TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN : MENJELASKAN HUBUNGAN DAN PRAKTIK BAIK ANTARA KONSERVASI DENGAN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTANLUARAN PEMBELAJARAN : MENJELASKAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA KONSERVASI DAN PEMB BERKELANJUTAN, MENYEBUTKAN CONTOH PRAKTIK BAIK KONSERVASI DLM PEMB BERKEL.

KONSERVASI ADALAH : PENGELOLAAN, PEMANFAATAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM UNTUK MENJAGA PEMANFAATAN BERLEBIHAN ATAU KERUSAKANNYA.KONSERVASI BIOLOGI ADALAH UNTUK MENJAGA KEPUNAHAN DAN FUNGSI EKOSISTEM.PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN (SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) ADALAH : PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DENGAN TETAP MENJAGA KETERSEDIAAN SUMBER DAYA UNTUK GENERASI SAAT INI DAN GENERASI YANG AKAN DATANG MELALUI PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM DENGAN CARA MEMINIMALKAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KERUSAKAN KERAGAMAN HAYATI ( LUBCHENKO ET AL, 1991). INDONESIA MENGENAL DAN MEMPRAKTEKAN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN PADA GBHN II 1977, YANG DICANANGKAN OLEH EMIL SALIM

SELALU TERJADI KONFLIK KEPENTINGAN ANTARA KONSERVASI BIOLOGI DENGAN KESEJAHTERAAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT

SEHINGGA TERUS DIKEMBANGKAN KONSEP PENDEKATAN UNTUK MEMPERTEMUKAN KEPENTINGAN KONSERVASI BIOLOGI DENGAN KEPENTINGAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT LOKAL

AKSI PEMERINTAH UNTUK MEMPERTEMUKAN DUA KEPENTINGAN ANTARA KONSERVASI BIOLOGI DAN KEBUTUHAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DIBUAT PERATURAN PER UNDANG2 AN .DI INDONESIA ANTARA LAIN: UU NO 5 TAHUN 1990 TENTANG KONSERVASI KERAGAMAN HAYATI DAN EKOSISTEM (KKHE)UU NO 41 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG KEHUTANANUU NO 32 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUPPERATURAN PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2005 TENTANG KEAMANAN HAYATI PRODUK REKAYASA GENETIKPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan SatwaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemanfaatan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar

PERIODE 1998-2002 KERUSAKAN KEHATI PALING TINGGI KARENA KEBIJAKAN OTONOMI DAERAH (REFORMASI) TERJADI PENJARAHAN HUTAN BESAR2AN MUNCULNYA PERATURAN DAERAH TENTANG PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP ( MULAI TAHUN 2009).

KERAGAMAN HAYATI TERBESAR UMUMNYA BERADA PADA KAWASAN DIMANA MASYARAKAT LOKAL HIDUP DARI BEBERAPA GENERASI DENGAN POLA PEMANFAATAN SDH DILINGKUNGANNYA DALAM SUATU POLA YANG BERKELANJUTAN. MASYARAKAT LOKAL MEMPRAKTIKAN CARA HIDUP TRADISIONAL DENGAN PENGARUH TEKNOLOGI DARI LUAR YANG SEDIKIT. MASYARAKAT INI BIASA DISEBUT MASYARAKAT TRADISIONAL. DI DUNIA TERDAPAT SEKITAR 250 JUTA MASYARAKAT TRADISIONAL DI LEBIH DARI 70 NEGARA DAN MENEMPATI LUAS TOTAL 19 % LUAS DARATAN.MASYARAKAT TRADISIONAL MEMANFAATKAN SUMBER DAYA HAYATI HUTAN, DAN SUNGAI DENGAN MEMPERTIMBANGKAN KEBERLANJUTAN KEHIDUPAN MEREKA SEHINGGA PRAKTIK YANG DILAKUKAN TANPA MERUSAK HABITAT SUMBER DAYA YANG DIBUTUHKAN.

