drs. basuki, mcom(hons)., phd., ak., cma., ca fakultas ... filepengaruh pendapatan, lama kerja, dan...

DRS. BASUKI, MCOM(HONS)., PhD., Ak., CMA., CA

Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

Non Mainstream Research

BAGAIMANA KESAN BAPAK2/IBU2

TERHADAP

JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN

BERIKUT?

2 01-Nov-16

JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN -1 1. PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN

PEGAWAI MELALUI KOMPOSISI DANA, KOMPOSISI PEMBIAYAAN DAN KINERJA ORGANISASI PADA…..

2. PENGARUH EXTRA ORDINARY RETAIL ENVIRONMENT TERHADAP RESPON KOGNITIF DAN RESPON EMOSIONAL DALAM MINAT MEMBELI PRODUK GROCERIES…..

3. PENGARUH INSTRUMEN KEBIJAKAN FISKAL TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN EKONOMI DI KABUPATEN….

4. PENGARUH PROMOSI JABATAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KINERJA KARYAWAN…..

5. VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN PAJAK DAERAH DAN PROSPEK PENINGKATANNYA DI KABUPATEN….

6. PENGARUH PENDAPATAN, LAMA KERJA, DAN STATUS FAMILI TERHADAP REMITAN TENAGA KERJA WANITA PROPINSI NTB

Non Mainstream Research 3 01-Nov-16

JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN -2 1. TAFSIR SOSIAL ATAS KONSEP AKUNTABILITAS DALAM PERSPEKTIF

HERMENEUTIKA: STUDI PADA….

2. KEBIJAKAN ANGGARAN: AKSENTUASI DRAMA POLITIK DAN KEKUASAAN

3. MEMBANGUN MODEL KONSEPTUAL SISTEM PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN BERBASIS SENI PERANG SUNZI DAN KITAB RAMAYANA WALMIKI

4. REKONSTRUKSI PENILAIAN KINERJA LEMBAGA PERKREDITAN DESA DALAM PERSPEKTIF BUDAYA TRI HITA KARANA

5. ECOEFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS EFFORTS TO PRODUCE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCT: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY

6. MENGUAK JEJAK TERBANG RAJAWALI AKUNTANSI: SUATU DINAMIKA PENERIMAAN PEMIKIRAN RISET AKUNTANSI PARADIGMA


PERTANYAAN YANG SERING TIMBUL

APA ITU PENELITIAN KUALITATIF?

APA PERBEDAAN PENELITIAN KUANTITATIF DAN KUALITATIF?

MANA YANG LEBIH BAIK ATAU BENAR ANTARA KEDUANYA?


01-Nov-16 Non Mainstream Research 6

People in Physical Science

1. Are Sociology and related

Social science real Science?

2. Where is science in Social

Science?

People in Social Science

Classical Social Theories

August Comte

Emile Durkheim

Karl Marx

John Stuart Mill

Max Weber

ASK

REACT

Scientific Method

Why make social

Science

Scientific?

Obviously not a

Simple answer.

Up to 1800s:

Philosophers and

Religious scholars

argued:

“The social science

could be studied

using science”

The responses:

What does such a

science look alike?

How is it conducted?

Adopt Physical Science

Scientific

Methods in

Social Science

Radical humanist

Radical structuralist

Interpretive Functionalist

Radical change

Regulation

Subjective Objective


THE THREE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH (1)

POSITIVISM INTERPRETATIVE

SOCIAL SCIENCE

CRITICAL

SOCIAL SCIENCE

1. Reason for

research

To discover natural laws

so people can predict and

control events

To understand and

describe meaningful

social science

To smash myths and

empower people to

change society radically

2. Natural of social

reality

Stable pre existing

patterns of order that can

be discovered

Fluid definitions of a

situation created by

human interaction

Conflict filled and

governed by hidden

underlying structures

3. Natural of human

being

Self-interested and

rational individuals who

are shaped by external

forces

Social beings who

create meaning and who

constantly make sense

of their world

Creative, adaptive

people with unrealized

potential, trapped by

illusion and exploitation

Non Mainstream Research 8

Neuman W. Lawrence, Social Research Method; Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

