modul 1 - pengenalan beton
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Modul 1
Pengenalan Beton dan Sifat-sifatnya
Semen Portland / Portland
Cement (PC)
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Pengenalan semen
Pengenalan batu dan pasir
Pengenalan admixtures dan additions
Pengenalan sifat-sifat beton Beton segar
Beton keras
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Pasta = semen + air
Mortar = semen + pasir + air
Beton = semen + pasir + batu +air
Berat jenis Air = 1
Semen = 3.15
Pasir = 2.60
Batu = 2.65
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Semen berwarna ke-abu-abuan Particle size 45m passing #325 sieve
Fungsi gypsum Mengatasi semen bereaksi terlalu cepat
Mengatur strength development
Untuk mengatasi shrinkage
Dalam kimia semen, oksida dan gabungandinyatakan dalam bentuk singkatan sepertiditunjukkan dalam tabel di bawah ini
Oksida Singkatan. Gabungan Singkatan
CaO C 3CaO.SiO2 C3S
SiO2 S 2CaO.SiO2 C2S
Al2O3 A 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A
Fe2O3 F 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF
SO3 S CaSO4.2H2O CSH2
H2O H
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Unsur Gabungan Semen Presentaseberdasarkan berat
Tricalcium silicate (3CaO. SiO2) 40%-60%
Bicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2) 15%-30%
Tricalcium aluminate (3Cao. Al2O3) 10%
Calcium ferroaluminate (4CaO.Al2
O3
.Fe2
O3
) 8%
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) 5%
Alkalis 0.3%-1.5%
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Tipe semen Portland Type I Semen Portland Normal (OPC)
Type II and V Semen Portland Tahan Sulfat
Type III Semen Portland Kekuatan Awal Tinggi
Type IV Semen Portland Panas Hidrasi Rendah
Air Entraining Portland Cement
dll
Komposisi kimia semen
Komposisi senyawa
Berdasarkan ASTM C-150 StandardSpecification for Portland Cement, andAASHTO M-85 I Normal IA Normal, Air entraining II Moderate sulfate resistance or heat IIA - Moderate sulfate resistance or heat, Air
entraining III High early strength IIIA High early strength, Air entraining IV Low heat of hydration V High sulfate resistance
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Penggunaan Umum
Ready-mixed pemakai terbesar
Paling umum, 90% semen type ini
Type II moderate sulfate resistance
Type V High sulfate resistance
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Batu dan Pasir
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Keringudara
JKP/SSD Basah Kering Oven
waterwaterwater
100xOvenKeringBerat
OvenKeringBerat-SemulaBeratAirKadar =
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Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the massof a material to the mass of the same volume ofwater
Where Ms = Mass of the materialVs = Volume of the materialw = density of water
ws
s
V
MS.G.=
Bulk S.G can be obtained in terms of :
SSD mass (B), oven dry mass (A) and buoyantmass (C) as follows:
C-B
AS.GBulk =
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If the aggregate used is in SSD condition thenthe mass of water in the permeable poresshould be included in the Bulk S.Gcalculations and the S.G. is known as BulkS.G.SSD.
Bulk S.G.SSD can be given in terms of SSDmass B and buoyant mass C as follows
C-BBS.GBulk SSD =
If the permeable pores are excluded from thetotal volume of the aggregate then theresulting S.G. is known as apparent S.G.
Apparent specific gravity can be obtained in
terms of oven dry mass A, and buoyant massC as follows:
C-A
AS.G.apparent =
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If the three specific gravities are comparedthen: apparent S.G. > bulk S.G.SSD > bulk S.G.
The decision to use which one of the threedifferent specific gravities mentioned abovedepends on the moisture condition of the
aggregate and the application i.e. concrete,asphalt, fill etc.
Gradation is synonymous of particle sizedistribution.
In concrete the amount of paste needed forproduction depends entirely on the particle
size distribution of the aggregate, here pastefills the voids remaining from the aggregates,so more or less paste will be neededdepending on how well smaller particles ofaggregate occupy spaces left by largerparticles. Its a matter of particle sizedistribution.