MEMPUNYAI KONSEP HIDUP DALAM HARMONI ALAMMEMPUNYAI ETIKA YANG KUAT TERHADAP KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA HAYATICONTOH : MASYARAKAT SUKU BADUI DALAM DI BANTEN MEMPUNYAI ATURAN KETAT TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA HUTAN TEMPAT MEREKA HIDUP

CATATANKEBERADAAN MASYARAKAT TRADISONAL, ETIKA KONSERVASI DAN SUMBER DAYA HAYATI YANG DIMANFAATKAN MENJADI PERTIMBANGAN DAN BAGIAN YANG PENTING DALAM PENENTUAN HCVF ( HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE FOREST) YI SALAH SATU BENTUK PEMANFAATAN HUTAN SECARA BERKELANJUTAN UNTUK KONSERVASI KERAGAMAN HAYATI

DALAM DUNIA YANG BERKEMBANG, MASYARAKAT LOKAL MENDAPATKAN KEBUTUHAN UNTUK PANGAN, BAHAN BAKAR (KAYU DAN ARANG), BAHAN BANGUNAN DARI LINGKUNGANNYA, TANPA BAHAN TERSEBUT MEREKA TIDAK DAPAT MELANJUTKAN KEHIDUPANNYA. MASALAH TIMBUL KETIKA PEMERINTAH MEMBUAT KAWASAN KONSERVASI ATAU MENENTUKAN BATAS KONSERVASI YANG MENYEBABKAN MEREKA TIDAK DAPAT MENGAKSES SUMBER DAYA YANG DIBUTUHKAN APABILA MASALAH INI TIDAK DIATASI MAKA AKAN MENIMBULKAN KONFLIK YANG BERKEPANJANGANMETODE PENDEKATAN YANG DILAKUKAN ADALAH MEMBERIKAN AKSES KEPADA MASYARAKAT LOKAL DENGAN MODEL PEMBANGUNAN KAWASAN KONSERVASI BERBENTUK CAGAR BIOSFER DENGAN MODEL ZONASI

1.CAGAR BIOSPHERE(SLIDE LAIN) 2. KONSERVASI PERTANIAN IN SITU

Maksud dasarnya adalah untuk menyeimbangkan tujuan yang tampaknya bertentangan antara pelestarian keanekara-gaman hayati, peningkatan pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi serta memelihara nilai-nilai yang terkait dengan budayanya.

Cagar Biosfer mempunyai tiga tujuan utama:

Pelestarian keanekaragaman biologi dan budaya;

Penyediaan model pengelolaan lahan dan lokasi eksperimen untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan;

Penyediaan tempat untuk riset, pemantauan lingkungan, pendidikan dan pelatihan.

Untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai fungsi:

Kegiatan diatur menurut sistem pembagian wilayah (zonation), yang meliputi area inti (core area) untuk pelestarian, zona penyangga (buffer zone), dan kawasan luar yang merupakan area transisi (transition area) atau kawasan untuk kerjasama dengan masyarakat lokal.

Tujuan hakiki area/zona inti:

Untuk melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati melalui perlindungan penuh & ketat seperti biasa dilakukan dalam suatu Cagar Alam.

Kegiatan manusia dalam memanfaatkan sumberdaya alam dikendalikan dengan ketat. Namun, kegiataan ilmiah seperti pemantauan jangka panjang atau praktek pengelolaan berprinsip keseimbangan ekologi masih dapat dilakukan

Zona penyangga dimaksudkan baik untuk menjamin perlindungan area inti maupun pemanfaatan berkelanjutan dari sumberdaya alamnya.

Di zona penyangga, kegiatan manusia yang kompatibel dengan pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati sekaligus mempunyai nilai-nilai ekonomi dan sosial serta memiliki dimensi eksperimental dapat dilakukan.

Kegiatan yang secara ekologi dapat dipertanggung-jawabkan bisa dilaksanakan di zona penyangga.

Seperti penelitian, pelatihan dan pendidikan serta rekreasi tertentu dan pemanfaatan yang berkelanjutan dari sumberdaya alam yang dapat diperbaharui (renewable resources).

