heru susetyo staf pengajar viktimologi, ham & hukum perlindungan anak fh-ui

ADVOKASI TERHADAP KORBAN & PENGALAMAN DI BEBERAPA NEGARA

TOT Victimology & Victim AssistanceLPSK, Bogor 27 Maret 2013Heru SusetyoStaf Pengajar Viktimologi, HAM & Hukum Perlindungan Anak FH-UI Executive Committee World Society of VictimologyAdvokat HAM pada Pusat Advokasi Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (PAHAM)

Three definitions of VictimThe crime victimThe universal concept of victims (Mendelsohn)The victim of violations of human rights including crime

(Kirchhoff & Morosawa, 2009)

Victims are Socially ConstructedVictims are socially constructed, it is not sufficient that persons claim the status of victims without sufficient social acknowledgement (social construction of reality).

(Barkhuizen 2007, in Kirchhoff and Morosawa, 2009)

FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

Ezzat Fattah on Victimology (1)(Ezzat Fattah, 2002)Victimology, the study of crime victims, their characteristics, their relationship to, and their interactions with, their victimizers, their role and their actual contribution to the genesis of crime, offers a great promise for transforming etiological criminology from a static, one-sided study of the traits and attributes of the offender into a dynamic, situational approach that views criminal behaviour not as a unilateral action but as the outcome of dynamic processes of interaction.


Ezzat Fattah on Victimology (2)The study of the victims is and will always remain an integral part of criminology. Any attempt to separate victimology from criminology, or to treat it as an independent or autonomous discipline is bound to fail.


VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIMIZATION(Shichor and Tibbets, 2002)

Victimology focused on individual victims of violent crimes committed by individual perpetrators.Gradually, victimological studies expanded to organizations and corporations as victim and victimizers.Victimology is in the process of delineating its focus of study, defining its key concepts, theoretical approaches, refining its data-collection methods, and generally trying to establish itself as a legitimate and independent discipline.


VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIMIZATION (1)Victimology : the scientific study of the victim of human rights violation (including crime), of victimizations and of reactions to both of those.Victimology deals with victims, with victims of human rights violation (including crime)Victimology deals with empirically accessible social realities.

(Kirchhoff, 2005).


VICTIMOLOGY & VICTIMIZATION (2)Victimology is interested in the process of becoming a victim (which social, group, institutional and individual conditions lead to these processes?) > victimization.Victimology looks at reactions, reactions to victims and reactions to victimization.(Kirchhoff, 2005).


Mendelsohn & General Victimology

Beniamin Mendelsohn continued to develop his ideas about victims for crime until he arrived at the theory of general victimology. Its purpose was to help `victims of all kinds` -including victims of beyond human control (Hoffman, 1992 : 90).

Mendelsohn developed the concept of victimity : whole of the socio-bio-psychological characteristics, common to all victims in general, which society wishes to prevent and fight, no matter what their determinants are (criminal or others).

VICTIM SERVICESVictim services are those activities which are applied in response to victimizations with the intention of relieving suffering and facilitating recovery.This includes providing information, making assesments, conducting individual interventions, engaging in social advocacy, proposing public policy and working in program development. (Dussich, 2010)

VICTIM SERVICES

What is advocacy?Advocacy is speaking, acting and writing with minimal conflict of interest on behalf of the sincerely perceived interests of a disadvantaged person or group to promote, protect and defend their welfare and justice.

www.qppd.orgFACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA


Advocacy is pursuit of influencing outcomes - including public policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions - that directly affect people's lives.

www.qppd.org



Advocacy has purposeful results: to enable social justice advocates to gain access and voice in the decision making of relevant institutions; to change the power relationships between these institutions and the people affected by their decisions, thereby changing the institutions themselves; and to bring a clear improvement in people's liveswww.qppd.org



Advocacy consists of organized efforts and actions based on the reality of "what is." These organized actions seek to highlight critical issues that have been ignored and submerged, to influence public attitudes, and to enact and implement laws and public policies so that visions of "what should be" in a just, decent society become a reality.

www.qppd.org



What is advocacy (3)Advocacy efforts may include :Proposing public policy or questioning the prevailing public policies. Lobbying for rights and servicesPublic demonstrationsPublic and professional education through written information and programs.FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA


TYPES OF ADVOCACYTwo main forms of advocacy :Individual advocacySystem AdvocacyFACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA


Individual AdvocacyFocuses on changing the situation of one person to protect his or her rights or to improve individual services.Two common forms :Informal advocacy; is undertaken by individuals, their parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, friends.Voluntary or not to profit community based organizations that pay staff to advocate for individuals .

(www.mndaust.asn.au)FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA


SYSTEM ADVOCACYWorks to change the situation of a whole group of people who share a similar problem, or to change a service system. System advocacy can benefit many people. It also strives to prevent problem.System advocacy encourages changes to the law, government and service provider policies and community attitudes.



