi 1an! #er,en!ar"-i I,ro8in!PADAT
NI(SE J")a- oran! 1! #erkena +a,ak Seri"s Forsenin!
Ke#eran!an: ?@ ,er)" #in+akan ,enan!anan
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
10/44
=ARIABEL KUALITAS AIR
&. TR(PH: Tro,-i5 Con+i#ions > In#ensi#as ak#i8i#as *io)o!is1!*er)e*i-an +in1a#akan o)e- air 1an! ker"-3 ,er#"*"-ana)!ae 1an! s"*"r +an j"!a !")a air
$. D( > +isso)8e+ o1!en0 j")a- oksi!en 1an! #er)ar"# +a)aair
6. TEMP: s"-" air en!en+a)ikan sifa# *en#"k
;. TDS: To#a) +isso)8e+ so)i+s0 "k"ran inera) non
8ir"s ,en1e*a* ,en1aki# 1an! #i+ak *ersifa# a)aia- +a)aair3 *erasa) +ari ,en5ernaan -ean +an an"sia. AEST: Aes#-e#i5s3 in1ak3 ,e)"as3 se+ien +an *a-an
)ain 1an! +a,a# +i+eke#si. RAD: Ra+ioak#i8i#as
&%. (#o: (r!ani5 Toi5an#s3 Pes#isi+a3 +))&&. INT(: Inor!ani5 #oi5an#3 Lo!a *era#
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
11/44
INDIKAT(R KUALITAS UDARA
&. BAKU MUTU PRIMER:Di#e#a,kan ,a+a #araf 1an! +iran5an! "n#"k e)in+"n!i,"*)i5 -ea)#-
$. BAKU MUTU SEKUNDER:
Di#e#a,kan "n#"k e)in+"n!i efek ,o)"si "+ara 1an! #i+ak*erkai#an +en!an kese-a#an
Ena Ma5a Po)"#an Pen#in!:&. Kar*on Monoksi+a$. Ni#ro!en (i+es6. Hi+rokar*on9. (ksi+an 'o#okiia
. Par#ik")a#;. S")f"r (ksi+a
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
12/44
KARB(N M(N(KSIDA: C(
Ti+ak *erarna3 #i+ak *er*a"Hasi) ,e*akaran 1an! #erja+i se5ara #i+ak )en!ka,Misa)n1a ,e*akaran *a-an *akar +a)a esin
C( +iika# o)e- -aeo!)o*in3 se-in!!a en!!an!!"kea,"an H* +ara- "n#"k en!ika# oksi!en.Aki*a#n1a akan en!!an!!" s",)ai oksi!en ke +a)a o#ak
Gan!!"an f"n!si en#a)
Gan!!"an ,erse,si 8is"a)Gan!!"an A)er#nessGan!!"an f"n!si jan#"n!:Me,er)ea- kon#raksi jan#"n! se-in!!a s",)ai +ara- kese)"r"- #"*"- *erk"ran!3 se-in!!a ka,asi#as kerja en"r"n
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
13/44
. Dai)1 C-ei5a) Transfora#ions (55"rrin! in #-e 'ora#ion ofP-o#o5-ei5a) So!
http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
14/44
NITR(GEN (IDES: N(
Berasa) +ari ,roses ,e*akaran s"-" #in!!i 3 in+"s#ri kiia
Da,a# en!!an!!" kese-a#an +an ka,asi#as kerja
(ksi+a ni#ro!en *ersaa +en!an -i+rokar*on3 e)a)"i reaksika#a)isis 5a-a1a a#a-ari3 enja+i oksi+an fo#okiia3 enja+iSM(G
Men!!an!!" ,ernafasan +an iri#asi a#a
Me,en!ar"-i jarin!an ,ar"
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
15/44
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
16/44
HIDR(KARB(N
CH: A)kana3 A)kena3 A)kina
S"*er: Mesin ken+araan *ero#or
Ba!aiana ,eri)ak" ,ar#ik")a# -i+rokar*on +i "+ara 2..
