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MINERALMINERAL((DipersiapkanDipersiapkan sebagaisebagai materimateri kuliahkuliah Geologi Geologi DasarDasar didi
Program Program StudiStudi GeofisikaGeofisika, FMIPA, FMIPA--UGM)UGM)
OlehOleh::GAYATRI INDAH MARLIYANIGAYATRI INDAH MARLIYANI
SALAHUDDIN HUSEINSALAHUDDIN HUSEIN
Mineral Mineral dandan batuanbatuanPenyusunPenyusun kerakkerak bumibumi : : batuanbatuanPenyusunPenyusun batuanbatuan : mineral: mineralPembentukPembentuk mineral : atommineral : atom--atom atom atauatau molekulmolekul
BatuanBatuan dandan mineral : mineral : terbentukterbentuk oleholeh prosesproses alamalam
BerdasarkanBerdasarkan asalnyaasalnya, mineral , mineral dapatdapat dibedakandibedakan menjadimenjadi ::
1.1. Mineral primer : Mineral primer : hasilhasil daridari pembekuanpembekuan langsunglangsungmagma, magma, kristalisasikristalisasi daridari suatusuatu larutanlarutan kimiakimia, , atauatauprosesproses rekristalisasirekristalisasi dalamdalam bentukbentuk padatpadat padapada prosesprosesmetamorfismemetamorfisme, , terbagiterbagi menjadimenjadi: :
a.a. MagmatikMagmatik : : jikajika mineral mineral terkristalisasiterkristalisasi langsunglangsung daridari suatusuatu lelehanlelehanb.b. SedimenSedimen : : jikajika mineral mineral terkristalisasiterkristalisasi selamaselama prosesproses diagenesisdiagenesis
atauatau daridari larutanlarutan hidroksidahidroksida dibawahdibawah temperaturtemperatur normalnormalc.c. MetamorfikMetamorfik : : jikajika mineral mineral terkristalisasiterkristalisasi selamaselama prosesproses
metamorfosametamorfosa dalamdalam bentukbentuk padatpadat dandan rentangrentang suhusuhu dandan tekanantekananyang yang bervariasibervariasi ((termasuktermasuk metamorfismemetamorfisme regional regional dandan termaltermal))
d.d. HidrotermalHidrotermal : : jikajika mineral mineral terkristalisasiterkristalisasi daridari suatusuatu larutanlarutan dandancairancairan dibawahdibawah suhusuhu tinggitinggi hinggahingga rendahrendah
2.2. Mineral Mineral sekundersekunder: : hasilhasil prosesproses alterasialterasi daridari mineral mineral primer, primer, misalnyamisalnya prosesproses oksidasioksidasi atauatau reduksireduksi padapadasuhusuhu dandan temperaturtemperatur rendahrendah didi dekatdekat permukaanpermukaan, , terbagiterbagi menjadimenjadi ::
a.a. OksidasiOksidasi : : jikajika mineral mineral merupakanmerupakan hasilhasil daridari oksidasioksidasi ((pelapukanpelapukan) ) mineral primermineral primer
b.b. SementasiSementasi : : jikajika mineral mineral merupakanmerupakan hasilhasil daridari prosesproses reduksireduksimineral primermineral primer
PenggolonganPenggolongan mineralmineral
1.1. Native elements (Native elements (GolonganGolongan elemenelemen dasardasar))2.2. SulphidesSulphides ((GolonganGolongan SulfidaSulfida))3.3. Halides (Halides (GolonganGolongan HalidaHalida))4.4. Oxides (Oxides (GolonganGolongan OksidaOksida))5.5. Carbonates (Carbonates (GolonganGolongan KarbonatKarbonat))6.6. Borates (Borates (GolonganGolongan BoratBorat))7.7. SulphatesSulphates ((GolonganGolongan SulfatSulfat))8.8. PhospatesPhospates ((GolonganGolongan FosfatFosfat))9.9. Silicates (Silicates (GolonganGolongan SilikatSilikat))10.10. Organic compoundsOrganic compounds
Native ElementsNative Elements
Example :Example :-- Copper (Copper (tembagatembaga)) CuCu-- Silver (Silver (perakperak) ) AgAg-- Gold (Gold (emasemas) ) AuAu-- Iron ( Iron ( BesiBesi) ) FeFe-- Platinum (Platinum (platinaplatina) ) PtPt-- Graphite (Graphite (grafitgrafit) ) CC-- Sulfur (Sulfur (BelerangBelerang) ) SS-- Diamond (Diamond (IntanIntan) ) CC
CopperCopper
SilverSilver
Silver in calciteSilver in calcite
Ore GoldOre Gold
SulfurSulfur
PlatinumPlatinum
GrafitGrafitHexagonal Hexagonal
((rhombohedralrhombohedral) ) systemsystem