01-Nov-16



SOCIAL SCIENCE

CRITICAL

SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. Role of common

sense

Clearly distinct from and

less valid than science

Powerful everyday

theorist used by

ordinary people

False beliefs that hide

power and objective

conditions

5. Theory looks like A logical, deductive

system of interconnected

definitions, axioms, and

laws

A description of how

group’s meaning system

is generated and

sustained

A critique that reveals

true conditions and

helps people see the

way to better world

6. An explanation

that its true

Is logically connected to

laws and based on fact

Resonates or feels right

to those who are being

studied

Supplies people with

tools needed to change

the world



01-Nov-16



SOCIAL SCIENCE

CRITICAL

SOCIAL SCIENCE

7. Good evidence Is based on precise

observations that others

can repeat

Is embedded in the

context of fluid social

interaction

Is informed by a theory

that unveils illusion

8. Place for values Science is value free, and

values have no place

except when choosing a

topic

Values are integral part

of social live: no

group’s values are

wrong, only different

All sciences must begin

with a value position:

some positions are

right, some are wrong



01-Nov-16


PARADIGMS

Positivism Interpretive Critical

MAINSTREAM NON MAINSTREAM

Experimental:

True Experiment-classical Pre-experimental

- One shot case study

- One group pre post test

- Static group comparison

Quasi Experiment -Two groups post-test

- Interrupted time series

- Equivalent time series

Non Experimental/

Ex-post design Descriptive study

Correlation

Compare

Biography

Phenomenology

Grounded Theory

Case Study

Historical

Ethno-methodology

Symbolic-interactionism

Cyber ethnography

Library, etc

01-Nov-16

MAINSTREAM versus NON MAINSTREAM

Mainstream Approach (Scientific method) uses the nature of research in Physical Sciences.

Non Mainstream Approaches (Natural method) use the nature of research in Social Sciences.


THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Developed under single paradigm (Mass, space, time).

Sciences are derived from such a paradigm.

Fact is independent, real, and measurable.


THE NATURE OF RESEARCH IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE Researcher is away,

outside of the research object.

Physical phenomena can be reduced (miniaturized) into a model.

Based on the positivism, by exploring deductive-hypothetic concept.

Value-free.


POSITIVISM (1) Positivism is an empirical epistemology which means that

it only admits statements that are result of sensory experience- something that has been seen, touched, tasted, smelled, or heard (something that has been observed).

Inter-subjective: it must be possible for one person observes to be able to be observed by another person, or other persons.

Positivism included notions of reduction, causality, and simplicity.

Follow syllogism as basis of deductive logic (deduction).


POSITIVISM (2) Scientific statements had to empirically grounded.

Scientific observations had to be repeatable.

A single scientific method was necessary to ensure the universality of statements and observations.

Science would advance through theories, if empirically verified, would become scientific laws.

Scientific laws in time would be integrated into a single system of knowledge and truth.


SYLLOGISM (1) Syllogism is a form of argument where a

conclusion follows from several premises.

Premise I: All animals with fur and four legs are cats.

Premise II: Tom has fur and four legs.

Conclusion: Tom is a cat.

In reality, Tom may be a dog, or a rabbit, or whatever.


THE NATURE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

Developed under multi paradigms.

The number of paradigm as many as the number of philosopher.

Facts are plural, interdependent, and sometimes un-measurable.


THE NATURE OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE

Researcher is part of or inside the research object.

Refused to reduce or minimize social phenomenon.

Human being have inner potentialities to influence their environment.

Impossible value-free.


Qualitative research is concerned with understanding the processes, which underlie various behavioural patterns. “Qualitative”is primarily concerned with “Why and How”.

Research involving detailed, verbal descriptions of characteristics, cases, and settings. Qualitative research typically uses observation, interviewing, and document review to collect data.

….is a way to study people or systems by interacting with and observing the subjects regularly.

What is Non Mainstream Research? - 1


Research that derives data from observation, interviews, or verbal interactions and focuses on the meanings and interpretations of the participants (Holloway and Wheeler, 1995).

A research method that measures information based on opinions and values as opposed to statistical data.

A body of research techniques which seeks insights through loosely structured, mainly verbal data rather than measurements. Analysis is interpretative, subjective, impressionistic and diagnostic.