Pe*en#"kan Ka*"# 'o#okiia:222222222
Po)1515)i5 aroa#i5 -1+ro5ar*ons ?PAHs@3 a)so knon as ,o)1<aroa#i5 -1+ro5ar*ons or ,o)1n"5)ear aroa#i5 -1+ro5ar*ons3 are,o#en# a#os,-eri5 ,o))"#an#s #-a# 5onsis# of f"se+ aroa#i5 rin!s
an+ +o no# 5on#ain -e#eroa#os or 5arr1 s"*s#i#"en#s.Na,-#-a)ene is #-e si,)es# ea,)e of a PAH. PAHs o55"r in oi)3
5oa)3 an+ #ar +e,osi#s3 an+ are ,ro+"5e+ as *1,ro+"5#s of f"e)*"rnin! ?-e#-er fossi) f"e) or *ioass@. As a ,o))"#an#3 #-e1 are of5on5ern *e5a"se soe 5o,o"n+s -a8e *een i+en#ifie+ as
5ar5ino!eni53 "#a!eni53 an+ #era#o!eni5.PAHs are a)so fo"n+ in 5ooke+ foo+s. S#"+ies -a8e s-on #-a# -i!-
)e8e)s of PAHs are fo"n+3 for ea,)e3 in ea# 5ooke+ a# -i!-#e,era#"res s"5- as !ri))in! or *ar*e5"in!3 an+ in soke+ fis-.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
17/44
CHEMISTR7 (' PAH
The simplest PAs! as de"ined by the #nternational $nion o" Pure and
Applied %hemistry $PA%' &(.P )oss! #$PA% nomenclature "or
"used-ring systems'! are phenanthrene and anthracene! which both
contain three "used aromatic rings. Smaller molecules! such as ben*ene!
are not PAs.
PAs may contain "our-! "i+e-! si,- or se+en-member rings! but thosewith "i+e or si, are most common. PAs composed only o" si,-
membered rings are called a)#ernan# PAs. %ertain alternant PAs arecalled *enenoi+ PAs.
The name comes "rom ben*ene! an aromatic hydrocarbon with a single!
si,-membered ring. These can be ben*ene rings interconnected with
each other by single carbon-carbon bonds and with no rings remaining
that do not contain a complete ben*ene ring.
The set o" alternant PAs is closely related to a set o" mathematicalentities called polyhe,es! which are planar "igures composed by
conoining regular he,agons o" identical si*e.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
18/44
CHEMISTR7 (' PAH
PAs containing up to si, "used aromatic rings are o"ten known as
small PAs! and those containing more than si, aromatic rings are
called large PAs. ue to the a+ailability o" samples o" the +arious
small PAs! the bulk o" research on PAs has been o" those o" up to si,
rings.
The biological acti+ity and occurrence o" the large PAs does appear to
be a continuation o" the small PAs. They are "ound as combustion
products! but at lower le+els than the small PAs due to the kinetic
limitation o" their production through addition o" successi+e rings.
#n addition! with many more isomers possible "or larger PAs! the
occurrence o" speci"ic structures is much smaller.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
(KSIDAN '(T(KIMIA K * # ' # ki i
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
19/44
(KSIDAN '(T(KIMIA > Ka*"# 'o#okiia
M"n5") +ari -asi) seran!kaian reaksi kiia a#osfer 1an!+i")ai *i)a -i+rokar*on *ersaa +en!an oksi+a ni#ro!en#erkena 5a-a1a a#a-ari
Sen1aa 1an! #er)i*a#: (on3 Peroksi
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
20/44
http://www.shodor.org/master/en+ironmental/air/photochem/smogapplication.html
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
21/44
EMBENTUKAN KABUT FOTOKIMIA
#t begins at the bottom with the production o" 0 and reacti+e
hydrocarbons by "ossil "uel burning &such as an automobile'. n the le"tside! the 0 reacts with tropospheric o*one or a hydrocarbon radical
&23 ' to produce 03 &a radical is a molecule "ragment that has an
unpaired electron'.
This absorbs solar energy &represented by the letters hv' to create 0
&which propagates the system' and atomic o,ygen. Atomic o,ygenreacts to "orm tropospheric o*one! which "eeds back into the 0,
system &the , here re"ers to the number o" o,ygens! and ser+es as a
general notational term "or the nitrogen o,ides'. Atomic o,ygen can
also react with hydro,yl radicals! ! and o*one to "orm the reacti+ehydrocarbon radicals utili*ed in the 0, system.
