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6/14/2016 handout-SI-032204 KSI -by:sol's- 1
Sistem Informasi *)
*)Oleh :
Solikin WS.,M.T.
solikin2004@yahoo.com
Kadir,Abdul & Triwahyuni, Terra Ch. “Pengantar Teknologi Informasi, edisi Revisi”. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset
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Pengertian Data dan Informasi
Data :“Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).
(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian dalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan di susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan oleh user).
Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti berupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan darinya.
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Informasi (1)
“Data have been shaped into form that is meaningful and useful to human beings”.(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.
Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti berupa suatu informasi” atau
Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.
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Data vs Informasi
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Informasi(2)
Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.
Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).
Data InformasiProcess
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Informasi(3)
Sumber Informasi : Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)
Kuesioner
Kejadian / event (pencatatan, perekaman ataupun penangkapan sinyal digital secara langsung).
Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric, operational research, simulation, heuristic, dsb).
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Informasi(4)
Kualitas Informasi ditentukan oleh 3 Faktor (Burch dan Gurudnitski,1989) :
1. Relevansi
2. Tepat waktu
3. Akurasi
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Informasi(5)
Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user) dapat direpresentasikan dalam media : Kertas/hardcopy
Tampilan/display-monitor/video
Suara/audio
Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya dalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe laporan antara lain : Loran Periodik
Laporan Indikator Kunci
Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report)
Laporan Khusus
Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)
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Informasi(6)
Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan berbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umum digunakan : Narasi
Tabel
Grafik dan Gambar
Kombinasi
Kertas/hardcopy
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• System ?
Input Output
Feedback
System
“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and
coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir
untuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)
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information system
menurut Alter (1992)
“kombinasi antar prosedur kerja, infromasi, orang dan teknologi informasi yang diorganisasikan untuk mencapai tujuan dalam sebuah organisasi “
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Types of Information Systems
Transaction
Processing
Systems
Process
Control
Systems
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
Operations
Support
Systems
Management
Information
Systems
Decision
Support
Systems
Executive
Information
Systems
Management
Support
Systems
Information Systems
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A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information
system that captures and processes data about business
transactions.
A management information system (MIS) is an information
system that provides for management-oriented reporting
based on transaction processing and operations of the
organization.
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system
that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or
provides information to help make decisions.
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An expert system is an information system that captures the
expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the
benefit of nonexperts.
A communications and collaboration system is an
information system that enables more effective
communications between workers, partners, customers, and
suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.
An office automation system is an information system that
supports the wide range of business office activities that
provide for improved work flow between workers.
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Other Categories of
Information Systems
Expert Systems
Knowledge Management Systems
Functional Business Systems
Strategic Information Systems
Cross-Functional Information Systems
Hybrid System ?
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Disebut juga Sistem informasi terintegrasi vertikal
“Sistem informasi yang disediakan suatu organisasi
umumnya gabungan dari beberapa sistem informasi “
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The Information Systems
Development Process
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Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise
•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs
•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers
Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?
•IS Human Resources•IS Development
•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance
•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance
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IS Resources:
Hardware Resources
Software Resources
People Resources
Data Resources
Network Resources
Products:
Paper Reports
Visual Displays
Multimedia Documents
Electronic Messages
Graphics images
Audio Responses
Chapter Summary (cont)
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Information systems perform three vital roles in
business firms. They support:
Business processes and operations,
Business decision making; and
Strategic competitive advantage
Major application categories of information
systems include:
Operations Support Systems; and
Management Support Systems
Chapter Summary (cont)
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Data : Tipe Data
Lima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang yaitu : 6.p132-177)
1. predefined data item,
2. images,
3. text,
4. audio, dan
5. video
Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk gambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik seperti digitization, voice messaging dan video conference
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Predefined data item
Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau
alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan
format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya
digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi
dan transaksi yang menggunakan data.
Sebagai contoh credit card number,
transaction date, purchase account, dan
merchant ID.
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Text
Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan
karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya
dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung
pada bentuk yang ditentukan
(prespecified format) atau definisi dari
item individual (defined of individual
items).
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Images
Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar,
baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar
yang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures),
atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik.
Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di
kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang
sama seperti text.
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Audio
Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.
Video
Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang
ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya
misalnya melalui video conference.