Zona transisi berkaitan dengan area pembangunandengan pendekatan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Suatu kawasan kerjasama yang aktif antara para peneliti, pengelola, penduduk lokal dan para pemangku kepentingan lainnya melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan pilot tentang pemanfaatan sumberdaya dan pengelolaan masalah sehari-hari seperti limbah, penjernihan air, angkutan, dsb.

Secara tradisional struktur ini terdiri atas sebuah Forum Pengelola, Sekretariat bersama, dan Majelis Ilmiah, tetapi tipe-tipe lain juga ada dan bahkan Cagar Biosfer di luar negeri (e.g. Perancis, India, China) mempunyai keanekaragaman struktur internal yang tinggi.

Pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer lebih tepat kalau dilakukan secara multi pihak antara pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) yang ada di dalam wilayah Cagar Biosfer, termasuk lembaga non-pemerintah, masyarakat, dan pemuka adat.

Peran pemangku kepentingan di luar wilayah Cagar Biosfer lebih ditekankan untuk tujuan-tujuan konsultasi, advokasi, pembinaan sumber daya (capacity building), dukungan pendanaan, serta inovasi pembangunan yang relevan dengan konsepcagar biosfer.

Karena itu model lembaga pengelolaan kolaborasi mungkin lebih tepat untuk mengelola Cagar Biosfer. Lembaga kolaborasi tentunya bukan berbentuk lembaga struktural, namun lebih merupakan wadah koordinasi (forum komunikasi) multi pihak.

Dalam wadah koordinasi tentunya diperlukan leading sektor (pemerintah) yang memiliki fungsi sebagai koordinator perencanaan pembangunan wilayah di kawasan Cagar Biosfer. Dalam konteks Cagar Biosfer, koordinator tidak memiliki hak untuk pengambilan keputusan, karena keputusan dibangun melalui kesepakatan multi pihak.

Peran atau fungsi lembaga kolaborasi :

Membangun kesepakatan terhadap cakupan kawasan CB (termasuk zonasi), yang tentunya didasarkan pada kebijakan tata ruang wilayah (kabupaten/kota, propinsi, atau nasional).Membangun kesepahaman terhadap visi, misi, dan tujuan global pengelolaan CB.Integrasi kebijakan (perencanaan) pembangunan para pihak dalam wilayah CB.Monitoring pelaksanaan (implementasi) peraturan perundangan oleh para pihak yang relevan dengan konsep CB.Merumuskan rencana dan prioritas kegiatan-kegiatan pengelolaan CB secara sinergis.Merumuskan solusi atas kemungkinan terjadinya perbedaan kepentingan di antara para pihak.Menyusun proposal untuk kemungkinan penggalangan pendanaan kepada potensial donor.

Forum Pengelola:

Terlepas dari namanya, forum ini biasanya hanya memberi nasihat tentang pengelolaan.

Forum terdiri atas pengelola yang mewakili otoritas pemerintah lokal, administrasi pemerintah, perhimpunan/perserikatan, dan ilmuwan. Kelompok ini bertemu umumnya satu kali setiap tahun untuk meninjau kemajuan yang dicapai dan menentukan program kerja di masa mendatang.

Forum Pengelola:

Pada kenyataaannya, pertemuan-pertemuan Forum Pengelola lebih sering berupa sidang-sidang untuk bertukar informasi di antara mitra-mitra institutional Cagar Biosfer daripada untuk diskusi dan pengambilan keputusan.

Supaya Cagar Biosfer menjadi benar-benar laboratorium untuk berbagai gagasan, akan bermanfaat bila sebuah kelompok kerja ad hoc dibentuk untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas umum Forum Pengelola dan untuk menelaah topik-topik tertentu secara mendalam.

Majelis IlmiahSalah satu tugas adalah memobilisasi para ilmuwan untuk mengerjakan program penelitian tentang pemanfaatan sumberdaya dengan topik yang relevan dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan atau topik yang terkait dengan perubahan global. Penelitian interdisipliner jangka menengah dan jangka panjang adalah salah satu tujuan dari Cagar Biosfer.

