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38 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Lestari Weny, Wardhani Yurika Fauzia. Stigma dan Penanganan Penderita Gangguan Jiwa Berat yang Dipasung. 2014;15766. 2. Jarut Yulia Maria, Fatimawali, Wiyono Weny. Tinjauan Penggunaan Antipsikotik Pada Pengobatan Skizofrenia Di Rumah Sakit Prof . Dr . V . L Ratumbuysang Manado Periode Januari 2013-Maret 2013. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 2013;2(03):547. 3. Sadock Benjamin, Sadock Virgnia. Kaplan & Sadock’s Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2013. 4. Johnson D a W. Historical perspective on antipsychotic long-acting injections. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;195(SUPPL. 52):713. 5. Kane John M, Garcia-Ribera Carlos. Clinical guideline recommendations for antipsychotic long-acting injections. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;195(SUPPL. 52):638. 6. Wistedt Borje. How does the psychiatric patient feel about depot treatment, compulsion or help. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry [Internet]. Taylor & Francis; 1995 Jan 1;49(sup35):416. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08039489509099719 7. Marwick Katie FM, Taylor Mark, Walker Simon W. Antipsychotics and abnormal liver function tests: systematic review. Clinical neuropharmacology [Internet]. 2012;35(5):24453. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22986798 8. Bošković Marija, Grabnar Iztok, Terzič Tea, Kores Plesničar Blanka, Vovk Tomaz. Oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients treated with long-acting haloperidol decanoate. Psychiatry Research. 2013;210(3):7618. 9. Sunarno. The Gluttathion Role As Antioxidant in Inhibition of Neurode generative Disease and Brain Aging. Semarang; 2009;1(2):185210. 10. Bo M, Vovk T, Kores B, Grabnar I. Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia. 2011;30112. 11. Murray RK, Granner DK. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 27 th. Jakarta: EGC; 2009.

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Page 1: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - Institutional Repository Undip (Undip …eprints.undip.ac.id/50739/8/Miranti_Anggun_Sari_22010112130164_Lap... · Jarut Yulia Maria, Fatimawali, Wiyono Weny. Tinjauan

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Lestari Weny, Wardhani Yurika Fauzia. Stigma dan Penanganan Penderita

Gangguan Jiwa Berat yang Dipasung. 2014;157–66.

2. Jarut Yulia Maria, Fatimawali, Wiyono Weny. Tinjauan Penggunaan

Antipsikotik Pada Pengobatan Skizofrenia Di Rumah Sakit Prof . Dr . V . L

Ratumbuysang Manado Periode Januari 2013-Maret 2013. Jurnal Ilmiah

Farmasi. 2013;2(03):54–7.

3. Sadock Benjamin, Sadock Virgnia. Kaplan & Sadock’s Concise Textbook

of Clinical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2013.

4. Johnson D a W. Historical perspective on antipsychotic long-acting

injections. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;195(SUPPL. 52):7–13.

5. Kane John M, Garcia-Ribera Carlos. Clinical guideline recommendations for

antipsychotic long-acting injections. British Journal of Psychiatry.

2009;195(SUPPL. 52):63–8.

6. Wistedt Borje. How does the psychiatric patient feel about depot treatment,

compulsion or help. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry [Internet]. Taylor &

Francis; 1995 Jan 1;49(sup35):41–6. Available from:

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08039489509099719

7. Marwick Katie FM, Taylor Mark, Walker Simon W. Antipsychotics and

abnormal liver function tests: systematic review. Clinical

neuropharmacology [Internet]. 2012;35(5):244–53. Available from:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22986798

8. Bošković Marija, Grabnar Iztok, Terzič Tea, Kores Plesničar Blanka, Vovk

Tomaz. Oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients treated with long-acting

haloperidol decanoate. Psychiatry Research. 2013;210(3):761–8.

9. Sunarno. The Gluttathion Role As Antioxidant in Inhibition of Neurode

generative Disease and Brain Aging. Semarang; 2009;1(2):185–210.

10. Bo M, Vovk T, Kores B, Grabnar I. Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia.

2011;301–12.

11. Murray RK, Granner DK. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 27 th. Jakarta:

EGC; 2009.

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39

12. Yu L, Zhao M, Yang B, Zhao Q, Jiang Y. Phenolics from hull of Garcinia

mangostana fruit and their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry.

