elektrolitik produksi aluminium

8/4/2019 Elektrolitik Produksi Aluminium

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ELEKTROLITIK PRODUKSI ALUMINIUM

Theodore R. BeckTheodore R. BeckElectrochemical Technology Corp.Elektrokimia Teknologi Corp

Seattle, WA 98125, USASeattle, WA 98125, USA

(October, 2001, Last revision: May, 2008) (Oktober, 2001, revisi Terakhir: Mei, 2008)

Rare over 100 years ago, aluminum, made by anelectrolyticprocess, is now ubiquitous intransportation, packaging, building construction and electrical transmission. Jarang lebih dari

100 tahun yang lalu, aluminium, dibuat oleh suatuelektrolisaproses, sekarang di mana-mana di

transportasi, kemasan, konstruksi bangunan dan transmisi listrik.

Metallic aluminum was first made by HC Oersted in Copenhagen in 1825. Logam aluminium

pertama kali dibuat oleh HC Oersted pada tahun 1825 di Kopenhagen. He gently heated

potassium amalgam (an alloy of potassium and mercury) with aluminum chloride and distilledthe mercury from the resultant aluminum amalgam. Dia lembut kalium amalgam dipanaskan

(paduan kalium dan merkuri) dengan aluminium klorida dan suling merkuri dari amalgamaluminium yang dihasilkan. A small lump of metal having the luster of tin remained behind.

Sebuah benjolan kecil logam memiliki kilau timah tetap di belakang. In 1845 Fredrick Wohler, atthe University of Gottingen, made pinhead size particles of aluminum byreductionof aluminum

chloride with potassium. Pada tahun 1845 Fredrick Wohler, di University of Gottingen, dibuat

dudukannya ukuran partikel aluminium denganpenguranganklorida aluminium dengan kalium.He was not able to fuse them together but he measured their specific gravity and obtained values

of 2.50 and 2.67 (g/cm3

), quite accurate compared to the current value of 2.702. Dia tidak bisa

memadukan mereka bersama-sama, tetapi ia mengukur berat jenis dan nilai-nilai yang diperoleh

dari 2,50 dan 2,67 (g/cm3),

cukup akurat dibandingkan dengan nilai saat ini dari 2,702. Thelow specific gravity, the ductility and the stability in air presaged the future utility of the metal, if

it could be made cheaply. Specific gravity rendah, daktilitas dan stabilitas di udara presagedutilitas masa depan logam, jika bisa dibuat murah. H. Sainte-Claire Deville announced animprovement in the process in 1854, that is reduction of aluminum chloride by sodium. H.

Sainte-Claire Deville mengumumkan perbaikan dalam proses tahun 1854, yaitu pengurangan

klorida aluminium oleh natrium. The resulting sodium chloride-aluminum chloride melt acted asa flux and allowed the aluminum pin heads to fuse into marble-size globules. Natrium klorida

yang dihasilkan-aluminium klorida meleleh bertindak sebagai fluks dan memungkinkan pin

aluminium kepala untuk memadukan ke tetesan marmer ukuran. Subsequently a plant was built

near Paris. Selanjutnya tanaman dibangun dekat Paris. Sodium was made by carbothermalreduction. Natrium dibuat oleh pengurangan carbothermal. Many others entered the field, in

England, Germany, and the United States and improvements were made in the process, but the

metal was still expensive. Banyak orang lain memasuki lapangan, di Inggris, Jerman, danAmerika Serikat dan perbaikan dilakukan dalam proses, namun logam itu masih mahal. In 1884a 100-ounce (~2.8-kg) pyramid was cast to cap the Washington Monument, one of the largest

pieces ever made at the time. Pada tahun 1884 sebuah 100-ons (~ 2.8kg) piramida dilemparkan

ke tutup Monumen Washington, salah satu bagian terbesar yang pernah dibuat pada saat itu.