Sekretariat Bersama dan Unit InformasiKarena Cagar Biosfer berfungsi sebagai contoh untuk ditiru di tempat lain, selain dari kegiatan pelatihan, disarankan untuk menjamin bahwa media (suratkabar, televisi, dsb.) diberitahu tentang dan dilibatkan dalam pekerjaan di Cagar Biosfer.Penyiapan siaran pers khusus dan bahan informasi lain untuk maksud ini harus digalakkan.

Struktur lain:

Karena Cagar Biosfer berfungsi untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai tujuan yang berbeda, maka pengelola harus menjadi penghubung antara badan-badan administrasi dan teknis dan pengambil keputusan politis.

Untuk mendorong semua kegiatan yang dapat memfasilitasi suatu dialog antara pemangku kepentingan dan para pelaku, memobilisasi energi dan sumberdaya manusia, serta memberikan kepada para pengambil keputusan saran yang dari segi lingkungan handal asalkan kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut sesuai dengan daerah yang bersangkutan.

Cagar Biosfer harus mempertahankan fleksibilitasnya yang merupakan ciri mendasar yang selalu dapat disesuaikan dengan bermacam-macam situasi sosial dan politik.

Rencana Detail Tata Ruang (RDTR) Kawasan Obyek dan Daya Tarik Wisata Bedugul Pancasari Bali dapat diarahkan dan diimplementasikannya pembangunan berkelanjutan sehingga layak untuk diusulkan menjadi kawasan Cagar Biosfer Bedugul.

Kawasan Bedugul Pancasari, minimal dapat menggunakan konsep Cagar Biosfer dalam pembangunannya sehingga tujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara ekonomi tidak menghilangkan fungsi kelestarian sumber daya keanekaragaman hayati maupun keunikkan budayanya.

Sebuah Cagar Biosfer harus berfungsi sebagai :Agen untuk mengintegrasikan dan mengkoordinasikan upaya semua pemangku kepentingan, tanpa melupakan hak secara historis kepemilikan suatu lahan atau sumberdaya.

PADA BERBAGAI BELAHAN DUNIA, PETANI LOKAL MEMBUDIDAYAKAN VARIETAS TANAMAN LOKAL YANG TELAH TERADAPTASI DAN MAMPU MEMPERTAHANKAN KERAGAMAN GENETIK TANAMAN PERTANIAN. CONTOH PADA MASYARAKAT APO KAYAN DI KALIMANTAN YANG MAMPU MENYIMPAN 50 VARIETAS PADA ASLI VARIETAS LOKAL SERINGKALI MEMPUNYAI GEN YANG UNIK YANG MAMPU MENHAN SERANGAN PENYAKIT, HAMA, KONDISI KURANG NUTRISI, KEMARAU, DAN VARIASI KONDISI LINGKUNGAN YANG TIDAK MENGUNTUNGKAN LAINNYAVARIETAS LOKAL BANYAK DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI SUMBER GENETIK UNTUK VARIETAS BARU

PERILAKU PETANI TRADISIOANAL DI BANYAK NEGARA SEMAKIN TERDESAK OLEH INTENSIFIKASI PERTANIAN SEPERTI DI NEGARA INDONESIA, SRI LANKA, FILIPINA DIMANA 80% LAHAN PERTANIAN UNTUK PERTANIAN MODERN

PETANI TRADISIOANL MEMPUNYAI 2 MODEL PENDEKATAN UTAMA YAITU : ETHNO ECOLOGI DAN AGROECOLOGIETHNOEKOLOGI MELIPUTI : TAKSONOMI TRADISONAL, PENGETAHUAN PERTANIAN, PENGETAHUAN TENTANG ALAM DAN SIKLUS IKLIM, PENGETAHUAN TENTANG ADAPTASI TANAMAN, TANAMAN YANG POTENSIAL UTK DIBUDIDAYAKAN AGROEKOLOGI MELIPUTI : STRATEGI PEMANFAATAN BERULANG, TEKNIK PENGELOLAAN SD TRADISIONAL, DESIGN DAN PENGELOLAAN SYSTEM PERTANAMAN LOKAL, PEMANFAATAN VEGETASI PERTANIAN DAN NON PERTANIAN, SELEKSI PENGELOLAAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN VARIETAS LOKAL.KOMBINASI KEDUA PENDEKATAN TERSEBUT AKAN MENGHASILKAN TERPELIHARANYA BUDAYA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ETNIS SERTA EKOSISTEM PERTANIAN TRADISIONAL, SECARA ILMIAH AKAN MENYEBABKAN LESTARINYA SUMBER DAYA GENETIK TANAMAN