2007;104(1):176–81.

13. Mansour NAA, Aulani’am, Kusnadi J. Garciniamangostana Linn . Pericarp

Extract Reduced Malondialdehyde ( MDA ) Level in Cigarette Smoke

Exposed Rats. 2013;2(9):1–5.

14. Tjahjani S, Widowati W, Khiong K, Suhendra A, Tjokropranoto R.

Antioxidant Properties of Garcinia Mangostana L (Mangosteen) Rind.

Procedia Chemistry [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd.; 2014 [cited 2015 Dec

23];13(2009):198–203. Available from:

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876619614002162

15. Gumulec J, Raudenska M, Hlavna M, Stracina T, Sztalmachova M,

Tanhauserova V, et al. Determination of oxidative stress and activities of

antioxidant enzymes in guinea pigs treated with haloperidol. Experimental

and therapeutic medicine [Internet]. 2013;5(2):479–84. Available from:

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3570091&tool=

pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

16. Meltzer H. Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium. In: Katzung BG, editor. Basic

and clinical Pharmacology. 12 th. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p.

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17. Brissos S, Veguilla MR, Taylor D, Balanzá-martinez V. Therapeutic

Advances in Psychopharmacology The role of long-acting injectable

antipsychotics in schizophrenia : a critical appraisal. 2014;

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injection and oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatry

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t&id=L364450714\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2217/npy.11.24

19. William Z. Potter LEH. Drugs that act in the central nervous system. In:

Bertram G. Katzung, editor. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 12 th. United

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20. Henryk-gutt R. The Effect of Flufenazin dekanoat ( Modecater ) on Hepatic

Microsomal Enzyme Activity in Man. Br J clin Pharmac. 1974;1:1973–4.

21. Jung H-A, Su B-N, Keller WJ, Mehta RG, Kinghorn AD. Antioxidant

Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen).

Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2006;54:2077–82.

22. Weecharangsan W, Opanasopit P, Sukma M, Ngawhirunpat T, Sotanaphun

U, Siripong P. Antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of extracts from

the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). Medical Principles

and Practice. 2006;15(4):281–7.

23. Azzahra H, Pujiastuti P. Potensi Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis ( Garcinia

mangostana L .) Buatan Pabrik Terhadap Peningkatan Aktivitas

Mikrobisidal Sel Neutrofil yang Dipapar Streptococcus mutans ( The

Potency of Manufactured Mangosteen Peel Extract ( Garcin- ia mangostana

L .) Towa. 2014;2(1):161–6.

24. Jujun P, Pootakham K, Pongpaibul Y, Duangrat C, Tharavichitkul P. Acute

and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study of Garcinia mangostana Linn

rind extract. J Nat Sci. 2008;7:206–199.

25. Chen C-H. Activation and Detoxification Enzymes. New York: Springer;

2012.

26. Ho E, Karimi Galougahi K, Liu C-C, Bhindi R, Figtree GA. Biological

markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research and

practice. Redox Biology [Internet]. Elsevier; 2013 [cited 2016 Jan

12];1(1):483–91. Available from:

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221323171300058X

27. Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress

and antioxidant defense. The World Allergy Organization journal [Internet].

2012;5(1):9–19. Available from: http://www.waojournal.org/content/5/1/9

28. Jarut YM, Fatimawali, Wiyono WI. Tinjauan Penggunaan Antipsikotik Pada

Pengobatan Skizofrenia Di Rumah Sakit Prof . Dr . V . L . Jurnal Ilmiah

Farmasi. 2013;2(03):54–7.

29. Weydert CJ, Cullen JJ. Measurement of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase,

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and Glutathione Peroxidase in Cultured Cells and Tissue. Nat Protoc.

2010;5(1):51–66.

30. N.a. General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of

Traditional Medicine World Health Organization. World Health

Organization (WHO) [Internet]. 2000;1:1–71. Available from:

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:General+

Guidelines+for+Methodologies+on+Research+and+Evaluation+of+Traditi

onal+Medicine+World+Health+Organization#0

31. Kuribara H, Tadokoro S. Study of Accummulation of Fluphenazine

Enanthate and Flufenazin dekanoat, Long Acting Neuropletic Drugs, After

Repeated Administrarions By Means of Their Inhibitory Effects on the

Discriminated Avoidance Response in Rats. The Journal of Toxicological

Sciences. 1978;4:87–9.