The real breakthrough came in 1886 when Charles Martin Hall in Ohio and Paul L. T .Terobosan yang sebenarnya terjadi pada tahun 1886 ketika Charles Martin Hall di Ohio dan L.
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Paulus T. Heroult of Paris independently applied for patents for theelectrolyticprocess in molten

salt for manufacturing aluminum. Heroult Paris mandiri diterapkan untuk paten untukelektrolitikproses dalam garam cair untuk aluminium manufaktur. Both electrolyzed alumina (aluminum

oxide) dissolved in molten Greenland cryolite (sodium-aluminum fluoride) at about 1000o

C

(1832o

F). Kedua elektrolisis alumina (oksida aluminium) dilarutkan dalam cryolite Greenland

cair (sodium-aluminium fluorida) pada sekitar 1000

o

C (1832

o

F). The electric dynamo, whichcame into use about 15 years earlier, allowed this new electrolytic industry to grow and prosper.

Ini dinamo listrik, yang mulai dipakai sekitar 15 tahun sebelumnya, mengizinkan ini industri

elektrolitik baru untuk tumbuh dan sejahtera.

Aluminum has many remarkable properties, which have driven it to be second in production toiron and steel. Aluminium memiliki sifat yang luar biasa banyak, yang telah didorong untuk

menjadi kedua dalam produksi besi dan baja. Aluminum has a low density, and many strong

alloys are produced that contain relatively small percentages of copper, manganese, silicon,

magnesium, or zinc. Aluminium memiliki kepadatan rendah, dan paduan kuat banyak diproduksiyang berisi persentase relatif kecil dari tembaga, mangan, silikon, magnesium, atau seng. It has a

high thermal andelectrical conductivity, is non-magnetic, and is highly ductile. Memiliki dantinggi termalkonduktivitas listrik, adalah non-magnetik, dan sangat ulet. Aluminum and itsalloys can be cast, rolled, extruded, forged, drawn, and machined. Aluminium dan paduan yangdapat dicetak, digiling, diekstrusi, ditempa, ditarik, dan mesin. It is commercially available in

many forms: plates, sheet, bars, angle- and I-beams, pipe, wire, and foil. Ini secara komersial

tersedia dalam berbagai bentuk: piring, lembar, bar, sudut-dan aku-balok, pipa, kawat, dan foil.Although it is high on theelectromotive seriesand should be anactive metal, it is highly

corrosionresistant under usual conditions in the atmosphere and in water because it rapidly

forms a protective oxide film. Meskipun tinggi padaseri elektrodan harus menjadilogam aktif,

sangatkorositahan dalam kondisi biasa di atmosfer dan di air karena cepat membentuk lapisanpelindung oksida. Corrosion resistance is enhanced for many applications by producing a thicker

aluminum oxide film byanodizingin anelectrolytesuch as 15% sulfuricacid. Tahan korosi

ditingkatkan untuk banyak aplikasi dengan memproduksi film aluminium oksida tebal oleh

anodizingdalamelektrolitseperti% sulfat 15asam.

The Bayer process for alumina production Proses Bayer untuk produksi alumina

Alumina (aluminum oxide) powder, fed to theelectrolyticprocess, is produced by the Bayer

process from bauxite ore. Alumina (oksida aluminium) bubuk, diumpankan keelektrolitikproses, dihasilkan oleh proses Bayer dari bijih bauksit. Bauxites contain 40-60% alumina,

combined with silica (silicon oxide), iron oxide, and titanium dioxide. Bauxites mengandung

alumina 40-60%, dikombinasikan dengan silika (silikon oksida), oksida besi, dan titanium

dioksida. Bauxite is mined in many places worldwide, for example, Guinea, Jamaica, Brazil,Australia, and Africa. Bauksit ditambang di banyak tempat di seluruh dunia, misalnya, Guinea,

