biologi virus rem

7/31/2019 Biologi Virus Rem

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Viruses

By : Figur Hisnu Aslam

Kelas : X - 12



Ciri – Ciri Virus, Antara Lain….. •

Virus berukuran sangat kecil, sehinga, virushanya dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan

mikroskop elektron.

• Tubuh virus terdiri atas selubung dan bahan inti.

Bahan inti berupa RNA (Ribonucleic acid ) atau

DNA (Deoxiribonucleic acid ).

• Virus tidak mempunyai membran dan organel-

organel sel yang penting bagi kehidupan.

• Virus hanya dapat bereproduksi jika berada

dalam sel hidup atau jaringan hidup.

• Virus dapat dikristalkan layaknya benda mati.



Bentuk – Bentuk Virus

• Batang

• Bola

• Bulat

• Berbentuk Peluru

•Huruf T (T

–

letter)



T4 Bacteriophage(Contoh Virus T – Letter)



Bacteriophage

Bereproduksi secaraDaur Lytic…???

Adsorption

Penetration

Injection

Kemudian melakukan proses

Biosynthesis dan Maturation

didalam bakteri E.Coli

Lytic Phase



The Structure Of a Virus

Viruses are composedof a core of nucleicacid

The Nucleic acid coreis surrounded by aprotein coat called acapsid

The Nucleic core iseither made up of DNA or RNA but

never both



Cycle of Lytic and Lysogenic



Vaccines

► Viruses grown on chicken embryos areattenuated vaccines

► Another type of vaccine is made by heatkilling the virus



Retrovirus

Change DNA

into RNA. Example of a

Retrovirus is

HIV



A typical, "minimal" retrovirusconsists of:•an outer envelope whichwas derived from the plasmamembrane of its host

•many copies of an envelopeprotein embedded in the lipidbilayer of its envelope•a capsid; a protein shell

containing•two molecules of RNA and•molecules of the enzymereverse transcriptase



Bacteria Cell



Prokaryotes

Cells that do not have anucleus

Exist almost every where onearth

Grow in numbers so great youcan see them with the unaidedeye

Are placed in either theEubacteria or the

Archebacteria Kingdoms Make up the smaller of the two

kingdoms



Eubacteria

Make up the larger of

the two prokaryote

kingdoms

Generally aresurrounded by a cell

wall composed of

complex

carbohydrates



Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic

bacterium Bluish-greenish color Contain membranes

that carry out theprocess of

photosynthesis Do not contain the

same type of chloroplasts as plantsdo

This bluish-greenishalgae can be found

nearly everywhere onearth. Can survive in

extremely hotenvironments and evenextremely coldenvironment



Archaebacteria Lack important

carbohydrate foundin cell walls

Have different lipidsin their cellmembrane

Different types of ribosomes

Very different genesequences

Archaebacteria canlive in extremely

harsh environments They do not require

oxygen and can livein extremely saltyenvironments as wellas extremely hotenvironments.



Identifying Prokaryotes

Cell Shape

Cell Wall

Movement

http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Prokaryotes/Prokaryote/Prokaryote7.jpg



Bacterium Shapes

Cocci~ Sphere shaped

bacteria

Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped

bacteria

Flagella~ Leg-like structures

that help to propel the

bacterium.



Gram + and Gram – BacteriumCell Walls



Cellular Walls

Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determinedby Gram Staining

By finding out what color the cell produces whenit is gram stained you can figure out the type of

carbohydrates in the cell wall



Movement

• Flagella ~ Tail like structure

the whips around to propel the

bacterium• Cillia ~ Miniature flagella

surround the cell that help to

“swim” • Non motile ~ Sticky cillia like

structures that keep the

bacterium from moving



Flagella



http://www.md.huji.ac.il/gabi/gifs/img0102.gif



Autotrophs

Chemotrophs

Heterotrophs

http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/photos/2001/lin-bacteria-w.jpg



Autotrophs

Make their ownenergy

Using Solar energy

Eg. Cyanobacteria

http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/questions/dp_biosphere/bios_place/cyanobacteria.gif



Chemotrophs

Make own Energy

Using Chemical energy

Eg. Archaebacteria

http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/pix/archaebacteria.gif



Heterotrophs

Obtain food

By eating

Eg. E-coli

http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/6243/x_e.coli.gif



Bacteria Respiration

Obligate Anaerobes

Facultative Anaerobes

Obligate Aerobes

Live without Oxygen

Can live with or

without oxygen Cannot live without

oxygen.



Bacteria Reproduction

Binary Fission

Conjugation

Spore Formation



Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into

two identical daughter cells



Conjugation

A type of Bacteria

Sex

Two organism swapgenetic information,

that contains the

information such as a

resistance to penicillin



Spore Formation: Endospore A type of dormant cell Exhibit no signs of life Highly resistant to

environmental stresses suchas:

-High temperatures-Irradiation-Strong acids-Disinfectants

Endospores are formed byvegetative cells in response

to environmental signals thatindicate a limiting factor forvegetative growth, such asexhaustion of an essentialnutrient.



Symbiosis

Close relationshipbetween to species in

which at least onespecies benefits fromthe other

Live together for LIFE



Parasitism

Bacteria exploit the

host cell, injuring

them Eg. Mychobacterium

tuberculosis



Mutualism

Symbiosis in which twoof the species livetogether in such a waythat both benefit from

the relationship Eg. E-coli



Nitrogen Fixations

Process by which nitrogen in the

atmosphere is converted into a form that

can be used by living things



THE END



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