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HUMAN HUMAN GENETICSGENETICSDR. KAMAJAYA, MSc.,SpAnd.
BAGIAN BIOLOGIFAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN U.S.U.
MEDANMEDAN.
G E N E T I C S
• DEFINISI. Il l j i = Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang sifat, karakter, penyakit atau cacat yang diturunkan dari orang-tua yang diturunkan dari orang tua kepada turunan nya, dan cara-cara penurunannya.
SIFAT, KARAKTER, PENYAKIT, DAN CACAT
HEREDITERHEREDITER.
• Onset ?• Onset ?• Tingkat abnormalitas genetik :
1. Chromosomal,2. Genome.3. Molecular.
HUMAN CHROMOSOME HUMAN CHROMOSOME. • Normal Human Chromosome :m m m m
= Somatic cells → 2n = 46 chromosome
22 pair of Autosome + XX sex chrom → ♀22 pair of Autosome + XX sex-chrom.→ ♀22 pair of Autosome + XY sex-chrom.→ ♂= Gametic cells → n = 23 chromosome22 Autosome + X / Y sex-chromosome.
Human chromosomes.Human chromosomes.• Abnormal human chromosomes :
A Ab l f h t ( l id ) A.Abnormal of chromosome set (aneuploidy) :1.4n (92 chrom) → Tetraploidy2 3 (69 h ) T i l id2.3n (69 chrom) → Triploidy3. n (23 chrom) → Haploidy (somatic-cell)
B.Abnormal number of chromosome :1. 2n + 2 (48 chrom) → Tetrasomy,2. 2n + 1 (47 chrom) → Trisomy3. 2n - 1 (45 chrom) → Monosomy
Human chromosomeC. Abnormal chromosome strukture.
1. Defisient chromosome.2. Duplication.3. Translocation.4 I i4. Inversion.5. Fragil chromosome.
GENOMEGENOME
A. Mendelian Inheritances.1 Monohybrid1. Monohybrid,2. Dihybrid,3. Trihybrid,4 Multihybrid4. Multihybrid.
GenomeGenome• Non-Mendelian Inheritances.
1 Inc mplit D min nc1. Incomplit Dominancy,2. Intermedier Inheritances,3 Epistasis3. Epistasis,4. Multiple gene Inheritances,5. Multiple alleles,p6. Sex-differences :
a. Sex Influenced Characters,b S Li it d Ch tb. Sex Limited Characters,C. Sex Linked Characters.
M l l G tiMolecular GeneticsB i k f DNA & RNA l l• Basic strukture of DNA & RNA molecules,
• DNA – Replication.= Reproductive and Syntesis replication,
• Central Dogma.• Codon• Operon theory (Jacob and Monod).
MENDELIAN INHERITANCES.MENDELIAN INHERITANCES.
• A. Monohybrid.♂P. ♂ Black X ♀ White F2.
BB bb ♂G1. B bF1. Bb
♀ B b
(Black)G2. B - b
B BBBlack
BbBlack
b BbBlack
BbWhite
F2.ratio = Black : White = 3 : 1.
B. Mendelian dihybrid
P. ♂ Black-short X ♀ White-long
BBSS bb
F2.
♂BS B bS bBBSS bbss
G1. BS bs
F1 BbSs
♀BS Bs bS bs
BS BBSS BBSs BbSS BbssF1. BbSs
(Black-short)
G2 BS – Bs – bS - bsBs BBSs BBss BbSs Bbss
G2. BS Bs bS bsbS BbSS BbSs bbSS bbSs
b BbS Bb bbS bbbs BbSs Bbss bbSs bbss
F2. ratio = Bl-sh : Bl-Lg : Wh-sh : Wh-lg = 1 : 3 : 3 : 1.
NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCES.1. Incomplite dominancy & 2 Intermedier Inheritances F22. Intermedier Inheritances
P. ♂ Red X ♀ White
F2.
♂♀ R W♂ ♀
RR WWG1. R W
♀ R W
R RR RW
F1. RW(Orange)
W RW WW
F2. ratio = Red : Orange : White = 1 : 2 : 1.
N n M nd li n Inh it nNon-Mendelian Inheritances.
F2
3. Epistasis (Deaf-mutism).♂♀
DM Dm dM dmF2.