Jamaika, Brasil, Australia, dan Afrika. In the Bayer process, the alumina is dissolved in hot

sodium hydroxide solution and the iron oxide and other oxides are removed as insoluble "red

mud." Dalam proses Bayer, alumina yang dilarutkan dalam larutan sodium hidroksida panas danoksida besi dan oksida lainnya yang dikeluarkan sebagai larut "lumpur merah." Aluminum

hydroxide is precipitated from the clarified solution by cooling and seeding with aluminum

hydroxide crystals. Aluminium hidroksida diendapkan dari larutan diklarifikasi oleh pendinginan
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dan pembenihan dengan kristal aluminium hidroksida. The washed precipitate is calcined at up

to 1200o

C (2192o

F) to produceanhydrousalumina. Endapan dicuci adalah dikalsinasi padasampai 1200 o C (2192 o F) untuk menghasilkananhidratalumina. The particle size of the

alumina is about 100 m (m = millionth of ameter) and is called "ore" in the electrolytic

reduction plants. Ukuran partikel alumina adalah sekitar 100 pM (pM = sepersejutameter) dan

disebut "bijih" pada tanaman reduksi elektrolitik.

The Hall-Heroult process for aluminum production Proses Hall-Heroult untuk

produksi aluminium

Hall and several associates started the

Pittsburgh Reduction Company in 1888 in

Pittsburgh. Hall dan beberapa rekan memulai

Pittsburgh Pengurangan Perusahaan pada tahun1888 di Pittsburgh. They had twoelectrolytic

cellsinseries, operating at about 1750amperes

and 16voltsacross the two cells, producing 50lb/day (~23kg/day). Mereka punya duasel

elektrolitikdiseri, beroperasi pada sekitar

1750amperedan 16voltdi dua sel,menghasilkan 50 / hari (~ 23kg/ hari). The

cell linewas powered by two steam-powered

dynamos inparallel, rated at 1000 amperes and25 volts each. Thecell lineini didukung oleh

dua dinamo bertenaga uap diparalel, peringkat

1000 ampere dan 25 volt masing-masing. The

plant was enlarged to 475 lb/day (~215 kg/day)

in 1890 and in 1891 a new plant was built atNew Kensington, near Pittsburgh (Figure 1). Tanaman ini diperbesar menjadi 475 / hari (~ 215

kg / hari) pada tahun 1890 dan tahun 1891 sebuah pabrik baru dibangun di New Kensington,

dekat Pittsburgh (Gambar 1). The new plant produced 1000 lb/day (~453 kg/day) in 1893 and2000 lb/day (~906 kg/day) in 1894. Pabrik baru yang diproduksi 1000 / hari (~ 453 kg / hari)

pada tahun 1893 dan 2000 lb / hari (~ 906 kg / hari) pada tahun 1894. A new industry was born.

Sebuah industri baru lahir. In 1907 the company changed its name to Aluminum Company ofAmerica, now known as Alcoa. Pada tahun 1907 perusahaan berubah nama menjadi Perusahaan

Aluminium Amerika, sekarang dikenal sebagai Alcoa. Plants were built at Niagara Falls and

other places where inexpensive water power was available. Tanaman dibangun di Niagara Falls

dan tempat-tempat lain di mana tenaga air murah telah tersedia. In 1901 a plant was built in

Canada, which later became part of Aluminum Company of Canada, Alcan. Pada tahun 1901dibangun pabrik di Kanada, yang kemudian menjadi bagian dari Aluminium Perusahaan Kanada,

Alcan. Meanwhile the Heroult process was commercialized in France and Switzerland.Sementara itu proses Heroult itu dikomersialisasikan di Perancis dan Swiss. Other plants were

built in England, Germany, Italy, and Norway early in the 20th

century where water power was

available. tanaman lain yang dibangun di Inggris, Jerman, Italia, dan Norwegia awal abadke-20

dimana tenaga air yang tersedia.

