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Fenomena Korupsi di SektorPublik

Kuliah 1 Etika dan Korupsi dalam Sektor PublikProgram Pascasarjana Kekhususan Manajemen Sektor Publik

DIA FISIP UI@ Teguh Kurniawan, 13 Februari 2013

Email: teguh.kurniawan@ui.ac.id, teguh@kurniawans.netTwitter: tghkurn

http://www.kurniawans.net, http://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/teguh1

PERC, 2011

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PERC, 2011

PERC, 2011

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PERC, 2011

PERC, 2011

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PERC, 2011

Survey Integritas KPK 2012

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KPK, 2012

KPK, 2012

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Fakta Korupsi dalam Layanan Publik: Pengalaman Integritas

KPK, 2012

Pengalaman Integritas

KPK, 2012

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Pengalaman Integritas

KPK, 2012

Pengalaman Integritas

KPK, 2012

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Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

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Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

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Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

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Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

Potensi Integritas

KPK, 2012

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KPK, 2012

KPK, 2012

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Apakah Korupsi

• Korupsi utamanya adalah penyalahgunaankepercayaan demi kepentingan pribadi dankeuntungan pribadi. Oleh karena itu, korupsiadalah suatu bentuk pencarian keuntunganpribadi (Tjiptoherijanto, 2007)

• C = M + D – A Korupsi = Monopoli + Diskresi– Akuntabilitas (Klitgaard, 1998)

Apakah Korupsi• public-office definition

– Behavior that deviates from the normal duties of public role because of private regarding (family, close private cliques), pecuniary or status gains; or violates rules against the exercise of certain types of private-regarding influence. This includes such behavior as bribery (use of a reward to pervert the judgement of a person in a position of trust); nepotism (bestowal of patronage by reason of ascriptive relationship rather than merit); and misappropriation (illegal appropriation of public resources for private regarding uses. (Nye, 1967: 219) Desta, 2006

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Apakah Korupsi

• market-centred definition– A corrupt civil servant regards his offi ce as a

business, the income of which he will …seek to maximize. The office then becomes a ‘maximizing unit.’ The size of his income depends upon the market situation and his talents for finding the point of maximal gain on the public’s demand curve. (Van Klaveren, 1957, cited in Heidenheimer et al., 1989)

Desta, 2006

Apakah Korupsi

• public-interest-centred definition– The pattern of corruption can be said to exist

whenever a power holder who is charged with doing certain things, i.e., who is a responsible functionary or officeholder, is by monetary or other rewards not legally provided for, induced to take actions which favor whoever provides the rewards and thereby does damage to the public and its interests. (Friederick, 1966, cited in Heidenheimer et al., 1989)

Desta, 2006

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Korupsi Birokrasi• Korupsi di Pemerintahan Sipil (Mahmood, 2005)• Definisi yang berpusat pada Jabatan Publik sebagaimana diungkapkan oleh Nye

(1967, 219 dalam Desta, 2006), yaitu: perilaku yang menyimpang dari tanggungjawab seharusnya sebagai petugas publik karena kepentingan pribadi (keluarga, kawan dekat), karena mengharapkan keuntungan uang atau status; atau pelanggaran aturan dengan memanfaatkan pengaruh pribadi– Penyuapan (penggunaan hadiah untuk mempengaruhi penilaian seseorang

petugas), nepotisme (patronase karena alasan hubungan dekat daripada merit), dan penyalahgunaan (penggunaan ilegal dari sumberdaya publik untuk penggunaan pribadi)

• UU No. 20/2001 30 (tiga puluh) bentuk/jenis dari tindak pidana korupsi 13 (tiga belas) buah pasal dikelompokkan menjadi 7 (tujuh) kelompok, yaitu: kerugian keuangan negara; suap-menyuap; penggelapan dalam jabatan; pemerasan; perbuatan curang; benturan kepentingan dalam pengadaan; serta gratifikasi

Karakteristik

• Corruption involves more than one person• Corruption involves secrecy• Corruption involves mutual obligation and mutual

benefit• Corruption involves camouflage activities to avoid

open clash with law• Corruption involves violation norms and

responsibilities within the civic order

Tjiptoherijanto, 2007

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Tahapan• The first stage at which corruption is relatively restricted

without affecting a wide area of social life. It can be found in governmental bureaucracy because of government salaries are so low that civil servants expect additional remuneration for conducting special assignments

• The second stage is where corruption has become rampant and all pervading. The best example is corruption which distorted for private gain. They always need payment for services

• The third stage is when corruption become self destructive, having destroyed the fabric of society. The so-called grand scale rent seeking behavior, or the “culture of corruption”

Alatas, 1999 dalam Tjiptoherijanto, 2007

Dampak

• Economic cost:– Exploitative and non-productive– Affecting foreign investment decision

• Social cost damaging government authority, accountability and the rule of law

Tjiptoherijanto, 2007

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Dampak

• Corruption leads government to spend less on education and health but more on public investment

• Public budget deficit increases due to low tax collection and high spending, which in turn causes interest rates and/or inflation to rise

• More politically unstable

Bayar, 2005

Dampak

• Economic– corruption distorts incentives– reduces state funds through its negative effect on tax income by

opening up loopholes in tax collection– inflating the cost of doing business– reduces investment and, as a consequence, reduces the rate of growth– reduces expenditure on education and health, which does not lend

itself easily to manipulation by high level officials to get bribes and increases expenditure in public projects that led themselves easily to corruption

– creates high excess burdens resulting from the cost of searching for those to whom the bribe must be paid and the cost of negotiating and paying the bribe

Desta, 2006

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Dampak

• Social– reduces or distorts the fundamental role of

government in such areas as enforcement of contracts and protection of property right

– reduce the availability of government funds for development-related activity

Desta, 2006

Dampak• Politic

– hampers political development and contributes to political instability

– hinders political development and weakens civil society

– Undermines the legitimacy of governments as citizens come to believe that the government is simply for sale to the highest bidder

– the privileged and the well-connected enjoy economic rent which represents abnormal or monopoly profits that can bestow large benefits

– to increase income inequality because it allows well-positioned individuals to take advantage of government activities at the cost of the rest of the population

Desta, 2006

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Sumber Data

• KPK, 2012, Hasil Survei Integritas Sektor Publik2012, Direktorat Penelitian danPengembangan, Jakarta 11 Desember

• Political & Economic Risk Consultancy, 2011, Asian Intelligence: An Independent Fortnightly on Asian Business and Politics, No. 823, March 23