P. ♂ Normal X ♀ NormalDdMm DdMm
♀DM
DDMM
DDMm
DdMM
DdMm
G1. DM-Dm-dM-dm Dm
DDMm
DDmm
DdMm
Ddmm
dM
DdMM
DdMm
ddMM
ddMm
d d d dd dd
F2.ratio = Normal : Deaf-mute = 9 : 7.
dm
DdMm
Ddmm
ddMm
ddmm
Non Mendelian InheritancesNon-Mendelian Inheritances.4. Multiple gene Imheritance.
L b h d b k Lebih dari sepasang gen bekerjasama → satu fenotip.C t h Ti i b dContoh : a. Tinggi-badan,
b. Warna-kulitc H p t nsi h ditc. Hypertensi herediter.d. Diabetes-mellitus herediter.
Faktor lingkungan sangat berpengaruhFaktor lingkungan sangat berpengaruh→ Phenotype = Genotype + Environment.
Non-Mendelian InheritancesNon Mendelian Inheritances.5. Multiple alleles.
l ABO blood groupsa. ABO blood-groups.b. Rhesus-factor.
ABO blood-groupsP. ♂ A-Group het. X ♀ B-Group. Het.
IAIO IBIO
Phenotype GenotypeA IAIA-IAIO
IAIO IBIO
G1. IA – IO IB – IO
F1.A I I I IB IBIB-IBIO
AB IAIB
F1.
♂ IA IOAB IAIB
O IOIO
♂♀
I I
IB IAIB IBIOI I I I IIO IAIO IOIO
Multiple-alleles.Multiple alleles.B. Rhesus-factor.
• Gol.darah Rhesus : Rhesus positif dan Rhesus negatifRhesus negatif.
• Frekwensi : - Ras Kaukasia → Rh.+ = 75-78%R M l Rh 98 99%- Ras Mongol → Rh.+ = 98-99%
• Rhesus positif dominan thd Rhesus negatif.p g
Rhesus-factor.♂♂ Rh.pos.,het. X ♀ Rh.pos.het.
Rr RrG1. R – r R - rF1.
♂♂♀ R r
R RR Rrr Rr rr
F2-ratio :
Rhesus pos. : Rhesus neg. = 3 : 1
Antigen Rhesus : Wiener.Antigen Rhesus Wiener.Genotype Antigen rhesus
r -Ro RoR’ R’R” R’’R RR1 Ro – R’R2 Ro – R”Rx Ro – R’ – R”Ry R’ – R”
SEX-DETERMINATION.22 PS-A
+ XY
22 PS-A
+ XX
22A + X 22A + Y 22A + X 22A + X
22 P A22 PS-A
+ XY
22 PS-A
+ XX
Non Mendelian InheritancesNon-Mendelian Inheritances.
6 Inheritansi sehubungan dengan 6. Inheritansi sehubungan dengan perbedaan jenis kelamin (sex).
S I fl d Ch ta. Sex-Influenced Characters.b. Sex-Limited Characters.. L m ara r .c. Sex-Linked Characters.
6 S I fl d Ch t6a. Sex-Influenced Characters.Syn : sex sekunderSyn.: sex-sekunder.
• ♂ → - Perobahan suara- Pertumbuhan
b t j h
• Faktor /gen ada di kedua jenis kela-minrambut wajah.
- Postur tubuh & - dll.
min.• Berkembang diba-
wah pengaruh• ♀ → - Pertumbuhan
kelenjar mamma - Postur tubuh dll
wah pengaruh perbedaan kadar hormon reproduksi.Postur tubuh, dll.
6b. Sex-Limited Characters.6 . L m ara r .
F k / d d • Baldness.
• Faktor/gen ada pd kedua jenis sex.D i d
Genotype Sex & Phenotype.
• Dominan pd sex tertentu (♂/♀) dan recessive pd sex
ypBB ♂→ Baldness
♀→ Baldnessrecessive pd sex lainnya.
• Contoh : Baldness
♀→ Baldness
Bb ♂→ Baldness♀ Contoh : Baldness. ♀→ Normal
bb ♂→ Normal♀→ Normal
6c Sex-Linked Characters6c. Sex Linked Characters.
Homoloog portion between X and Y
or
g
Non-homoloog portion
= Homoloog portion diturunkan Incopletely Sex-Y Linked ≈ Autosomal Inheritances.
= Non-homoloog portion → Sex-LinkedX
Non homoloog portion → Sex Linked.
= Sex-Linked → X-Linked dan Y-Linked.
Y Linked syn Holandric= Y-Linked syn. Holandric.
X-Linked (sex-Linked) i di i Hrecessive diseases in Human.