KONSEP TERSEBUT AKAN MEMBERIKAN KEUNTUNGAN BAGI KEBERLANJUTAN PERTANIAN MELALUI MEKANISME SBB: RESIKO TERHADAP PETANI SANGAT RENDAH ( RESIKO GAGAL PANEN, SERANGAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT)MENINGKATKAN KETAHANAN DAN KEBERLANJUTAN KETERSEDIAAN PANGANRENDAHNYA KETERGANTUNGAN TERHADAP INPUT EKSTERNAL ( PESTISIDA DAN PUPUK)MEMPUNYAI DAYA ADAPTASI YANG TINGGI TERHADAP PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN ( SAAT INI BERKAITAN DENGAN GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE)MAMPU BERTAHAN KETIKA TERJADI KRISIS EKONOMI (BANDINGKAN KRISIS EKONOMI INDONESIA 1965/66 DENGAN 1998/2000)

Biological diversity is important for life on Earth and is one of the pillars of sustainable development. Our continued deriving of benefits from biodiversity, both now and for future generations will depend upon how we use it and how our activities impact upon ecosystem functioning and goods and services.

.

In recent decades, degradation of habitats, pollution and unsustainable use of biological diversity have led to loss of species, thus jeopardizing present and future livelihoods.

Overexploitation of resources such as timber in tropical forests and ocean fisheries is a major cause of loss of biodiversity in many ecosystems.

Inappropriate methods of fishing, for instance, are a major factor in coral reef degradation. Hunting is a threat to some species, with a negative impact on traditional food sources.Catches of non target endangered species are also cause for concern. Some plant species are also in serious decline due to harvesting at an unsustainable level. The use of destructive practices and intensive technologies increase environmental degradation, and lead to declines in the local economies and societies that they support

Sustainable use of the components of biological diversity is one of the three objectives of the Convention and is addressed in Article 10, which requires Parties to adopt measures relating to the use of biodiversity to avoid or minimize impacts on biological diversity.

In addition, the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro agreed on a comprehensive strategy for sustainable development, which highlighted the crucial role of sustainable use in maintaining the variability and variety of life, the biodiversity that "feeds and clothes us and provides housing, medicines and spiritual nourishment".

the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, reiterated how sustainable use is an effective tool to combat poverty and to achieve sustainable development.

Given that sustainable use entails the utilization of biodiversity in a manner that maintains its potential to meet current and future human needs and aspirations and to prevent its long term decline, it is also an effective tool for achieving the Millennium Development Goals, eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability.

It can also generate incentives for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity because of the social, cultural and economic benefits that people derive from it.

Sustainable Use of Biodiversity provide a framework for assisting Governments, indigenous and local communities, resource managers, the private sector and other stakeholders, about how to ensure that their uses of biological diversity will not lead to its long-term decline.

The principles highlight how ecosystems contribute to and maintain cultures, societies and communities. Thus, any adverse impacts on ecosystems can also have an adverse impact on those cultures, societies and communities.

Governments should therefore consider the promotion of sustainable use principles and guidelines as additional instruments for the protection and maintenance of traditional cultures and societies.

The practical principles in most instances apply to both consumptive and non-consumptive uses of biodiversity components.

They take into account requirements related to policies, laws and regulations; management of biological diversity; socio-economic conditions; and information, research and education.

The principles and guidelines are a valuable tool to promote conservation and contribute to poverty alleviation.