What is Non Mainstream Research? - 2


Naturalistic inquiry Study real-world situations as they unfold

naturally—no manipulation or intervention

Inductive analysis Immersion in the data to discover important

dimensions and relations

Holistic perspective Study the whole phenomenon

Qualitative data & analysis Verbal data, direct quotations

Characteristics of



Context sensitivity Findings placed in social, historical, temporal

context

Empathic neutrality Not objectivity or subjectivity

Nonjudgmental stance while including personal insights & experiences

Design flexibility Adapt design as situations change, pursue new paths

of discovery as they emerge

Characteristics of



A B C

Berapa suhu air di masing-masing gelas?

es

0 C 20 C 95 C

Dingin Sejuk Panas

Dingin Hangat Panas

Dingin

Gelas B itu Hangat apa Dingin?

24 Non Mainstream Research 01-Nov-16

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE, DIFFERENT CONCLUSION


MAINSTREAM RESEARCH Mainstream research provides

in answering questions

Aggregates across multiple subjects

Summarizes findings

Generalizability


NON MAINSTREAM RESEARCH Non Mainstream research provides

in answering questions

One, or a few, subjects

Rich descriptions, not summaries

Reliability, accuracy


NON MAINSTERAM RESEARCH/Kompleksitas1.pptx

Grounded theory

Case study

Narrative

Life History

Critical research

Phenomenology

Ethnography

Hermeneutic

Discourse Analysis

Action research/science

Ethno methodology

Symbolic –Interactionism

Library study (research)

Dan lain-lain


PENDEKATAN MANA YANG MENGHASILKAN KEBENARAN?

Apa kebenaran itu?

Banyak teori tentang kebenaran.


THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

“...a proposition (or meaning) is true if there is a fact to which it corresponds. ...Truth is that which conforms to fact; which agrees with reality; which corresponds to the actual situation” Baylis in Runes (1963, 321).

“If a judgment corresponds with the facts, it is true; if not, it is false” (Titus, 1959, 1964)


THE CONSISTENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

“... truth is not constituted by the relation between a

judgment and something else, a fact or reality, but by

relations between judgments themselves” (Ewing, 1962,

61).

Randall and Blucher: “It is maintained that when we

accept new belief as truths, it is on the basis of the manner

in which they cohere with knowledge we already posses”

(1970, 135).


THE PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH Patrick (1958, 376): “.. any theory or hypothesis or idea is

true, if it leads to satisfactory consequence, if it works out in practice, if it has practical value. Truth is revealed by its usefulness, by its fruits, by its practical consequences..”

“...a proposition is true in so far as it works or satisfies, working or satisfying being described variously by different exponent on the view”. Baylis dalam Runes (1963, 322)



KEBENARAN vs “kebenaran” “Kebenaran” itu relatif, yang ada adalah kondisi “kebetulan benar” yang sangat temporer dan kondisional.

KEBENARAN MUTLAK hanya milik ALLAH. “Kebenaran itu dari Tuhanmu, maka janganlah kamu masuk golongan yang ragu” (Q.S.2:147).

33 01-Nov-16

../MILIS BF77/PPtFiles/THE WINDOW.pps


JENIS MANUSIA

Manusia yang tidak tahu, dan dia tidak tahu bahwa dirinya tidak tahu.

Manusia yang tahu, dan dia tidak tahu bahwa dirinya tahu.

Manusia yang tidak tahu, dan dia tahu bahwa dirinya tidak tahu.

Rasulullah Muhammad s.a.w membagi manusia menjadi:

Manusia yang tahu, dan dia tahu bahwa dirinya tahu.

34 01-Nov-16


SIMPULAN Tidak perlu mempertentangkan kedua

metodologi tersebut.

Jadilah ilmuwan bukan ilmuawan.

Ciri ilmuwan adalah rendah hati, tidak arrogant, dan tidak prejudice kepada sesama.

Ilmuwan yang arrogant dan prejudice, hanya akan menciptakan suasana jahiliah ilmiah.

35 01-Nov-16

../MILIS BF77/PPtFiles/A CRACKED POT.pps


TERIMA KASIH, DAN MOHON MAAF

ATAS SEGALA KEKURANGAN

01-Nov-16

drs. basuki, mcom(hons)., phd., ak., cma., ca fakultas ... filepengaruh pendapatan, lama kerja, dan...

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