Diamond (Diamond (intanintan))OctahedralOctahedral
SulphidesSulphides
Example :Example :-- KalkopiritKalkopirit (CuFeS2)(CuFeS2)-- Galena (Galena (PbSPbS))-- Cinnabar (Cinnabar (HgSHgS))-- PiritPirit (FeS2)(FeS2)
PiritPirit
GalenaGalena
CinnabarCinnabar
HalidesHalides
Example :Example :-- Halite (Halite (garamgaram) ) NaClNaCl-- FluelliteFluellite-- CryolliteCryollite-- CreediteCreedite-- CarnalliteCarnallite-- BoleiteBoleite
HaliteHalite
FluelliteFluellite
OxidesOxides
Example :Example :-- CupriteCuprite (Cu2O)(Cu2O)-- AmethystAmethyst-- MagnetiteMagnetite-- ChromiteChromite-- MiniumMinium-- Corundum (Al2O3)Corundum (Al2O3)-- Hematite (Fe2O3)Hematite (Fe2O3)-- IlmeniteIlmenite (FeTiO3)(FeTiO3)-- Quartz (Quartz (KuarsaKuarsa) ) SiO2)SiO2)-- Opal (SiO2.nH20)Opal (SiO2.nH20)
CupriteCuprite
MagnetiteMagnetite
AmethystAmethyst
ChromiteChromite
CarbonatesCarbonates
Example :Example :-- MagnesiteMagnesite (MgCO3)(MgCO3)-- Siderite (FeCO3)Siderite (FeCO3)-- Calcite (Calcite (kalsitkalsit) ) CaCO3CaCO3-- Dolomites (CaMg(CO3)2)Dolomites (CaMg(CO3)2)-- Aragonite (CaCO3)Aragonite (CaCO3)-- AzuriteAzurite-- MalachiteMalachite
MagnesiteMagnesite
KalsitKalsit
DolomiteDolomite
AragonitAragonit dalamdalam dolomitdolomit
BoratesBorates
Example :Example :-- LudwigiteLudwigite-- InderiteInderite-- Borax (Na2B4O5(OH)4.8H2O)Borax (Na2B4O5(OH)4.8H2O)-- KerniteKernite (Na2B4O6(OH)2.3H2O)(Na2B4O6(OH)2.3H2O)-- BorsciteBorscite (Mg3B7O13Cl)(Mg3B7O13Cl)
LudwigiteLudwigite
BoraxBorax
InderiteInderite
SulfatesSulfates
Example : Example : -- Anglesite (PbSO4)Anglesite (PbSO4)-- Anhydrite (CaSO4)Anhydrite (CaSO4)-- Barite (BaSO4)Barite (BaSO4)-- Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)-- Wulfenite (PbMoO4)Wulfenite (PbMoO4)
GypsumGypsum wulfenitewulfenite
AnhydriteAnhydrite
PhospatesPhospates
Example:Example:-- LithioposphateLithioposphate (Li3PO4)(Li3PO4)-- MimetiteMimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl)(Pb5(AsO4)3Cl)-- CalchophyliteCalchophylite
(Cu18Al2(AsO4)3(SO4)3(OH)27.36H2O(Cu18Al2(AsO4)3(SO4)3(OH)27.36H2O
MimetitMimetit
SilicatesSilicates
Example :Example :-- PhenakitePhenakite (BeSiO4)(BeSiO4)-- Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4-- Zircon (ZrSiO4)Zircon (ZrSiO4)-- SilimaniteSilimanite (Al2SiO5)(Al2SiO5)-- AndalusiteAndalusite (Al2SiO5)(Al2SiO5)-- KyaniteKyanite (Al2SiO5)(Al2SiO5)-- Topaz (Al2SiO4)Topaz (Al2SiO4)-- GolonganGolongan Mika (Mika (BiotitBiotit K(Fe,Mg)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2)K(Fe,Mg)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2)-- GolonganGolongan Feldspar(SanidineFeldspar(Sanidine KAlSi3O8, KAlSi3O8, OrthochlaseOrthochlase
KAlSi3O8, MicroclineKAlSi3O8, Microcline KAlSi3O8, AlbiteKAlSi3O8, Albite NaAlSi3O8, NaAlSi3O8, OligoclaseOligoclase, , dsbdsb))
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Example :Example :-- AmberAmber
IDENTIFIKASI MINERALIDENTIFIKASI MINERAL
FIELDFIELD pengamatanpengamatan langsunglangsung didi lapanganlapanganLABORATORYLABORATORY pengamatan/penyelidikanpengamatan/penyelidikan laboratoriumlaboratorium
FIELDFIELD
COLOR (COLOR (WarnaWarna):): LEAST RELIABLE IDENTIFYING LEAST RELIABLE IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICCHARACTERISTIC
LUSTER (LUSTER (kilapkilap):): DESCRIBES HOW A MINERALDESCRIBES HOW A MINERAL’’S SURFACE S SURFACE REFLECTS LIGHT ( VIBRATING ELECTRONS EMIT A DIFFUSE REFLECTS LIGHT ( VIBRATING ELECTRONS EMIT A DIFFUSE LIGHT, GIVING METALLIC SURFACES THEIR CHARACTERISTIC LIGHT, GIVING METALLIC SURFACES THEIR CHARACTERISTIC SHINY LUSTER) SHINY LUSTER)
STREAK (STREAK (ceratcerat) :) : COLOR OF A MINERAL IN ITS POWDERED FORM COLOR OF A MINERAL IN ITS POWDERED FORM –– OFTEN A MORE ACCURATE INDICATOR OF MINERAL OFTEN A MORE ACCURATE INDICATOR OF MINERAL IDENTITY.IDENTITY.