However, the application of the principles and guidelines will be most effective when appropriate measures are taken for the protection of biological resources and remediation of the harmful effects of pollution, civil and armed conflicts, displacement of people and other externally derived impacts are being undertaken.

The sustainable use of biodiversity will also be enhanced if provisions are made for mitigation, remediation, compensation and /or rehabilitation when biodiversity loss results from overuse.

1. The Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity consist of fourteen interdependent practical principles, operational guidelines and a few instruments for their implementation that govern the uses of components of biodiversity to ensure the sustainability of such uses.

The principles provide a framework for advising Governments, resource managers, indigenous and local communities, the private sector and other stakeholders about how they can ensure that their use of the components of biodiversity will not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity.

The principles are intended to be of general relevance, although not all principles will apply equally to all situations, nor will they apply with equal rigour. Their application will vary according to the biodiversity being used, the conditions under which they are being used, and the institutional and cultural context in which the use is taking place.

2. Sustainable use is a valuable tool to promote conservation of biological diversity, since in many instances it provides incentives for conservation and restoration because of the social, cultural and economic benefits that people derive from that use. In turn, sustainable use cannot be achieved without effective conservation measures. In this context, and as recognized in the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, sustainable use is an effective tool to combat poverty, and, consequently, to achieve sustainable development.

Agricultural biodiversity was not fully addressed in the process leading up to the development of the Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity and there is a need for their further elaboration specifically with respect to domesticated species, breeds and varieties in the context of the programme of work on agricultural biodiversity.

The practical principles in most instances apply to both consumptive and non-consumptive uses of biodiversity components. They take into account requirements related to: (i) policies, laws, and regulations; (ii) management of biological diversity; (iii) socio-economic conditions; and (iv) information, research and education.

It is a fundamental assumption that the application of the practical principles and operational guidelines is set within the context of the ecosystem approach For the practical principles, footnotes provide cross references to the relevant principle(s) of the ecosystem approach.

Progress towards sustainability will require the political will to bringabout changes to create the necessary enabling environment at all levels of government and society. The operational guidelines are intended to provide functional advice on the implementation of the principles.

These guidelines have been developed taking into account regional and thematic differences and best practices and lessons learned that have been documented in case-studies on the sustainable use of biological diversity in different biomes as well as existing codes of conduct.

The operationalization of the principles will require an enabling institutional, legal and administrative structure at all levels of government and society within each Party. Further, to be effective, policies and regulations that are adopted should ensure that the application of the principles is flexible and adaptable to different local realities and adjustable to specific ecosystems. In this context, seven underlying conditions should be taken into account as a framework for the correct implementation of the principles and guidelines, as listed in section A below.

8. In structuring a sustainable use programme and the attendant policies, laws and regulations to implement such a programme, there are a few underlying conditions that should be taken into account in government and natural resource management planning:

(a) It is possible to use biodiversity components in a manner in which ecological processes, species and genetic variability remain above thresholds needed for long-term viability, and thus all resource managers and users have the responsibility to ensure that use does not exceed these capacities.

It is crucial that the biodiversity in ecosystems is maintained, or in some cases recovered, to ensure that those ecosystems are capable to sustain the ecological services on which both biodiversity and people depend;

B. Ecosystems, ecological processes within them, species variabilityand genetic variation change over time whether or not they are used.Therefore, governments, resource managers and users should take into account the need to accommodate change, including stochastic events that may adversely affect biodiversity and influence the sustainability of a use;(c) In circumstances where the risk of converting natural landscapesto other purposes is high, encouraging sustainable use can provide incentives to maintain habitats and ecosystems, the species within them, and the genetic variability of the species. Also, for particular species, such as crocodiles, sustainable use has provided substantial incentives for conserving a dangerous animal that represents a threat to humans;

(d) The basic necessities of life, such as food, shelter, freshwater and clean air are produced either directly or indirectly from using biological diversity.

In addition, biodiversity provides many direct benefits and ecosystem services necessary for life. In many countries, there is complete or substantial dependence on harvested plants and animals by millions of people, often among the poorest, for their livelihoods.