Fig.Gambar.1.1.The Pittsburgh Reduction

Company's first cell room.Pittsburgh

Pengurangan Perusahaan pertama sel kamar.
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Hall's firstelectrolyticcells, or "pots," were of cast iron, 24 inches (~61cm) long, 16 inches

(~41 cm) wide and 20 inches (~51 cm) deep, with a 3-inch (~8-cm) bakedcarbonlining. pertamaHallelektrolitiksel, atau "pot," terbuat dari besi cor, 24 inci (~ 61cm) panjang, 16 inci (~ 41

cm) lebar dan 20 inci (~ 51 cm) dalam, dengan inci 3 (~ 8 -cm) dipanggangkarbonlapisan. Six

to ten carbonanodes, 3 inches (~8 cm) in diameter and 15 inches (~38 cm) long when new, were

suspended in theelectrolyte(bath) from a copperbusbarabove. Enam sampai sepuluh karbonanoda, 3 inci (~ 8 cm) dengan diameter 15 inci (~ 38 cm) lama ketika baru, dihentikan dalam

elektrolit(mandi) dari tembagabusbardi atas. The pots held 300 to 400 lbs (~136 to ~181kg).

Panci diselenggarakan 300 sampai 400 lbs (~ 136 untuk ~ 181kg). of cryolite bath in whichalumina was dissolved. bak mandi cryolite di mana alumina dibubarkan. The pots were arranged

so that they could be heated from below by a gas flame, but it was found that they were self

sustaining by the electrical heat generated. Para pot diatur agar mereka bisa dipanaskan daribawah oleh api gas, tapi itu ditemukan bahwa mereka mempertahankan diri dengan panas listrik

yang dihasilkan. It is interesting that present-day cells are qualitatively of the same design,

although considerably larger and under more precise quality control (Figure 2). Sangat menarik

bahwa sel masa kini secara kualitatif dari desain yang sama, meskipun jauh lebih besar dan di

bawah pengawasan mutu yang lebih tepat (Gambar 2). The overall cell reactionis: Keseluruhanreaksi seladalah:

alumina + carbon = aluminum + carbon dioxide alumina + karbon = aluminium + karbon

dioksida

Aluminumreductioncells today

are of two types: those with

prebaked anodes and those withbaked-in-place anodes

(Soderberg). Aluminium

pengurangansel saat ini terdiridari dua jenis: mereka dengan

anoda prebaked dan mereka

dengan-di-tempat anoda

panggang (Soderberg). Bothtypes of anodes are made of

bakedpetroleum coke and coal-

tar or petroleum pitch.Prebaked anodes are baked in

brick-lined pits and the

hydrocarbon off gases can be

captured and burned. Keduajenis anoda terbuat dari

dipanggangkokas minyak bumi

dan batu bara-tar atau lapangan minyak bumi.anoda Prebaked dipanggang di bata-lubangberjajar dan hidrokarbon dari gas bisa ditangkap dan dibakar. Soderberg anodes are baked by the

heat generated in the cells, and the off gases are more difficult to collect. anoda Soderberg

dipanggang oleh panas yang dihasilkan dalam sel, dan gas off lebih sulit untuk mengumpulkan.Environmental restrictions in more advanced countries have halted construction of Soderberg

Fig.Gambar.2.2.Cross section of a modern prebake anode

aluminum reduction cell.Cross bagian pengurangan prebakealuminium anoda sel modern.
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cell plants. pembatasan lingkungan di negara-negara maju lebih telah menghentikan

pembangunan pembangkit sel Soderberg. Modern cell rooms with prebaked and with Soderberganodes are shown in Figures 3 and 4. kamar sel modern dengan prebaked dan dengan anoda

Soderberg ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3 dan 4.