These radicals also react to "orm other components o" smog! such as
PA0 &pero,yacetyl nitrate' and aldehydes &2%4! where 2 is some
hydrocarbon chain'.
The graphic below shows the essential workings o" the 0, system!
with the interactions between 0 and 03 on the le"t and the
production/washout o" 05 on the right:
2ekasi Pembentukan kabut "otokimia
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
22/44
2ekasi Pembentukan kabut "otokimia
The de+elopment o" photochemical smog is dependent upon solarradiation! source emissions o" hydrocarbons and nitrogen o,ides! and
atmospheric stability &"or enhanced concentrations'. 6arly in the
morning! commuter tra""ic releases 0 and hydrocarbons. At the same
time! 03 may decrease through because the sunlight can break itdown to 0 and . The is then "ree to react with 3 to "orm 5.
Shortly therea"ter! o,idi*ed hydrocarbons react with 0 to increase
03 by midmorning. This reaction causes 0 to decrease and 5 to
build up! producing a midday peak in 5 and minimum in 0. As the
smog ripens! +isibility may be reduced due to light scattering by
aerosols. Primarily due to the dependence on commuter tra""ic between
surburbs and cities! there are presently more than 78 urban areas in
+iolation o" the $S ambient air 9uality standard "or o*one.
THE MAIN C(MP(NENTS (' PH(T(CHEMICAL SM(G
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
23/44
THE MAIN C(MP(NENTS (' PH(T(CHEMICAL SM(G'(RMATI(N
http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm
e can also look at the "ormation o" photochemical smog "rom a
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
24/44
p g
kinetic perspecti+e.
This chart shows the nine key e9uations o" smog production! and the
rate constant that a""ects the speed &or rate' at which the reaction takes
place:
#n this graphic! we see the in+ol+ement o" the 0, system and the production o"
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
25/44
o*one. ere is a narrati+e +ersion o" the graphic abo+e:
1.2eaction 1: 03! reacts with light energy! hv ! to "orm 0 and a singlet o,ygen atom. The
rate o" this reaction depends on how much light energy there is -- a sunny day +ersus acloudy day;
3.2eaction 3: singlet o,ygen reacts with the o,ygen molecule &what you breathe' in the
presence o" a catalyst ) to "orm o*one! 5. The catalyst ) remains unchanged &which is
the de"inition o" a catalyst;'. The rate o" this reaction depends on the temperature in the
atmosphere.
5.2eaction 5: *one reacts with 0 to produce more 03 and 3. These products "eed back
into 2eactions 1 and 3! thus ensuring a steady production o" o*one; The rate o" this reaction
also depends on the temperature in the atmosphere.
7.2eaction 7: *one is degraded &broken down' by light energy! "orming a charged "orm o"
singlet o,ygen! &1'! and more molecular o,ygen. 0otice that this reaction proceeds at a
much slower rate than the "irst reaction &about one-"ourth o" one percent as slow;'
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
26/44
PARTIKULAT
TSP: To#a) S"s,en+e+ Par#i5")a#eA+a)a- #o#a) asa ,ar#ik")a# 5air +an ,a+a#an 1an! a+a +i"+ara 3 se,er#i Je)a!a3 Asa,3 De*"3 Mis# +an S,ra1.
Berasa) +ari ,roses ,e*akaran
Konsen#rasin1a: %.& &%
Par#i5")a#es a)so knon as ,ar#i5")a#e a##er ?PM@3
s"s,en+e+ ,ar#i5")a#e a##er ?SPM@3 fine ,ar#i5)es3an+ soo# are #in1 s"*+i8isions of so)i+ a##er
s"s,en+e+ in a !as or )i"i+. In 5on#ras#3 aeroso) refers#o ,ar#i5)es an+4or )i"i+ +ro,)e#s an+ #-e !as #o!e#-er.
So"r5es of ,ar#i5")a#e a##er 5an *e an a+e orna#"ra). Air ,o))"#ion an+ a#er ,o))"#ion 5an #ake #-e
for of so)i+ ,ar#i5")a#e a##er3 or *e +isso)8e+.