1 H h l• 1. Haemophylia,• 2. Red-green Color-blindness,g• 3. DMP (Dystrophia Musculorum Progressiva)• 4 G-6-P D Deficiency4. G-6-P.D. Deficiency,• 5. Adontia.
Red-green Color-blindnessg• P. ♂ Normal X ♀ Normal Carrier
XY XXXY XXG. X - Y X - XFF. ♂
♀ X Y♀X XX
♀ NormalXY
♂ Normal♀ Normal ♂ Normal
X XX XY♀ Carrier ♂ Cb.
PEDIGREE.
1ST GENERATION
2ND GENERATION
3RD
GENERATION
4RD
GENERATIONP p sit s C i Propositus/proband
Carrier heterozygote
PROBABILITY
• Probabilitas turunan :i ( ) it (b) 1 1 b ½pria (a) : wanita (b) = 1 : 1 → a = b =½
• Pasangan suami-isteri dengan 5 anak :(a + b)5 = a5 +5 a4b +10 a3b2 +10 a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5( )
Human Human Human Human Human Human CytogeneticsCytogenetics
Human Human CytogeneticsCytogeneticsCytogeneticsCytogeneticsCytogeneticsCytogenetics
Dr. Kamajaya,MSc,SpAnd.Dr. Kamajaya,MSc,SpAnd.Dept.Biologi FKDept.Biologi FK--USUUSU
M e d a n .M e d a n .
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
46 Ch ( 2 )• 46 Chromosomes somatic ( 2n )= 22 pair of Autosomes p
+ XX Sex-chrom. ♀+ XY Sex-chrom ♂+ XY Sex-chrom. ♂
• 23 Chromosomes gametic ( n ).= 22 Autosomes + X / Y Sex-chrom.
LYON-HYPOTHESIS.1. Bila dlm sbh sel terdpt 2/lbh krom-X,
Krom X yg lebih piknotik→ Krom-X yg lebih → piknotik.2. Krom. Piknotik → inaktif secara genetik.3. Krom. Inaktif → mencegah dosis berganda.4. Jumlah Sex-chromatin → P = (jlh-X) -1.J m m (j )5. Krom-X yg piknotik → random.6 Pd anak sel krom X piknotik → klon6. Pd anak sel, krom-X piknotik → klon.
The chromosome.The chromosome.• Tipe-tipe krom.
p-arm
Centromere
q-arm 1 2 3
1. Metacentric chromosome.
2. Submetacentric chromosome.
3. Acrocentric chromosome.3. Acrocentric chromosome.
Chromosome-analysis. ll l• A. Cell-samples.1. Lymphocytes.y p y2. Bone-marrow cells.3 Fibroblast3. Fibroblast.4. Amniotic fibroblast.5. Throphoblast.
Chromosome analysisChromosome-analysis.B. Lymphocyte culture.y p y
1. Sampel : darah perifer.2 Media : HAM F 10 TC 199 dll2. Media : HAM F-10, TC-199, dll.3. Stimulasi Mitosis : PHA, Concovalin-A.4. Anti-kontaminasi bakteri dan jamur.5. Kultur di inkubator suhu = 37oC, 96% CO2 ,
& 5% O2.6 Lama kultur 67 jam6. Lama kultur 67 jam.
Chromosome analysis.yC. Harvest, preparation & staining.
1 Harvest : Washing Buffer1. Harvest : - Washing → Buffer,- Bulging → KCl 1%,- FixationFixation.
2. Preparation.3. Staining : a. Normal Giemsa,g
b. Banding staining :- Trypsin-Giemsa banding.
Fl t b di- Fluorescent-banding.
Chromosome banding.= Band berbeda jlh dan loka si nya utk setiap kromosom.y p
= Band terbentuk dari Repetitive-DNA (A-T,A-T, A-T dst)A T dst).
= Band penting dlm pairing kro mosom pd profase.
=Band digunakan utk mengenali pasang an kromosom dan utk menjadi map kromosom.
Abnormal number of human chromosomes.
Chromosome non-dysjunction.A Sex chromosome non-dysjunctionA. Sex chromosome non dysjunction.
B. Autosome non-dysjunction
P. 22 ps A + XY
22 ps A
+ XX 1. Klinefelter syndrome
2 Triplo-X female syndrome22 A
+X22 A+ Y
22 A
+ XX
22 A
+ -
2. Triplo X female syndrome
3. No-name ; †
4. Turner syndrome.
22 ps A + XXY
22 ps A +XXX
22 ps A + -Y
22 ps A + X-
y
1. 2. 3. 4.