32. Iwase T, Tajima A, Sugimoto S, Okuda K, Hironaka I, Kamata Y, et al. A

simple assay for measuring catalase activity: a visual approach. Scientific

reports [Internet]. 2013;3(January 2016):3081. Available from:

http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/131030/srep03081/full/srep03081.html

33. Cadet JL, Perumal AS. Chronic treatment with prolixin causes oxidative

stress in rat brain. Biological Psychiatry. 1990;28:738–40.

34. Henryk-gutt R. The Effect of Fluphanzine decanoat (Modecater) on Hepatic

Microsomal Enzyme Activity in Man. Br J clin Pharmac. 1974;1:277–8.

35. Cichoz-Lach H, Michalak A. Oxidative stress as a crucial factor in liver

diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(25):8082–91.

36. Pedraza-Chaverri J, C??rdenas-Rodr??guez N, Orozco-Ibarra M, P??rez-

Rojas JM. Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food

and Chemical Toxicology [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd; 2008;46(10):3227–39.

Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.024

37. Azzahra H, Pujiastuti P, Gigi FK, Jember U, Periodonsia B, Gigi FK, et al.

Potensi Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis ( Garcinia mangostana L .) Buatan

Pabrik Terhadap Peningkatan Aktivitas Mikrobisidal Sel Neutrofil yang

Dipapar Streptococcus mutans ( The Potency of Manufactured Mangosteen

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Peel Extract ( Garcin- ia mangostana L .) Towa. 2014;2(1):161–6.

38. Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Jainu M, Gopan CS. Ameliorating effects of

Garcinia mangostana Linn pericarp extract on hepatic antioxidants in Diethyl

nitrosamine ( DEN ) induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma ( HCC ).

2015;49(4).

39. Pal PB, Sinha K, Sil PC. Mangiferin, a Natural Xanthone, Protects Murine

Liver in Pb(II) Induced Hepatic Damage and Cell Death via MAP Kinase,

NF-??B and Mitochondria Dependent Pathways. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2):1–

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40. Dash DK, Yeligar VC, Nayak SS, Ghosh T, Rajalingam R, Sengupta P, et al.

Evaluation of hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of {Ichnocarpus}

frutescens ({Linn}.) {R}.{Br}. on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in

rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research [Internet]. 2007;6(3):755–

65. Available from: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjpr/article/view/14656

41. Dewi MR. Pengaruh Hepatoprotektor Madu Terhadap Kerusakan Histologis

Sel Hepar Mencit ( Mus musculus ) Yang Diberi Perlakuan Natrium. 2010;

42. Oyejide OJOO, Olushola L. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of

extract of Carmellia sinensis (Black tea) in rats. Journal of Biotechnology.

2005;4(December):1432–8.

43. Lohr JB, Kuczenski R, Niculescu AB. Oxidative mechanisms and tardive

dyskinesia. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(1):47–62.

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Lampiran 1 Penghitungan dosis flufenazin dekanoat

Setiap 1 ampul berisi 25 mg Flufenazin dekanoat, dilarutkan menggunakan

sesame oil 10 ml yang telah disterilkan. Penghitungan dosis menggunakan

rumus:

𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑛 (𝑚𝑔)

𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑠 1 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙 (𝑚𝑔) 𝑋 10 𝑚𝑙 𝑋 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑢𝑠 (𝑘𝑔)

Penghitungan dosis Flufenazin dekanoat 2 mg/kgBB

2

25𝑋 10 𝑋 … . (𝑘𝑔)

Berat tikus (kg) Dosis 2 mg/kgBB

0,19 0,152

0,20 0,16

0,21 0,168

0,22 0,176

0,23 0,184

0,24 0,192

0,25 0,2

0,26 0,208

0,27 0,216

0,28 0,224

0,29 0,232

0,30 0,240

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Lampiran 2 Penghitungan dosis ekstrak kulit manggis

Setiap 1 kaplet berisi 500 mg ekstrak kulit manggis, dilarutkan menggunakan

etanol 1 %.