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To a grand extent, the properties of fresh andhardened concrete will depend on the amountof aggregate packed, as well as the amountof paste present and of course the water tocement ratio. A well distribution of sizeparticles in an aggregate will make a concreteless susceptible to segregation in the fresh
state, and more stable to volumetric changeswhile it develops its designed strengthsuccessfully.
Nominal size of an aggregate (used in normalpractice) is the smallest sieve opening throughwhich most but not all the particles pass.
Maximum size of an aggregate is the maximumsieve size through which all the aggregate will pass.
It is important to focus on the larger particle sizes,when ordering concrete for a given job to avoidinterference with the formwork and reinforcingwhile placing the concrete.
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250 grams of sand was sieved using standardsieves. The mass retained on each sieve isshown in the table below. Plot the cumulativepassing gradation for this sand.
Sieve No. Mass retained (g)
No. 4 0
No 8 27
No. 16 35
No 30 89
No. 50 72
No. 100 23
Pan 4
SieveNo.
Massretained
(g)
%retained
Cumulative% retained
Cumulative% Passing
No. 4 0 0 0 100
No 8 27 10.8 10.8 89.20
No. 16 35 14 24.8 75.20
No 30 89 35.6 60.4 39.60
No. 50 72 28.8 89.2 10.80
No. 100 23 9.2 98.4 1.60
Pan 4 1.6 100 0
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Limits are shown in the next table.
Sieve Size Min. % Passing Max. % Passing
3/8 in 100 ---
No. 4 95 100
No. 8 80 100
No.16 50 85No. 30 25 60
No. 50 5 30
No. 100 0 10
No. 200 0 3
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Sand gradation can be assessed by a singlefactor known as fineness modulus (FM).Fineness modulus is determined by adding upall the percentage cumulative retained onsieve No.100 to sieve No. 4 and then dividethe sum by 100.
100
RetainedCumulativePercentageFM =
Considering previous data from gradation:
For Indiana upper limit:
For Indiana lower limit
83.2100
98.489.260.424.810.80FM =
+++++=
85.3100
10306085100100FM =
+++++=
55.2100
0525508095FM =
+++++=
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It can be seen that for coarser sand (upperlimit) FM value is larger. For finer sand (lowerlimit) FM is smaller, and for data fromgradation FM lies in between the valuesabove.
Fineness modulus is used for quality controlof sand. It allows to asses whether there is
any variation in sand gradation from batch tobatch.
Admixtures and Additions
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Type A.- Waterreduc ing admixtures Improve workabil ity an dens ity of concrete
Type B.- R etarding admixtures For large casting volumes and hot weather
Type C.-Accelerating admixtures Early strength, quic k formwork removal and cold
weather concreting
Type D.- Water-reducing and retarding admixtures Similar to A and B
Type E.- Water-reducing and acceleratingadmixtures
Similar to A and C
Type F.- Water-reducing, high range admixtures High early strength, improve workability and watertightness
Type G.- Water-reducing, high range, and retarding
admixtures
Similar to B and F
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A B C D E F G% water
reduction
7-10 - - 7-10 7-10 12-30 12-30
Time setting earlier delay delay earlier earlier earlier delay
Compressive
Strength
increase decrease same increase increase increase Increase
FlexuralStrength
same decrease decrease same same same same
Length
Change
affect affect affect affect affect affect affect
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Pengenalan Sifat-sifat Beton
Kecocokan materials (suitable materials)
Proporsi campuran (mixture proportions)
Mixing dan transportasi
Pengecoran dan konsolidasi (placing and
consolidation)
Finishing and jointing
Curing
Lingkungan (environment)
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Sifat-sifat Beton Fresh
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Sifat-sifat Beton Keras
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Kuat tekan (compressive strength) yangpaling sering dipergunakan untukmengetahui mutu beton untuk dipergunakandalam: Perhitungan desain
Spesifikasi
Quality control
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