The components of a prebake anode cell are described as follows. Komponen sel anoda prebakedigambarkan sebagai berikut. A carbon lining contains the bath and a pool of molten aluminum

on the bottom. Sebuah lapisan karbon berisi mandi dan kolam dari aluminium cair di bagianbawah. Carbonanodessuspended from an anode bus conductcurrentinto the cell. Karbonanoda

tergantung dari perilaku bus anodaaruske dalam sel. Anode rods carry the current from the

anode bus through steel stubs cast with iron into holes in the tops of the anodes. batang Anodamembawa arus dari anoda bus melalui Rintisan baja cor dengan besi ke dalam lubang di bagian

atas anoda. Current is conducted out of the cell through steel collector bars to the cathodebus

and on to the next cell. Kini dilakukan keluar dari sel melalui jeruji baja kolektor ke katodabus

dan masuk ke sel berikutnya. The aluminum metal pad is the cathode where aluminum isdepositedfrom the bath. Pad logam aluminium adalah katoda dimana aluminiumdiendapkan

dari kamar mandi. Oxygen from the alumina dissolved in the bath combines with the bottomsurface of the carbon anode to form carbon dioxide. Oksigen dari alumina terlarut dalam bakmandi menggabungkan dengan permukaan bawah anoda karbon untuk membentuk karbondioksida. The anodes are consumed in the process and replacements are added at individual

locations on a regular schedule. Anoda dikonsumsi dalam proses dan penggantian ditambahkan

di lokasi masing-masing pada jadwal teratur. The anode butts are sent back to the anode plant tobe ground and mixed into new anode paste to be pressed and baked. Popor anoda dikirim

kembali ke pabrik anoda untuk digiling dan dicampur ke dalam pasta anoda baru yang akan

ditekan dan dipanggang. Aluminum is siphoned out of the cells on a daily basis into vacuum

crucibles and sent to the cast house. Aluminium tersedot keluar dari sel setiap hari ke dalamcawan lebur vakum dan dikirim ke rumah cor. The carbon lining is contained in a steel shell with

a thermal insulation of alumina or insulating brick. Lapisan karbon yang terkandung di shell baja

dengan isolasi termal alumina atau bata isolasi.
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Fig.Gambar.4.4.Soderberg electrolytic cell line -Kaiser Chalmette plant (Courtesy of Jon H. Magnussson,

Altech, Reykjavik, Iceland).Soderberg garis sel

elektrolitik - Kaiser Chalmette tanaman (Courtesy of Jon

H. Magnussson, Altech, Reykjavik, Islandia).

In operation, cryolite freezes on the sidewalls of the cells forming a "ledge" which protects thesidelining from severe attack by aluminum and molten cryolite. Dalam operasi, cryolitemembeku di dinding samping dari sel membentuk "langkan" yang melindungi sidelining dari

serangan berat oleh aluminium dan cryolite cair. Cryolite also freezes over the top of the bath

and forms a "crust" to support a top layer of alumina thermal insulation. Cryolite juga membekudari atas bak mandi dan membentuk "kerak" untuk mendukung lapisan atas alumina isolasi

termal. Alumina is fed to the bath through holes punched in the crust. Alumina diumpankan

untuk mandi melalui lubang menekan kerak. The carbon dioxide exits through holes in the crust

and is collected under the hoods. Pintu keluar karbon dioksida melalui lubang-lubang di kerakdan dikumpulkan di bawah kerudung. The carbon dioxide and air leaking in is now ducted to dry

scrubbers which remove fluorides from the gas stream. Karbon dioksida dan udara bocor di

sekarang menyalurkan untuk mengeringkan scrubber yang menghapus fluorida dari aliran gas.Fresh alumina contacting the gases removes the hydrogen fluoride and evaporated fluoride

particulate. alumina Segar menghubungi menghilangkan gas hidrogen fluorida dan fluoride

menguap partikulat. This alumina, fed to the cells, returns fluoride to the cells. Ini alumina,diumpankan ke sel, kembali fluoride ke sel. The hydrogen fluoride comes from residual

Fig.Gambar.3.3.Electrolytic cell for 300kAprebaked carbon

anode technology in the cell room (Courtesy of Jon H.

Magnussson, Altech, Reykjavik, Iceland).Elektrolitik sel untuk300kAteknologi karbon anoda prebaked di ruang sel (Courtesy

of Jon H. Magnussson, Altech, Reykjavik, Islandia).
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hydrocarbons in the anodes and trace water in the alumina and air humidity reacting with the

fluoride bath. The fluorida hidrogen berasal dari sisa hidrokarbon di anoda dan jejak air dialumina dan kelembaban udara bereaksi dengan mandi fluoride.

