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SYNCHRONOUS DIGITALHIERARCHY SDH)ANDDENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISIONMULTIPLEXING DWDM)
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Three different hierarchies with different signal formats
Point-to-point transmission\ manual approach to networkmanagement and maintenance.In sufficient capacity for network management.
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The Container (C)Basic packaging unit for tributary signalsSynchronous to the STM-1Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffingprocedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffingbitsBit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (PathOverhead)Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
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270270 Columns (Bytes)1 9
transmitrow by row
RSOH
MSOH
AU Pointer Payload
(transport capacity)
RSOH: Regenerator section overheadMSOH: Multiplex section overheadPayload: Area for information transport
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The Tributary Unit (TU)Is formed via adding a pointer to the VCThe Tributary Unit Group (TUG)Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at lastThe Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUsClock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the AUpointer areabyte by byte stuffing
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NUMBER OF ROWS = 9
NUMBER OF COLUMNS = 9+261=270
NUMBER OF BYTES = 9x270
NUMBER OF BITS = 9x270x8
NUMBER OF BITS / SECOND = 9x270x8x8000
=155520000=155.520 Mbps (STM-1)
BIT RATE OF STM-N = (Nx155.520) Mbps
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Multi-vendor environment (mid span meet)
Synchronous networking
SDH supports multi-point or hub configurations whereas,
asynchronous networking only supports point-to-point
configurations.
Can accommodate both existing and future signals
Simplification (ability to directly drop lower trib)
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Multiplexing several optical signals having different
wavelengths and transmitting simultaneously over a
single fiber is known as Wavelength Division
Multiplexing.
When having to move traffic on spans stretching more
than 800 km, it is obvious to select the DWDM system
over SDH system .
DWDM has wavelength spacing ~0.8nm.
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Faster(Higher Speed per Channel)Thicker (More Channels )
160 Channels possible today
Longer (Link Length before Regeneration)A few thousand km possible today
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OA- Optical Amplifier
OADM- Optical Add Drop Multiplexer
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TRANSPONDER
Converts broadband optical signals to a specificwavelength.Receive Transponders perform reverse function.
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MULTIPLEXER & DEMULTIPLEXER
WavelengthConverted viaTransponder
SeparatedWavelengths
DWDM Multiplexer DWDMDemultiplexer
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OPTICAL ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER
OADM allow flexible add/drop of channels.
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OPTICAL AMPLIFIER(OA)
OA used is Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier(EDFA) whichamplifies optical signal.
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Capacity Increase
Large aggregate transmission capacityUpgradability
Customer growth without requiring additional fiber to be laid
FlexibilityOptical Add/Drop Multiplexing(OADM)
Optical Cross Connect(OXC)Scalability
The possibility to add new nodes to network
Network TransparencyIndependence of data rate, format and protocols
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