1 Klinefelter syndrome1. Klinefelter syndrome• 1. Jenis kelamin pria.• 2. Tinggi badan disproporsional.• 3. Retardasi mental + / - .• 4. Dapat menikah.• 5. Hypogonad-hypergonadotropin.5. Hypogonad hypergonadotropin.• 6. Gynecomasty.• 7. Sex-chromatin : (+) satu atau lebih.7. Sex chromatin : (+) satu atau lebih.• 8. Chromosome : 47;XXY; 48;XXYY;
49;XXYYY49;XXYYY
2 Triplo-X female syndrome2. Triplo-X female syndrome.
1 J i k l i it• 1. Jenis kelamin wanita.• 2. Inteligensi variatif.• 3. Umumnya menikah.3. Umumnya menikah.• 4. Haid sangat tidak teratur.• 5. Fertilitas subnormal.• 6. Sex-chromatin = 2 atau lebih.• 7. Chromosom : 47;XXX, 48;XXXX atau
49;XXXXX49;XXXXX
4. Turner syndrome. urn r yn r m• 1. Jenis kelamin dapat wanita atau pria.
T b k itTerbanyak wanita.• 2. Tubuh pendek, khas dg webbing-neck.• 3. Insuffisiency mental.• 4. Disgenesis gonad.• 5. Primary amenorrhoe• 6. Male Turner syndrome = Noonan syndrome.• 7. Sex-chromatin : negatif .• 8. Karyotip : 45;XO, 46;XX/XY;45;XO.
B. Autosomal non-disjunction
• 1. Trisomy-21 syndrome.1. Trisomy 21 syndrome.• 2. Trisomy-18 syndrome.3 T i 13 d• 3. Trisomy-13 syndrome.
• 4. Trisomy-8.• 5. dll.
Trisomy-21.• Synonim : Down-syndrome, Mongoloid-idiocy,
Mongolism.• Frekwensi : 1 dlm 600-800 kelahiran bayi hidup.• Tanda-tanda :
Tubuh pendek. Wajah : kecil, bulat dan rata. Hidung pesek. Telinga : letak rendah, kecil dan g ghipoplastis. Mata: epicanthic-fold, Brushfield spot. Tangan dan jari : pendek, simian crease, hi l i tl k li ki Ot t t t hi t ik dllhipoplasia tlg kelingking. Otot-otot hipotonik dll.
Trisomy-21.• Retardasi mental : IQ = 25-50 (imbecil).• Berat-badan lahir rendah sering disertai CHDBerat-badan lahir rendah, sering disertai CHD
(40%), atresia duodenum,annular pancreas, Hirschprung disease, anus imperforata, p g , p ,tracheoesophageal fistula, leukemi limfoblastik akut, dll.
• Sitogenetika : 1. Klasik : 47;XX/XY;21+.2. Translokasi : 46,XX/XY; D/G trans. /
G/G trans → 5%3. Mosaik : 46;XX/XY-47;XX/XY;21+ → 1 %.
2.2. Trisomy-18.T d t d• Tanda-tanda :
= Kepala panjang, wajah : kecil, bulat, micronathiamicronathia,telinga letak rendah, cutis laxa, horse-shoe kidney,syndactyly, hipertelorisme,, ptosis, dll.
= Retardasi mental yang hebat,Sitogenetika : Trisomi kromosom no 18=Sitogenetika : Trisomi kromosom no.18.
2.3. Trisomi-13.2.3. Trisomi 13.Tanda-tanda := Microcephaly Labiopalatoschizis abnormal= Microcephaly,Labiopalatoschizis, abnormal
struktur CNS (arrhinencephaly), anophthalmia/ micropthalmia, coloboma-iris, CHD cystic kidney Meckel diverticulumCHD, cystic kidney, Meckel diverticulum, cryptorchismus, uterus bicornis, dll.
= BB-lahir rendah, sering apnoe dan cyanosis, , g p y ,Frank-seizure (myoclonic attack) dan umumnya penderita meninggal hari-I atau sebulan.
= Sitogenetika : Trisomi kromosom no.13. Dapat pula bentuk translokasi, atau mosaik.
2.4. Trisomy-8.T d t dTanda-tanda := Sulit didiagnose sebab tanda-tandanya
variatif, ,= Tubuh pendek, kepala relatif besar, bersudut
dan cenderung bagian depan menonjol, telinga lebar dan malformasi micronathia ptosislebar dan malformasi, micronathia, ptosis, strabismus, cryptorchismus, hypospadia, hydronephrosis, atrio-ventricular septal defect,IQ d h k d i 30 h bl= IQ rendah, kurang dari 30, speech problem, dll.