SYSTEM ADVOCACY (2)Seeks to influence change in the broader political and social arenas because without change at this level, positive change for individuals is more difficult to achieve. Speak out for new legislation, policies and practices.Highlighting where policy is in place but not being implemented. Involving in coalitionswww.family-advocacy.comFACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA


Terminologi yang lain

System advocacyStructural advocacyStructural legal aid (Indonesian)Social advocacy?



TENTANG ADVOKASI SOSIAL :PROSES2 PEMBENTUKAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK*PROSES2 LEGISLASI & JURISDIKSI

PROSES2 POLITIK & BIROKRASI

PROSES2 SOSIALISASI & MOBILISASI

PROSES2 LEGISLASI DAN JURISDIKSI*PENGAJUAN USUL, KONSEP TANDING, DAN PEMBELAAN

Sarana : legal drafting, counter draftjudicial reviewclass action, legal standinglitigasi/ jurisprudensi

PROSES2 POLITIK DAN BIROKRASI*MEMPENGARUHI PEMBUAT DAN PELAKSANA PERATURAN

SARANA :LOBBYNEGOSIASIMEDIASIKOLABORASI

PEMBAGIAN KERJA ADVOKASI*KERJA PENDUKUNG

KERJA GARIS DEPAN

KERJA BASIS

KERJA PENDUKUNG (Supporting units)*MENYEDIAKAN DANALOGISTIKINFORMASDATAAKSES

KERJA BASIS (ground works)*ADALAH DAPUR GERAKAN ADVOKASI

MEMBANGUN BASIS MASSAPENDIDIKAN POLITIK KADERMEMBENTUK LINGKAR INTIMOBILISASI AKSI

KERJA GARIS DEPAN (front liners)*MELAKSANAKAN FUNGSI JURU BICARAPERUNDING PELOBBYTERLIBAT DALAM PROSES LEGISLASI DAN JURISDIKSIMENGGALANG SEKUTU

ARUS ADVOKASI TERPADU*BENTUK LINGKAR INTIKUMPULKAN DATA/ INFOANALISIS DATA/ INFODISKUSI, SEMINAR, DLLPILIH ISSU STRATEGISKEMAS ISSUE SEMENARIK MUNGKINGALANG SEKUTU SEBANYAK MUNGKINPENGORGANISASIAN MASYARAKATPENDIDIKAN POLITIK

*SIAPKAN SATUAN / BARISAN PENDUKUNGBANGUN BASIS GERAKANPELATIHAN TEKNISAJUKAN KONSEP TANDINGLAKUKAN PEMBELAANPENGARUHI PEMBUAT DAN PELAKSANA KEBIJAKAN

*PENGARUHI PENDAPAT UMUMLANCARKAN TEKANAN

PERUBAHAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

*JARINGAN KERJA ADVOKASI(Roem Toppatimasing, dkk)KERJA PENDUKUNG(Supporting units)Dana, logistik, informasi, data, aksesKERJA GARIS DEPAN(Front lines)Melaksanakan fungsi juru bicara,Lobby, negosiasi, terlibat dalam Proses legislasi dan litigasi, Menggalang sekutuKERJA BASIS(Ground works) dapur gerakan advokasi :Membangun basis masa, Pend. Politik kader, mbtk lingkar intiMobilisasi aksi, kampanye

BAGAN ARUS SISTEM KERJA ADVOKASI(Roem Toppatimasang, dkk)*Bentuk TimIntiKumpulkan InformasiAnalisisDataBangun AliansiIdentifikasiKorbanSiapkan BasisGerakanTetapkan IssueDan tujuan StrategisBungkus/KemasIssueMenyiakanAlternatifpemecahanAdakan pembelaanPengaruhi Pendapat umumPengaruhi Pembuat KeputusanLancarkan TekananPerubahanKebijakanStructureCultureContrentSiapkan Sistem PendukungDana, logistik, Sistem informasiMonitoring dan EvaluasiUmpan balikPengorganisasian MasyarakatPemberdayaanPendidikan PolitikLobbyKampanye,Jumpa persJudicial reviewLegaldraftinglitigasiAksi massa,Demonstrasi,boykot

Seminar, diskusi, dllStudipenelitiannegosiasi

*PROSES PROSESLEGISLASI & JURISDIKSI(pengajuan usul, konsep tanding, Dan pembelaan)- legal drafting Counter draft Judicial review litigasiPROSES-PROSESPOLITIK BIROKRASI(Mempengaruhi pembuat & pelaksana putusan Lobby negosiasi mediasi kolaborasiPROSES-PROSESSOSIALISASI & MOBILISASI(Membentuk pendapat umumDan tekanan politik) kampanye, siaran pers unjuk rasa, mogok, boykot pengorganisasian basis pendidikan politikTATA LAKSANAHUKUMBUDAYA HUKUKPEMBENTUKAN/PERUBAHANKEBIJAKANPUBLIKISI/NASKAH HUKUM

INDONESIAN LAW ON SOCIAL WELFARE NO. 11/ 2009

SOCIAL PROTECTION IN LAW NO. 11/ 2009

Pasal 16(1)Advokasi sosial dimaksudkan untuk melindungi dan membela seseorang, keluarga, kelompok, dan/ atau masyarakat yang dilanggar haknya.(2) Advokasi sosial sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) diberikan dalam bentuk penyadaran hak dan kewajiban, pembelaan, dan pemenuhan hak.