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Satuan Data
Bit satuan terkecil data
Byte satu karakter=8 bit
Word satu kata=2 byte=16 bit
Double Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bit
Data satu data=beberapa byte yang punya arti
Record satu baris data
Field satu lajur/kolom data
Table satu table data (baris dan kolom)
Library satu kumpulan file data
Database satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)
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Evolution of DB Systems
Flat files - 1960s - 1980s
Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
Network – 1970s - 1990s
Relational – 1980s - present
Object-oriented – 1990s - present
Object-relational – 1990s - present
Data warehousing – 1980s - present
Web-enabled – 1990s - present
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Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi(..catatan tambahan)
SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk
mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base
Information System)
Resources : 5M + I
Man
Machine
Money
Material
Method and
Information
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Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas,
karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya
Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja,
tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll
Karakteristik sistem :
1. Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)
Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll
2. Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan
3. Holistik (menyeluruh)
4. Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)
5. Sinergi
6. Hierarki
7. Ada aturan (regulasi)
8. Harus punya tujuan (objective)
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Information Systems Architecture
(ISA)
Overall blueprint for organization’s information
systems
Consists of:
Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)
Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition,
etc.
Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8)
People – people management using project management
tools (Gantt charts, etc.)
Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed)
Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)
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Information Engineering A data-oriented methodology to create and
maintain information systems
Top-down planning approach.
Four steps: Planning
Results in an Information Systems Architecture
Analysis
Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we want
Design
Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it
Implementation
Results in final operational system
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Information Systems Planning
Strategy development
IT Planning to meet Corporate
strategy
Three steps:
1. Identify strategic planning factors
2. Identify corporate planning objects
3. Develop enterprise model
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Identify Strategic Planning
Factors (table 2.1)
Organization goals – what we hope to
accomplish
Critical success factors – what MUST work in
order for us to survive
Problem areas – weaknesses we now have
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Identify Corporate Planning
Objects (table 2.3)
Organizational units
Organizational locations
Business functions – these might become the
users
Entity types – the things we are trying to
model
Information (application) systems
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Develop Enterprise Model
Decomposition of business functions
See figure 2.2
Enterprise data model
See figure 2.1
Planning matrixes
See figure 2.3
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Enterprise Data Model
First step in database development
Specifies scope and general content
Overall picture of organizational data, not specific
design
Entity-relationship diagram
Descriptions of entity types
Relationships between entities
Business rules
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Informasi
Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya
dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan
keputusan
Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu
mengalami proses pengolahan
Sifat informasi :
1. Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
2. Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
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INPUT PROSES OUTPUT
Data Proses Informasi - Bisa sangat simple
- Bisa dapat complicated
• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka
datanya harus bersih.
• prosesnya meliputi :1. Verifikasi
2. Validasi
3. Duplication data
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Macam-macam atribut suatu data :
1. Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)
2. Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)
3. Temporal
4. Classifier
5. Relational
Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :
1. Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)
2. Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)
3. Tepat GUNA (relevancy)
4. Tepat SAJI (presentation)
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Manfaat Informasi
Terhadap Proses :
1. Menghemat Tenaga
2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi
3. Mempercepat Proses
4. Perbaikan Dokumentasi
5. Pencapaian Standar
6. Perbaikan Keputusan
Terhadap Produk :
1. Peningkatan “feature”
2. Perubahan Karakteristik
3. Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk
4. Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa
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Terhadap Kualitas :
1. Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)
2. Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan
pelayanan, dsb)
Komponen SI :
1. Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)
2. Infoware (Database)
3. Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)
4. Brainware (humanware)
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Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)
Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan
Infoware (Database)
DBMS (Data Base Management System)
DBA (Database Administrator)
Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karna
faktor SDM
Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akan
sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan
agar data tetap up-to-date.