=Sitogenetik : sering dlm bentuk mosaik.Sitogenetik : sering dlm bentuk mosaik.
CHROMOSOME-ABERRATION
DELESI
ab inversion
bbCHROMOSOME
DEFICIENT
ab a
b
a
Translocation homoloog
(duplication)
The effects ofThe effects ofchromosome aberration.
• 1. Fragil chromosome.• 2. Deficient chromosome.f• 3. Inversion chromosome.• 4 Translocation : 4. Translocation :
a. Homoloogb Heteroloogb. Heteroloog.
l Deletion syndrome.
• ( 4p- ) syndrome. ( 5 ) d C i d Ch t • ( 5p- ) syndrome = Cri-du-Chat
syndrome• (13q- ) syndrome.
1. ( 4p-) syndrome.= Mental retardasi, hypotonic.= BB-lahir rendah, bone-age, TB,
= BB dan pertumbuhan motoris kurang berkembang.
H p t l ism m t nti = Hypertelorisme, mata anti mongoloid, epicantic fold, ptosis, strabismusstrabismus.= Hypospadia, cryptorchismus.= CHD, dll.
2. ( 5p- ) syndrome.2. Sindrom Le Cri-du-Chat (Sindrom-5p-).
= Hipoplasia larynx ⇒ tangisan anak kucingp p y g g= Retardasi mental (IQ<20).= Microcephaly, hypotonic, = Wajah bulat atau moon-face, antimongoloid, mulut lebar tak proportional, telinga lebar, CHD d b lit t li d = CHD dan abnormalitas metacarpalia dan
ibu-jari.
3. ( 13q- ) syndrome.3 Si d (13 )• 3. Sindrom (13q-).= Fenotip bervariasi sesuai gen yang hilang.= Klasik : - Hypoplasia jari jempol, retardasi mental, abnormalitas otak, telinga lebar dan malformasi, h di t bifid dllhypospadia, scrotum bifida, dll.
BIOMOLECULAR.R K R B K M KR M MSTRUKTUR BIOKIMIA KROMOSOM
ASAM NUKLEAT : DNA DAN RNAREPLIKASI : MITOTIK DAN SINTESASINTESADOGMA CENTRALTEORI OPERON JACOB & MONODTEORI OPERON JACOB & MONOD.
STRUKTUR BIOKIMIA KROMOSOM.
Kromosom terdiri dari :1. Komplex protein
1.1. Histon dan 1.2. Non-Histon2. Asam nukleat : DNA atau RNA.
The chromosome.Kromosom terdiri dari untaian Nukleosom• Kromosom terdiri dari untaian Nukleosom.= Nukleosom berbentuk manik-manik,= Terdiri dari inti Histon dengan dua Terdiri dari inti Histon dengan dua
putaran DNA,= Ujung-ujung Histon (ikatan Nitrogenj g j g g
bermuatan positif) menonjol keluar berikatan dg gugusan Phosphate-DNA (b t tif)(bermuatan negatif),
= Dapat dicerna oleh DNA-ase atauEndonukleaseEndonuklease.
NUKLEOSOM.kl d d l h • Nukleosom dapat dicerna oleh DNA-
ase atau Endonuklease.Polynucleosome Tri- Di- Mononucleosome
10 nm ↑ ↑ ↑ 100 bp10 nm ↑ ↑ ↑ 100 bpDNA-ase/Endonuclease
Inti nucleosome Kromatosome45 bp 65 bp
1. PROTEIN COMPLEX OF THE CHROMOSOME.C O OSO .
• 1.1. Histon := 20 – 30 % protein kromatin.= Mengandung asam-amino : Lysine & Arginine Mengandung asam amino : Lysine & Arginine= 5 bentuk Histon : H1, H2 berbeda kandungan
Lysine dan ArginineLysine dan Arginine.= Bobot Histon dan DNA kromatin umumnya
proporsional kecuali pada sperma tanpa H1proporsional kecuali pada sperma, tanpa H1.
1 Protein complex of the 1. Protein complex of the chromosome.
1 2 NON HISTON• 1.2. NON-HISTON• Protein Non-Histon dalam sel terbanyak
adalah Non Histon mobilitas tinggi (HMG)adalah Non-Histon mobilitas tinggi (HMG) karena berberat molekul rendah .