Sa)# is an ea,)e of a +isso)8e+ 5on#ainan# in a#er3-i)e san+ is !enera))1 a so)i+ ,ar#i5")a#e.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
27/44
FOG
'o! is a collection o" li9uid water droplets or ice crystalssuspended in the air at or near the 6arths sur"ace. hile "og
is a type o" stratus cloud! the term "og is typically
distinguished "rom the more generic term cloud in that
"og is low-lying! and the moisture in the "og is o"tengenerated locally &such as "rom a nearby body o" water! like
a lake or the ocean! or "rom nearby moist ground or
marshes'.
Bog is distinguished "rom mist only by its density! ase,pressed in the resulting decrease in +isibility: Bog
reduces +isibility to less than 1 km &
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
28/44
S((T
Soo# & / s tˈ ʊ
/' is a general term that re"ers to impure carbon particles resulting "rom the incomplete combustion o" a
hydrocarbon. #t is more properly restricted to the product o"
the gas-phase combustion process but is commonly
e,tended to include the residual pyroly*ed "uel particlessuch as coal! cenospheres! charred wood! petroleum coke!
and so on! that may become airborne during pyrolysis and
that are more properly identi"ied as cokes or chars.
The gas-phase soots contain polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons &PAs'.
The PAs in soot are known mutagens and are classi"ied as
a known human carcinogen by the #nternational Agency
"or 2esearch on %ancer A2%'.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot
S((T
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
29/44
S((T
Soot! as an airborne contaminant in the en+ironment has
many di""erent sources but they are all the result o" some
"orm o" pyrolysis. They include soot "rom coal burning!
internal combustion engines! power plant boilers! hog-"uel
boilers! ship boilers! central steam heat boilers! wasteincineration! local "ield burning! house "ires! "orest "ires!
"ireplaces! "urnaces! etc.
These e,terior sources also contribute to the indoor
en+ironment sources such as smoking o" plant matter!cooking! oil lamps! candles! 9uart*/halogen bulbs with settled
dust! "ireplaces! de"ecti+e "urnaces! etc. Soot in +ery low
concentrations is capable o" darkening sur"aces or making
particle agglomerates! such as those "rom +entilation systems!appear black.
Soot is the primary cause o" ghosting! the discoloration o"
walls and ceilings or walls and "looring where they meet. #t is
generally responsible "or the discoloration o" the walls abo+e
baseboard electric heating units and can be known as a gas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot
S((T
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
30/44
S((T
The "ormation o" soot depends strongly on the "uelcomposition.
The rank ordering o" sooting tendency o" "uel components
is: naphthalenes E ben*enes E aliphatics. owe+er! the
order o" sooting tendencies o" the aliphatics &alkanes!alkenes! alkynes' +aries dramatically depending on the
"lame type.
The di""erence between the sooting tendencies o" aliphaticsand aromatics is thought to result mainly "rom the di""erent
routes o" "ormation.
Aliphatics appear to "irst "orm acetylene and
polyacetylenesF aromatics can "orm soot both by this route
and also by a more direct pathway in+ol+ing ring
condensation or polymeri*ation reactions building on thee,isting aromatic structure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot
SUL'UR (KSIDA: S(
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
31/44
Da,a# *ereaksi +en!an air enja+i S")fi# +an S")fa#
S($ O H$(
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
32/44
esos,-ere of =en"sIi Jhang! )ao-%hang Kiang! Branck )ontmessin! Hean-Koup Lertau,!