SOCIAL ADVOCACY (art. 16 Indonesian Law No. 11/ 2009)

Lesson Learned :

Disaster Victimization (Korban Bencana Alam) & System Advocacy > Indonesia, Thailand, Japan

System Advocacy for Indonesian Disaster VictimsTriggered by Aceh/ Indian ocean earthquake tsunami 2004 NGOs/ NPOs played active and significant role in conducting system advocacy for disaster victims.FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA


The Role of NGO > MPBI Masyarakat Penanggulangan Bencana Indonesia/ Indonesian Society for Disaster Countermeasures have conducted such measures as follows :Initiating the draft of Indonesian Disaster Management Act, including Presidential Decree and bylaws both in national and local level.Creating a framework of Community-based disaster risk reduction management



3. Campaigning, promoting and disseminating humanitarian standard (SPHERE Project) for volunteers.Conducting research, discussion, and seminar on disaster countermeasures issues.



Proposing Indonesian Disaster Management ActIndonesia does not have Disaster Management Act until the enactment of Law No. 24 year 2007 on Disaster Management/ CountermeasuresPreviously, the laws concerning disaster management are only presidential decree No. 3 year 2001 on Coordinating Board of Disaster Management.

*Major Issues on Disaster ManagementLACK OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ON DISASTER RESPONSEDelay in the management of emergency response Lack of coordination in planning and programming for post-disaster recoveryInstitutional framework is more focus on emergency response, rather than post-disaster recoveryFunding more emphasizes on emergency response

LACK OF UNDERSTANDING IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTIONLack of understanding in the preparation of disaster preparedness and risk reduction Lack of institutional performance in the management of risk reduction Lack of planning and programming for risk reduction Lack of incorporating risk disaster mitigation into spatial plans

(Hadi, 2007)

*New Paradigm on Disaster Management(Hadi, 2007)Recognizing the right for dignified life and livelihood and that the government responsible to ensure the protection from disaster, which is essence is avoidable, with no risks creation in recovery process Reducing disaster risk factors from unsustainable development practices that are worsened by the impact of climate changes Being accountable to the risk community and/or disaster-affected community and sensitivity to gender, participatory, equity and justice perspectives

MAJOR ISSUESGUIDELINES, COORDINATION, LOCAL CAPACITY, FUNDING FRAMEWORK,LONGER-TERM RECOVERYMAJOR ISSUESCOMMON PERCEPTION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, FUNDING SOURCE,COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

PreviousChangesFutureParadigmApproachInstitutionGovernance

ParadigmApproachInstitutionGovernance

Triggered by Aceh Tsunami DM Law No. 24/2007

CONTOH-CONTOH ADVOKASI


Victim Services (1) : Legal Representation by Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma in the aftermath of Phuket Phang Nga- Thailand Tsunami December 2004

http://www.tacdb-burmese.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=70


Victim Services (2) : Advocating Burmese Unregistered Migrant Workers who were victimized by tsunami



Disaster Victims : Sea Gypsy (Moken)

ADVOKASI KORBAN KONFLIK THAILAND SELATAN PATTANINGO Cross Cultural Foundation bekerja untuk pendampingan korban kekerasan di Thailand Selatan dalam bentuk : pendampingan keluarga korban di Thailand SelatanObservasi dan investigasiMonitoring pengadilan dan persidanganMenyediakan pengacara untuk tersangkaMelakukan kampanye, membuat petisi dan diseminasi issuehttp://www.crcf.or.th/en/index.php

Advokasi thd Kekerasan di Thailand Selatan

Advokasi Korban Kekerasan Negara terhadap Pengungsi/ Pencari Suaka Rohingya asal MyanmarPIARA Pusat Informasi & Advokasi Rohingya Arakan

Advokasi untuk Pengungsi RohingyaInvestigasi dan monitoring ke Rudenim dan tempat-tempat para pengungsiKampanyePenyampaian sikap ke legislatif/ eksekutif dan Myanmar EmbassyMendatangkan Rohingya leaders in exile untuk roadshow di IndonesiaMenyampaikan bantuan kemanusiaan


Arigato gozaimashitaTerima kasih banyak !Khob khun mak mak khrap


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