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Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)
Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur
Prosedur :
1. Prosedur Penyiapan Data
2. Prosedur Perekaman Data
3. Prosedur Pemrosesan Data
4. Prosedur Pengamanan Data
5. Dsb
Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di
“Re-Design”
Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini
harus disosialisasikan
Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada
rencana induk perusahaan
Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division
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Brainware
Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3
komponen yang lainnya
Contoh job dalam bidang IT:
1. Operator Perekam Data
2. Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan
3. Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)
4. Analis Sistem (Analyst)
5. Administrator Database (Database Administrator)
6. Perancang Sistem (System Designer)
7. Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)
8. Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering)
9. Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)
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Karakteristik Sistem
Sub Sistem
Sub SistemSub Sistem
Sub Sistem
Input Output
Interface
(penghubung)
Input OutputProcess
Environment
Goals
Boundary
(batas sistem)
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Siklus Pengolahan Data
PROSES
(Model)
ENTRI DATAOUTPUT
(Informasi)BASIS DATA
USER
(Penerima)
KEPUTUSAN
TINDAKAN
HASIL
TINDAKAN
CAPTURING
DATA
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Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models
The Need for Frameworks and Models
The Work System Framework
Work System Principles
Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS
The Principle Based Systems Analysis Method
Measurement Work System Performance
Clasification Related to
Understanding Systems from
Business Viewpoint
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Amazon.com : An Evolving
Business Models
(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides
a different way to shop for books)
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The Work System Framework
The Customer
The Product and Services
The Business Process
The Participant
The Information
The Technology
Context
Infrastructure
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The Customer
People who use and
receive direct benefit
from the products and
services
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The Product and
Services
The combination of
physical things information
and services that the work
system produces for to
customer
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The Business Process
The sets of the steps or
activities that are
performed within the work
system
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The Participant
People who perform the
work step in the business
process
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The Information
The information used by
the participants to
perform their work
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The Technology
The hardware, software
and the other tools and
equipment used by the
participants
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Context
The organizational,
competitive, technical
and regulatory realm
within which the work
system operates
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Infrastructure
Is share human and
technical resources that
the work system rellies
on even through these
resources exist and are
managed outside of it.
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CUSTOMER
People who purchases books
Whosellers that supply the books
Amazon.com Shipping departement
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Information about books that might be purchased
information describing cash book order
books that are eventually delivered
BUSINESS PROCESS
Purchaser log on www.amazon.com
Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria
Purchaser looks at book related information and desides what
to order
Purchaser enter order
Amazon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr
dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Amazon order
them from a wholeseller and ships them to the customer after
they arrive at the Amazon werehouse
Shipping departement packages order and sends it to the
purchaser
PARTICIPANTS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
People interested in
purchasing books
order fullfillment
department of
wholeseller
Shipping department
Amazon.com
Order for books
price and other
information about each
book
purchase hidtory and
related information for
each customer
Personel computers
used by purchaser
computers and
networks use by
Amazon.com for order
processing
the internet
(infrastructure)
Work System Snapshot
Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for
books
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Data and Knowledge
Management (KM)
I. Data Management :
1. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery
3. Data Source and Collection
4. Data Quality (DQ)
5. Multimedia and OO Databases
6. Document Management
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II. Data Warehousing, Mining and
Analysis :
1. Transaction Vs Analytical
Processing
2. Data Warehousing and Marts
3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and
Mining
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III. Data Visualization and
Technology
1. Data Visualization
2. Multidimensionality
3. GIS
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IV. Marketing Databases in Action
1. The Marketing Transaction
Database
2. Implementation in Example
V. KM
1. Knowledge Base and Organizational
Learning
2. Implementing KM Systems
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I. Data Management
I. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
The Difficulties The Amount of data increases exponentially
Collected by many individuals, using several methods and devices
Organization’s data are relevant for specific decision
Raw Data my be stored in different computing systems, databases, formats, and human and computer languages
Data Security, Quality, and integrity
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These difficulties and the critical need for
Timely and Accurated information
Search effective and efficient
Data management
Support TPS
Relational Databases
Client/Server Environment
Finding Data Quiqly and Easly
Creation of Data Warehouse
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2. Data Life Cyle Process and
Knowledge Discovery
Trace how and where data flows in
organization
Business do not run on data, They
run on information and their
knowledge of how to put that
information to uses successfully.
The transformation of data into
knowledge mybe accomplished in
several ways
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Converting Data to Knowledge
Data
Source
Collection
Data Sorage
Selection
Target Data Preproce-
ssing Data
Prepro-
cessingTrans-
formation
Data
mining
Interpretation /
Evaluation
iMac Use
Transfor-
med DataPatterns
Storage,
Knowledge
Base
Knowledge
Data Warehousing Data Analysis
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3. Data Source and Collection
The Data life cycle begins with the
acquisition of data from data sources.
Data can include :
Documents
Pictures
Maps
Sound and
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Animation
Concepts
Opinions
Raw or
Summarized or extrated data
Data Source :
Internal Data
Personal Data
External Data
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Internal Data : are organizational internal data are
stored in one or more places
About : people, product, services,
and processes
Personal Data
IS user or other coorporate
employees by creating personal
data
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External Data : Data are available on :
CD-ROM
Internet Server (film, music or voice)
Pictures (diagram, atlases)
Television
Large amounts of external data are
available on the internet.