%hristopher Parkinson! and Muk K. Mung. 0ature (eoscience Mear published:
&3818'
'UNGSI KERUSAKAN
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
33/44
'"n!si a#ea#ik:
'"n!si 1an! en1a#akan -"*"n!an an#ara 8aria*e) ,o)"#an+en!an efekn1a #er-a+a, an"sia +an )in!k"n!an -i+",n1a
'"n!si ini ,en#in! "n#"k en+isain in+ika#or ,en5earan)in!k"n!an
Pen1"s"nan In+eks Pen5earan 4 K"a)i#as Lin!k"n!an:
Dari -"*"n!an an#ara ,en5ear #er"k"r +en!an Es#ia#e+Dea#- Ra#e/: DAMAGE 'UNCTI(N D(SE
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
34/44
Eks,resi k"an#i#a#if #en#an! -"*"n!an an#ara ke*era+aan s"a#"
,o)"#an +en!an #in!ka# +a,ak 1an! +i#i*")kann1a ,a+a,o,")asi #ar!e# ?sasaran@
Ker"sakan BI('ISIK: '"n!si ker"sakan fisik a#a" *io)o!is
Ker"sakan ekonoi: '"n!si ker"sakan ekonoi3 *er+iensi one#er3Men1a#akan kore)asi an#ara ker"sakan ekonoi +en!an #araf ,o)"#ana*ien
Da)a e,resen#asikan f"n!si ker"sakan -ar"s seje)as"n!kin:
Po)"#an a,aDosisn1a *era,a
Da,akn1a *a!aianaPo,")asi sasarann1a
'UNGSI KERUSAKAN: TE(RITIS
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
35/44
'"n!si ker"sakan: Har"s en5erinkan fenoena a*an!'enoena a*an!: A+a ni)ai a*an! inia)3
+i *aa- ana #i+ak #erja+i ker"sakan+i a#as ni)ai a*an! akan #erja+i ,enin!ka#an
ker"sakan se5ara 5e,a# *i)a ,o)"#an *er#a*a-
Da,ak .
A*an!
Po)"#an
TL=: T-res-o)+ Lii#in! =a)"e0 er",akan konse, a+a,#asiKe5en+er"n!an or!anise "n#"k en!e*an!kan #o)eransi#er-a+a, konsen#rasi ren+a- *a-an #oksik
Da,ak . Jen"-
Linear
A*an! Po)"#an
STRUKTUR INDEKS LINGKUNGAN
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
36/44
T"j"an In+eks a+a)a- "n#"k en1e+er-anakan
D"a a5a *en#"k In+eks Lin!k"n!an:&. ANGKA INDEKS: ni)ain1a enin!ka# seja)an +en!an
,enin!ka#an ,en5earan )in!k"n!an0 In+eks Pen5earan
Lin!k"n!an0 In5reasin! s5a)e
$. ANGKA INDEKS : Ni)ain1a en"r"n a,a*i)a ,en5earan)in!k"n!an enin!ka#0 In+eks K"a)i#as Lin!k"n!an0De5reasin! s5a)e
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
37/44
STRUKTUR MATEMATIKA INDEKS
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
38/44
Per-i#"n!an in+eks )in!k"n!an #er+iri a#as +"a #a-a,:
&. Per-i#"n!an s"* & I
Misa)n1a: a+a se*an1ak i 8aria*e) ,o)"#an :i > ni)ai "n#"k 8aria*e) ,o)"#an ke iS"* in+eks ke f?i@
S"*in+eks en1a#akan karak#eris#ik )in!k"n!an +ari ,e"*a-,o)"#an #er#en#"
AGREGASI SUB
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
39/44
$. M")#i,)i5a#ion6. Maiia#ion3 s"* !?I&3I$32In@
Pe"*a- Po)"#an: $ Pe"*a- Po)"#an: n
S"*in+eks &
I& > f?&@
S"*in+eks $
I$ > f?$@
S"*in+eks n
In > f?n@
INDEKS I
MACAM INDEKS
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
40/44
INDEKS ABS(LUT:
'"n!si -"*"n!an an#ara 8aria*e) ,o)"#an +en!an in+eks)in!k"n!an +i#e#a,kan ?#e)a- +ike#a-"i@
INDEKS RELATI':In+eks #i+ak -an1a #er!an#"n! ,a+a ses"a#" o*ser8asi?8aria*e)@ #er#en#"3 #e#a,i j"!a #er!an#"n! ,a+a *an1ako*ser8asi ?8aria*e)@ )ainn1a
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
41/44
SUB
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
42/44
'UNGSI LINEAR:
I > 2222222 I : s"*in+eks : =aria*e) ,o)"#an
: Kons#an#e
N(N
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
43/44
&. ADDITI=E '(RM:
Linear
-
8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN
44/44