bahan kuliah k3 pertemuan 3 (1).ppt

8/10/2019 Bahan Kuliah K3 pertemuan 3 (1).ppt

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INTRODUCTION TO

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE II

MODULE 3

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Dr. Tajuddin Bantacut

DEPARTMENT OF AGROINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY


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emphasising the physical environment interactions

and potential adverse effects to workers


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Summary of different work

requirements - Tanker Drivers

make decisions about selecting the person

most capable for certain positions, this not

only requires consideration of certain

ethical and social factors, but

consideration of the stresses that the work

environment puts on the worker.


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The requirements (or assessment) for tanker

drivers can be summarised as follows:

Physical/Medical include:

1. physical adequacy;

2. visual adequacy;

3. behavioural adequacy;

4. absence of diseases leading to sudden

changes in consciousness or motor control;

5. absence of addiction - alcohol or drugs;6. no sedative (kecanduan) or other

undesirable edications;


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continued

7.The nervous system, there should be no:

persistent disability due tocerebrovascular disease;

8. Parkinsonism or multiple sclerosis;

9. Persistent or recurrent cerebral(Intellectual), cerebella, or vestibular

disturbances;

10. More than minor muscular weakness;


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Mental Illness, behavioural disorders, personality

disorders, there should be no:

history of psychotic breakdown;

subnormality;

personal disorders, especially associatedwith heavy alcohol consumption;

need for continuing medication with

psychotropic drugs; incipient mental breakdown, or nervous

symptoms associated with driving;


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Vision, there should be no:

monocular visual defect;

cataract removal from one or both eyes;

visual field defects; diminution of visual acuity with or without

spectacles or well adapted

contact lenses worse that 6/9 in one eyeand 6/18 in the other;


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Motor disorders, there should be no:

fixation or severe limitation of movement

of neck, arms or lower limbs;

pain in joints, sufficient to limit movements;

muscular or neuro-muscular weakness

due to specific causes.


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Occupational Diseases: Eye

Eyes which are healthy and well-

functioning provide us with our richest

sense - the sense of sight. The eye is a

fragile organ which is often exposed tohazards of different kinds both at home

and in the workplace.


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There are several major risk area these are:

those that arise from direct physical causes,

such as flying pieces, particles or irritating dusts;

visual ergonomics such as eye strain due to

inadequate lighting often quoted as "bad work; exposure to chemicals, corrosives etc.; and

dangerous radiations, such as UV light and

microwaves.


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How can we control the workplace to reduce

eye hazards?

The use of personal eye protection shouldonly be supplemented by more effective

measures such as engineering and

administrative controls.

Regular reviews of the work system


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improvements and reductions of the risk of injury.

Is proper attention being given to good housekeeping?

Is the eye safety training program followed? Are the hazardous areas well signposted?

Are all the shields and guards in place and properlymaintained?

Can hazardous materials be replaced by less hazardous materials?

Can exposure be avoided by enclosing the process?

Is access to the hazardous area restricted to trained staff?

Are high pressure hoses regularly inspected or replaced?

Are workers properly shielded to radiation standards? Are emergency eye washes and equipment regularly tested

and updated?

Are improved safety features part of the selection criteriafor new equipment? Etc.


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EXAMPLES


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Occupational Diseases: Lung

The lung is the organ of respiration, this involves

inhalation (the act of breathing) of air. If the air iscontaminated with dust, fumes, the vapour or gas ofhazardous substances, the hair in the nasal cavity,the mucus and cilia lining the airway from the noseto the lungs, will trap the large contaminating dusts

and particles and prevent them from reaching thelungs.

However, once the contaminants reach the lungsthese can exert a local effect on the bronchioles andalveoli. The contaminants can also be absorbed

across the thin alveolar wall and into the bloodstream and transport to different target organs toproduce systemic effects.


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Selected causes of occupational asthma*


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EXAMPLES


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Occupational Diseases: Skin

The skin is not only the largest visible partof each of us (~1.5 to 2 m2), it is also the

largest organ of the body.

It makes about one-eighth of the total body

weight.

The skin also functions to protect sensitive

tissues from mechanical and chemical

damage as well as playing a major role in

thermoregulation of the body.


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continued

The skin contains sweat and sebaceousglands, fine blood vessels, hair folliclesand shafts and nerves.

The skin is a very good protective coverbut it can fail if it overexposed toworkplace or other stresses This can leadto disorders such as different kinds ofdermatitis, chemical corrosion injuries,acne, skin cancer, etc.


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dermatitis (contact eczemas)

known as contact dermatitis

(a) allergic contact dermatitis and

(b) irritant contact dermatitis based on the nature

of the causative agent;

for example, soaps, detergents and corrosives

can cause irritant reactions while many plantextracts, metals, preservatives, etc, can cause

an allergic response.


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allergic


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OTHER EXAMPLES


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Principles of ccupational Toxicology

"All substances are poisons: there is none

that is not a poison. The right dosedifferentiates a poison from a remedy".

The toxic effect usually (but not always)

increases with dose.


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standard

The shape of the curve and its thresholdand LD50 (lethal dose to 50% of testanimal) values are used by regulators to

set standards of "acceptable" exposure tochemicals in the workplace.

Health is not only factor in the process ofstandards setting, other factors exist, suchas technical feasibility.


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the level of exposure and the extent of

exposure to the agent

Single or short-term exposure to a chemical isusually characterised as the acute exposure orthe "acute" toxicity (toxic effect);

Repetitive or continuous exposure to thechemical even in low doses is referred to aschronic exposure or the "chronic" toxicity.


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1. There are currently over 100,000 chemicals inindustrial use, very few of them (therapeuticsand some cosmetics) have had any form oftoxicity assessment prior to use

2. The long-term "chronic" effects of nearly allchemicals is unknown.

3. New legislation regarding labeling and theproduction of MSDS (Materials Safety Data

Sheets) are partially improving the situation.


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the science of toxicology is based upon

assumptions:

Extrapolation from animal data to humans is valid;

Exposure of experimental animals to high doses fordetecting hazards to humans is valid;

Humans are at least as sensitive to the effects of

chemical hazards as those observed in the mostsensitive species.

The other major problem with the aboveassumptions as well as the fundamentals oftoxicology is

Assessment is conducted for that exposure occursto a single pure compound, this definitely not thecase with most occupations.

multi-exposure raises many issues of the


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multi-exposure raises many issues of the

interactions between the compounds which could

occur in the following manner:

independent - no cross reaction between thecompounds, eg., CO and Cd;

antagonistic - exposure protects against theproduction of toxicity, eg., antidotes;

potentiative - the single compound has no effectunless other is present, eg., CCl4 and 2-propanol;

additive - effect is additive in nature, eg.,

solvents; synergistic - exponential effect, eg., asbestos

and smoking.


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