The internet and commercial databases
services -> Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI)
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Methods For Collection Raw Data Can be collected :
Manually or
Instruments or sensors
Scanned or
Transferred Electronically
Manual Data Collected :
Time studies
Surveys
Observations and
Constributions from experts
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4. Data Quality (DQ)
Data are frequently found to be :
Inaccurate
Incomplete
Ambiguous
The economical and social damage
from poor quality data costs billions
of dollars
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Problem Data : DQ Problem divide into four
catagories and dimension :1. Instrinsic DQ :
Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation
2. Accessability DQ :
Accessability and security
3. Contextual DQ :
Relevance, Value Added, timeliness, completeness, amount data
4. Representasion DQ:
Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise representation, consistent representation
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Problem Data (cont..):
Data are not correct
Data are not timely
Data are not measured or index
properly
Needed data simply do not exist
One of the major issues of DQ
is DATA INTEGRITY
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OOD are sometimes referred to as multimedia databases and are manage special Multimedia Databases Management Systems (MDMS)
These manage data in variety of formats in additional to standard text or numeric fields.
The formats include Images such as digitized photographs or forms of bit-mapped graphics
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6. Document Management (DM) Document Management Systems (DMS)
provide information to decision makers in an electronic format
DM is the automated control of electronic document, page images, spreadsheet, word processing document, and complex, compound documents through their entire life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to final archiving.
DMS usually include computerized imaging systems
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II. Data Warehousing, Mining and
Analysis :
I. Transaction Vs Analytical
Processing
Data processing in organizations can be
viewed either as transactional or
analytical
Transactional Processing, in the routine
daily processing of the transactional of
the organizations such as ordering or
billing
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A good data delivery system
therefore should be able to
support :
Easy data access by the end
users themselve
Quicker decision making
More accurate and effective
decision making
Flexible decision making
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This improved option of
analytical processing involves
three concepts :1. A business representation of data for
end users
2. A client/server enviroment that gives
the user query and reporting
capabilities
3. A server-base repository, the data
warehouse, that allows centralized
security and control over the data
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2. Data Warehousing and Marts Data Warehouse, benefits :
1. To reach data quickly
2. To do it easly
The purpose of data warehouse is to
establish a data repository that makes
operational data accessable in a form
rapidly acceptable for analytical
processing activities such as decision
support, EIS, and other user application.
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Data Warehouses allow for the
storage of metadata, which
include data summaries that are
easier to index and search,
especially with web tools
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Legacy
OLTP
External
Select
Extract
Transform
Integrate
Maintain
Preparation
Opeparational
System / Data
A
P
I
S
M
I
d
l
e
w
a
r
e
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Metadata
Reposition
Enterprise
Data
Warehouse
Data Mart
Data Mart
Data Mart
Target
Database(s)
(RDB, MDDB)
Replication
Marketing
Risk
Management
EngineeringData Mining
AccessApplication
EIS / DSS
Custom-Built
Application
(4GL Tools)
Production
Reporting
Tools
Relation
Query Tools
Web Browses
OLAP /
ROLAP
Data Warehouse Framework and Views
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Characteristic of Data Warehousing
1. Organization :
data are organized by detailed
subject, containingly information
relevant for decision support
2. Consistency
Data in different operational
databases my be encoded
differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’
or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner
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3. Time variant
The data are kept for 5 to 10 years
so they can be used for trends,
forecasting and comparisons over
time
4. Nonvolatile
Once entered into the warehouse,
data are not update (Tdk dpt
diubah)
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5. Relational
Typically the data warehouse uses
a relational structure
6. Clent/Server
The data warehouse uses the
client/server architecture mainly to
provide the end user an easy
access to its data
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Data Marts is a replicated subset
of the data warehouse and is
dedicated to a functional or
regional area.
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Summary of strategic Uses
of Data Warehousing
Industry Functional Area of Use Strategic Use
Airline Operations and Marketing analysis of route
profitability
Banking Product Development, Customer service,
operation and marketing trend analysis, product
and service promotion.
Reduction of IS
expenses
Healt Care Operation reduction of operational
expenses
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3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining The program of extracting useful
knowledge from volumes of data is known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) or just knowledge discovery.
KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel, potensially usefull, and ultimatelly understandable patterns in data
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KDD support by three technologies :
1. Massive data collection
2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers
3. Data Mining Algorithms
Tools and Techniques of KDD
KDD tools over time can be divided into
four major stage :
1. Data Collection (1960s)
2. Data Acess (1980s)
3. Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)
4. Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)
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The problem with the data
collection and access techniques is
that they are not suitable for a large
volume of data, nor can they be
used effectively by end user.
Even though Structured Query
Language (SQL) use is becaming
more user friendly.
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OLAP
(On Line Analytical Processing)
OLAP refers to such end-user
activities as DSS modeling using
spreadsheets and grahics, which are
done online.
Unlike online transaction online
processing (OLTP) application.
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Data Mining
Data mining derives is name from the
similarities between searching for
valuable business information in a
large database and mining a
mountain for a vein of valuable are.
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I. Impact on Organizations
II. Impact on Individuals at
Work
III. Societal Impacts and The
Internet Community
IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS,
INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY
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1. Structure
2. Authority
3. Power and
4. Job Content
I. IMPACTs ON
ORGANIZATIONS
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1. Job Satisfaction
2. Dehumanization and
Psychological Impacts
3. Impacts On Health and
Safety
II. IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS
AT WORK
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1. Opportunitis For People With
Disabilities
2. Quality of Life Improvements
3. Other Impacts
III. SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND
THE INTERNET COMMUNITY
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Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content
a. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies
b. Staff-To-Line Ratio
c. Special Units
d. Centralization of Authority
e. Power and Status
f. Job Contens
g. Role Ambiguity and Conflict
IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.1. Structure
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Increased Productivity and increased span of
control
Decreased number of experts
FOH result from :
reduction in the total number of employees,
reengineering of business process, and
ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –
level job
A. Flatter Organizational
Hierarchies (FOH)
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The number of professional and
specialists could decline in relation to
the total number of employees in the
organizations.
B. Staff-To-Line Ratio
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Creating a technology centre
Internet/electronic commerce unit
Decision support system departement
Intelligent system departement
C. Special Units
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Because of the trend toward smaller
and flatters organizations, centralization
become more popular.
Example : introduction of expert
systems in general electric’s
maintenance area increased the power
of the desentarlization units because
they become less dependent on the
companys headquarters.
D. Centralization of Authority
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Knowledge is power
Changing the power structure within
organization
Example : expert system may reduce
the power of certain professional group,
becaise their knowledge will be in the
public domain.
E. Power and Status
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Job Conten is important not only because it is
related to organizational structure, but also
becase it is interrelated with employee
satisfaction, compensation, status, and
productivity.
Changes in job content occuur when work is
redesigned.
Example : when BPR (Business Process
Reenginerring) is attempted or when
electronic commerce changes the marketing
system.
F. Job Contens
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Employee Career Ladders
Changes in Supervision
Other Considerations
The Manager’s Job
IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.2. Personnel Issues
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Automation of routin decision
Less expertise required for many
decisions
Less reliance on experts to provide
support to top executive
Power distribution among managers
Electronic support of complex decision
(intelligent agents, DSS)
IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.3. The Manager’s Job
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Job Stress
Repetitive Strain Injuries
Lessening The Negative Impact
on Health and Safety
Other Impacts
Impacts On Health and Safety
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Dehumanization :
Negative effect on people’s individuality,
such : many people feel loss of identity.
Expert systems or artificial intelligence
are increasingly replacing people in the
creative arena.
Dehumanization and Psychological
Impacts
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Psychological Impacts :
Isolating influence : depression and
loneliness
Distance learning : lack of social impact.
Dehumanization and Psychological
Impacts(2)
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IS and Individual
The Individual
The
Individual
Entertainment
business and
education
Environment
and
application
Security
Home
Informatio
n System Insurance
and
Brokerage
Accounting
and Legal
Police
and Fire
Library
Public and
Private Service
System
Education and
Medical System
Centre
Medical
Database
Hospital
Adm and
treatment
Laisure Time
System
Consumer
System
Financial
System
Travel
Reservation
Theater and
Entertainment
Hotel
Reservation
Drug StoreDepartment
Store
Supermarket
Money Card
Real Estate
Stocks
Integrated
Financial
Database
Educational
and Adm
Record
Computer
Assisted
Education
e-Commerce
E-funds transfer
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