HARDNESS (kekerasan): MINERAL’S RESISTANCE TO SCRATCHING OR ABRASION – MINERAL’S HARDNESS INDICATES THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF ITS BONDS
MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE: ASSIGNS RELATIVE HARDNESSES TO SEVERAL COMMON AND A FEW RARE AND PRECIOUS MINERALS
MOHMOH’’S HARDNESS SCALE:S HARDNESS SCALE:
((SkalaSkala kekerasankekerasan MohMoh’’ss))
10DIAMOND
9CORUNDUM
8TOPAZ
7QUARTZ
5APATITE
3CALCITE
2GYPSUM2
1TALC1
HARDNESSMINERAL
FINGER NAIL (kuku jari) 2.5
GLASS (kaca) 5-6
STEEL FILE (pisau baja) 6.5
Cara Cara mudahmudah untukuntuk menentukanmenentukankekerasankekerasan mineralmineral
CLEAVAGE (belahan): TENDENCY OF A MINERAL TO BREAK CONSISTENTLY ALONG DISTINCT PLANES IN THEIR CRYSTAL STRUCTURES WHERE THE BONDS ARE WEAKEST, OR FEWER IN NUMBERTWO MINERALS THAT ARE SIMILAR IN EXTERNAL FORM, HARDNESS AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS MAY HAVE DIFFERENT CLEAVAGE PLANES
FRACTURE (pecahan): WHEN BONDS ARE EQUALLY STRONG IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY MINERALS DO NOT CLEAVE – THEY FRACTURE AT RANDOMEXAMPLE: QUARTZ – ALL ATOMS BOND COVALENTLY
SMELL & TASTE (bau dan rasa) :HALITE SALTYKCl BITTERSULFUR CONTAINING MINERALS – H2S SMELL
EFFERVESCENCE (berbuih):CaCO3 + HCl ---------> EFFERVESCENCENaCl + HCl ---------> NO EFFERVESCENCE
CRYSTAL FORM (bentuk kristal): SHAPE OF A WELL FORMED CRYSTAL MAY BE DISTINCTIVE ENOUGH TO IDENTIFY THE MINERAL
SMELL & TASTESMELL & TASTE
TEST LABORATORIUM
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (berat jenis) =SUBSTANCE WEIGHT /WEIGHT OF EQUAL VOLUME OF H2O
DENSITY = MASS (G) / VOLUME (CM3)
POLYMORPHS HAVE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT DENSITIESEX: GRAPHITE 2.3 while DIAMOND 3.5 (COMPRESSED CRYSTAL STRUCTURE)
TEST LABORATORIUM YANG LAIN :BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT THROUGH A THIN SECTION UNDER UV CERTAIN MINERALS GLOW –FLUORESCENCEPHOSPHORESCENCE – GLOW AFTER UV LIGHT IS REMOVED
ReferencesReferences
1.1. Handbook of Mineralogy by Anthony J.W Handbook of Mineralogy by Anthony J.W et alet al
2.2. The complete The complete ensiclopediaensiclopedia of Minerals by of Minerals by PetrPetr Korbel&MilanKorbel&Milan NovakNovak
3.3. The system of mineralogy, sixth edition The system of mineralogy, sixth edition by Dana, E.S., 1892by Dana, E.S., 1892
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