Increasingly other uses such as pharmaceuticals for disease prevention and cure are becoming evident and are also met from using biological diversity.Finally, indigenous and local communities and their cultures often depend directly on the uses of biological diversity for their livelihoods. In all of these instances, governments should have adequate policies and capacities in place to ensure that such uses are sustainable;

(e) The supply of biological products and ecological services available for use is limited by intrinsic biological characteristics of both species and ecosystems, including productivity, resilience, andstability. Biological systems, which are dependent on cycling of finite resources, have limits on the goods they can provide and services they can render. Although certain limits can be extended to some degree through technological breakthroughs, there are still limits, and constraints, imposed by the availability and accessibility of endogenous and exogenous resources;

(f) To ameliorate any potential negative long-term effects of uses it is incumbent on all resource users, to apply precaution in their management decisions and to opt for sustainable use management strategies and policies that favour uses that provide increasedIt is recognized that, throughout the principles, rationale and operational guidelines, the term 8 "national" may mean either national or, as appropriate in some countries, subnational.sustainable benefits while not adversely affecting biodiversity.Likewise, Governments should be certain that licensed or authorizedsustainable uses of biological diversity are taking such precautionin their management;(g) In considering individual guidelines provided below, it is necessary to refer to and apply the provisions of Article 8(j), Article 10(c) and other related provisions and their development in relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties in all matters that relate to indigenous and local communities.

9. Sustainability of use of biodiversity components will be enhanced if the following practical principles and related operational guidelines are applied:

Rationale: There is need to have congruence in policies and laws atall levels of governance associated with a particular use.For example, when an international agreement adopts apolicy regarding use of biodiversity, national1 laws mustbe compatible if sustainability is to be enhanced.There must be clear and effective linkages betweendifferent jurisdictional levels to enable a "pathway" to bedeveloped which allows timely and effective response tounsustainable use and allows sustainable use of aresource to proceed from collection or harvest through tofinal use without unnecessary impediment. In mostcases the primary means for achieving congruencebetween local and international levels of governanceshould be through national Governments.

Consider local customs and traditions (and customary law whererecognized) when drafting new legislation and regulations; policies, laws and institutions, as required, within the jurisdiction inwhich a use will take place, also taking into account Articles 8(j) and10(c), as appropriate;Identify any overlaps, omissions and contradictions in existing lawsand policies and initiate concrete actions to resolve them;Strengthen and/or create cooperative and supportive linkages betweenall levels of governance in order to avoid duplication of effortsor inconsistencies.

Recognizing the need for a governing framework consistent with international national laws, local users of biodiversity components should be sufficiently empowered and supported by rights to be responsible and accountable for use of the resources concerned.

Uncontrolled access to biodiversity components often leads to over-utilization as people try to maximize their personal benefits from the resource while it is available.Resources for which individuals or communities have use, non-use, or transfer rights are usually used more responsibly because they no longer need to maximise benefits before someone else removes the resources.

Therefore sustainability is generally enhanced if Governments recognize and respect the "rights" or "stewardship" authority, responsibility and accountability to the people who use and manage the resource, which may include indigenous and local communities, private landowners, conservation organizations and the business sector. Moreover, to reinforce local rights or stewardship of biological diversity and responsibility for its conservation, resource users should participate in making decisions about the resource use and have the authority to carry out any actions arising from those decisions.

Where possible adopt means that aim toward delegating rights, responsibility, and accountability to those who use and/or manage biological resources;

Review existing regulations to see if they can be used for delegating rights; amend regulations where needed and possible; and/or draft new regulations where needed. Throughout local custom and traditions (including customary law where recognized) should be considered;Refer to the programme of work related to the implementation of Article 8(j) with regard to indigenous and local community issues (decision V/16), implement and integrate tasks relevant for the sustainable use of biodiversity components, in particular element 3, tasks 6, 13 and 14;

Provide training and extension services to enhance the capacity of people to enter into effective decision-making arrangements as well as in implementation of sustainable use methods; Protect and encourage customary use of biological resources that is sustainable, in accordance with traditional and cultural practices