Control of alumina concentration in the cells is accomplished by a slight underfeeding. Kontrol

konsentrasi alumina dalam sel dicapai oleh underfeeding sedikit. When the alumina reaches acritical level the cell goes onanode effect, caused by alimitingrate of diffusion of alumina to

the anode surfaces. Ketika alumina mencapai tingkat kritis sel terusefek anoda, disebabkan olehmembatasilaju difusi alumina ke permukaan anoda. Thecell voltagethen rises and some

fluorocarbons are generated. Parategangan selkemudian naik dan beberapa fluorocarbons

dihasilkan. A light bulb connected across the cell lights up with increased cell voltage as a signalfor the operators to feed the cell with alumina and kill the anode effect. Sebuah bola lampu

dihubungkan melintasi lampu sel dengan peningkatan tegangan sel sebagai sinyal bagi operator

untuk memberi makan sel dengan alumina dan membunuh efek anoda. Cells now run a day or

longer between anode effects. Sel sekarang menjalankan hari atau lebih antara efek anoda. Theratio of sodium fluoride to aluminum fluoride in the cryolite bath changes over time and

corrective additions are added based on laboratory analyses. Rasio natrium fluorida untukfluoride aluminium dalam perubahan mandi cryolite dari waktu ke waktu dan penambahanperbaikan ditambahkan berdasarkan analisa laboratorium.

Fig.Gambar.5.5.Development of increasingnew cell size with time.Pengembangan

meningkatkan ukuran sel baru dengan waktu.
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Since inception of the process, cells in new

plants have increased with time as illustrated inFigure 5. Sejak awal proses, sel-sel di pabrik

baru telah meningkat dengan waktu seperti

yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar 5. This

increase is driven by a need to reduce laborcosts and to increaseenergy efficiency.

Peningkatan ini didorong oleh kebutuhan untuk

mengurangi biaya tenaga kerja danmeningkatkanefisiensi energi. On the average,

cell size has doubled about every 18 years in

the 20th

century. Pada rata-rata, ukuran sel duakali lipat sekitar setiap 18 tahun di abad ke-20. As

a result of increasing cell size and better

process control, energy consumption has

improved with time as shown in Figure 6.

Sebagai hasil dari peningkatan ukuran sel dankontrol proses yang lebih baik, konsumsi energi

telah meningkat dengan waktu seperti yangditunjukkan pada Gambar 6. Energy efficiency

is approaching about 50% based on the heat of reaction for the cell reaction. Efisiensi energi

mendekati sekitar 50% berdasarkan panas reaksi untuk reaksi sel. Significant furtherimprovements in energy efficiency may be hard to achieve with the existing cell design.

perbaikan signifikan dalam efisiensi energi lebih lanjut mungkin sulit untuk mencapai dengan

desain sel yang ada. As cells have become larger,electromagnetic effectscaused by interaction

of the current through the cell with themagnetic fieldof thebus workhave resulted in swirlingof the metal pad and vertical distortions in the metal-bath interface. Seperti sel-sel telah menjadi

lebih besar,efek elektromagnetikyang disebabkan oleh interaksi dari arus melalui sel dengan

medan magnetdarikerja bustelah mengakibatkan berputar pad logam dan distorsi vertikal di-

mandi antarmuka logam. This effect has limited the minimumanode-cathodedistance (ACD) toabout 4.5cmbecause of spuriousshort circuitsby metal contacting the anodes. Efek ini telah

membatasi minimumanoda-katodajarak (ACD) menjadi sekitar 4,5cmkarena palsusirkuit

pendekoleh logam menghubungi anoda. Since a major voltage drop in the cell is caused by bathresistance, this effect limits energy efficiency. Karena drop tegangan utama dalam sel

elektrolitik produksi aluminium

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