• Kadar Non-Histon khas untuk setiap selKadar Non Histon khas untuk setiap sel jaringan dan berbeda untuk setiap jenis hewan.
• Diperkirakan fungsi Non-Histon sehubungan dengan expresi gen.
DNA and RNADNA and RNA
S k DNA d RNA• Struktur DNA dan RNA.Gula Basa nitrogen
= Deoxyribose + Adenine, Guanine, ⇒ Nucleoside.= Ribose Cytosine,Thymine,Uracyl
Gugusan Phosphate ⇒ NucleotideGugusan Phosphate ⇒ Nucleotide
Nucleotide + Nucleotide + Nucleotide + - - - ⇒ Asam Nukleat
( DNA dan RNA )
DNA and RNADNA RNADNA. (F.Crick & J.Watson)= Struktur Double helix
(Wilkins,Stokes & Wilson,1953)
RNA.= Struktur single helix.= Gula pentosa : Ribose(W s,Sto es & W so , 953)
= Gula pentosa : Deoxyribose.= Basa nitogen :
= Gula pentosa : Ribose.= Basa Nitrogen :
1. Purine : Adenine (A) &1. Purine : Adenine (A), dan
Guanione (G).2. Pyrimidine :
( )Guanine (G).
2. Pyrimidine : C t i (C)2. Pyrimidine :
Cytosine (C) &Thymine (T).
Cytosine (C), Uracyl (U)
Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
D A T DP P
D = DeoxyriboseP P
D T A DP P
yP = PhosphateA = AdenineT = ThymineP P
D C G DP P
T = ThymineC = CytosineG = Guanine.
D G C DP P
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)R AR A
P R = RiboseR UP
R RiboseP = PhosphateA = Adenine
R CP
A AdenineU = UracylC = Cytosine
R GC CytosineG = Guanine.
1 Reproductive replication1. Reproductive replication.
1 R l k R d k• 1. Replikasi Reproduksi.a. Terjadi pada fase mitosis.j pb. Pada keseluruhan panjang DNAc Di transkripsi oleh DNAc. Di transkripsi oleh DNAd. Transkripsi seluruh rantai DNA
B hi d b k e. Berahir dengan terbentuknya duplikasi DNA ⇒ Anak sel.
2 SYNTHESIS 2. SYNTHESIS REPLICATION
2 R lik i i• 2. Replikasi sintesa.= Terjadi pada fase Sintesa sel.= Hanya pada titik-titik replicon= Transkripsi DNA-RNA= Transkripsi hanya disatu sisi DNA.= Hasil ahir terbentuk m-RNA yang membawa informasi genetika ke ribosom.
1. Reproduction replication.p p
Replikasi 2 anak kromosomReplikasi 2 anak kromosom.
DNA – lama
DNA - baruDNA baru
2. Synthesis replication.Replicon point.
DNADNA
DNA-replication.
Transcription
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
U l (U)hn-RNA
Uracyl (U)
Cytosine (C)
RNA REPLICATIONExon-Intron & Capping
hn-=RNA
R E R ERecon Exon Recon Exon
Capping.
m-RNAA-A-A-A-ACH3-CH3-CH3-Exon-Exon-Exon-
CENTRAL-DOGMADNA-replication
DNA=RNA transcryption
m-RNA
Ribosomem-RNA=r-RNA transcryption.
Ribosomer-RNA=t-RNA translation
Enzyme.
U C A G
U UUU = PHENYLALANINE
UCUUCC = SERINE
UAU = TYROSINEUAC (TYR)
UGU = CYSTEINUGC (CYS)
UCPHENYLALANINE
UUC (PHE)UUA = LEUSINEUUG (LEU)
UCC = SERINEUCA (SER)UCG
UAC (TYR)UAA = stopUAG = stop
UGC (CYS)UGA= stopUGG = TRYPTOPHAN
CAG
(tryp)C CUU
CUC=isoleusineCUA (i l )
CCUCCC=prolinCCA ( )
CAU=histidineCAC (his)CAA l i
CGUCGC=argininCGA ( )
UC
CUA (isoleu)CUG
CCA (pro)CCG
CAA=glutaminCAG (glu)
CGA (arg)CGG
AG
A AUU ACU AAU AGU UAUC=isoleusineAUA (isoleu)AUG=Methionin/stop
ACC=threoninA (thre)CAACG
AACAAAAAG
AGCAGAAGG
UCAGG
G GUUGUCGUA
GCUGCC
GAUGAC
GGUGGC
UC
GUAGUG
GCAGCG
GAAGAG
GGAGGG
AG
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