Dosis yang digunakan adalah 600 mg/kgBB.13

Berat badan tikus ± 200 mg = 0,2 kg

Dosis ekstrak kulit manggis untuk tikus adalah adalah

𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑘 𝑘𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑠 (𝑚𝑔

𝑘𝑔𝐵𝐵) × 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑢𝑠 (𝑘𝑔)

= 600𝑚𝑔

𝑘𝑔𝐵𝐵× 0,2 𝑘𝑔

= 120 𝑚𝑔

Dilarutkan dengan 30 ml etanol 1% disesuaikan dengan kapasitas minum tikus.

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Lampiran 3 Ethical clearance

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Lampiran 4 Surat Ijin Penelitian

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Lampiran 5 Analisis data

Descriptives

kelompok Statistic Std. Error

katalase

k0

Mean 2,5500 ,33912

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 1,6085

Upper Bound 3,4915

5% Trimmed Mean 2,5556

Median 2,5000

Variance ,575

Std. Deviation ,75829

Minimum 1,50

Maximum 3,50

Range 2,00

Interquartile Range 1,38

Skewness -,226 ,913

Kurtosis -,139 2,000

p1

Mean 5,8200 ,76560

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 3,6943

Upper Bound 7,9457

5% Trimmed Mean 5,8222

Median 5,2500

Variance 2,931

Std. Deviation 1,71194

Minimum 3,60

Maximum 8,00

Range 4,40

Interquartile Range 3,08

Skewness ,057 ,913

Kurtosis -,865 2,000

p2

Mean 8,3000 1,54394

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 4,0133

Upper Bound 12,5867

5% Trimmed Mean 8,2083

Median 8,0000

Variance 11,919

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Std. Deviation 3,45235

Minimum 5,00

Maximum 13,25

Range 8,25

Interquartile Range 6,50

Skewness ,626 ,913

Kurtosis -,839 2,000

k1

Mean 10,1700 ,89521

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 7,6845

Upper Bound 12,6555

5% Trimmed Mean 10,2583

Median 10,6000

Variance 4,007

Std. Deviation 2,00175

Minimum 6,75

Maximum 12,00

Range 5,25

Interquartile Range 2,88

Skewness -1,724 ,913

Kurtosis 3,564 2,000

Tests of Normality

kelompok Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

katalase

k0 ,146 5 ,200* ,992 5 ,985

p1 ,230 5 ,200* ,955 5 ,776

p2 ,212 5 ,200* ,922 5 ,543

k1 ,365 5 ,028 ,813 5 ,103

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

katalase

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Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

2,703 3 16 ,080

ANOVA

katalase

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 162,987 3 54,329 11,184 ,000

Within Groups 77,726 16 4,858

Total 240,713 19

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: katalase

Bonferroni

(I) kelompok (J) kelompok Mean

Difference (I-J)

Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound

k0

p1 -3,27000 1,39397 ,193 -7,4635 ,9235

p2 -5,75000* 1,39397 ,005 -9,9435 -1,5565

k1 -7,62000* 1,39397 ,000 -11,8135 -3,4265

p1

k0 3,27000 1,39397 ,193 -,9235 7,4635

p2 -2,48000 1,39397 ,565 -6,6735 1,7135

k1 -4,35000* 1,39397 ,040 -8,5435 -,1565

p2

k0 5,75000* 1,39397 ,005 1,5565 9,9435

p1 2,48000 1,39397 ,565 -1,7135 6,6735

k1 -1,87000 1,39397 1,000 -6,0635 2,3235

k1

k0 7,62000* 1,39397 ,000 3,4265 11,8135

p1 4,35000* 1,39397 ,040 ,1565 8,5435

p2 1,87000 1,39397 1,000 -2,3235 6,0635

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

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Lampiran 6 Dokumentasi

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Lampiran 7 Biodata mahasiswa

Identitas

Nama : Miranti Anggun Sari

NIM : 22010112130164

Tempat/tanggal lahir : Semarang, 25 Agustus 1994

Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

Nomor HP : 089679094604

e-mail : [email protected]

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. SD : SD Hj Isriati Baiturrahman Semarang Lulus tahun: 2006

2. SMP : SMP N 8 Semarang Lulus tahun: 2009

3. SMA : SMA N 1 Semarang Lulus tahun: 2012

4. FK UNDIP : Masuk tahun : 2012