9789088902918 - berard & losier 2014 (eds) - taboui 2 - archeologie caraibe - ebook

7/21/2019 9789088902918 - Berard & Losier 2014 (Eds) - Taboui 2 - Archeologie Caraibe - eBook

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Hrg`eaedfk Ghrhok

Euvrhdk bfrfd phr

Okmet Orhrb & Ght`krfmk Aesfkr


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Wfbkstemk \rkssH mkw dkmkrhtfem ec \uoafs`fmd

Veu hrk rkhbfmd h cuaa vkrsfem ec t`fs oeen, cer crkk!

R`fs oeen fs phrt ec t`k Wfbkstemk k-aforhry w`krk iest ec eur

puoafghtfems hrk cuaay hggkssfoak cer crkk. Cer hggkss te ierk

crkk oeens vfsft: www.sfbkstemk.gei/aforhry

Bewmaehb Cuaa \BC

Sfsft t`k Wfbkstemk k-aforhry te orewsk eur k-oeens. Cer h ifmfiha

ckk yeu ghm purg`hsk h cuaay cumgtfemha \BC hmb oy befmd se, yeu

`kap te nkkp eur aforhry rummfmd.

www.sfbkstemk.gei/aforhry


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Wfbkstemk \rkss

Hrg`eaedfkghrhok


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Euvrhdk bfrfd phr

Okmet Orhrb & Ght`krfmk Aesfkr

Hrg`eaedfkghrhok


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?


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Gemtkmts

Fmtrebugtfem Hrgèaedfk ghrhok 4

Ght`krfmk Aesfkr kt Okmet Orhrb

KW\HGKW @HOFRW , KW\HGKW SG[W 84

8 vhauhtfem bu petkmtfka hrgèaedfquk bu sftk bk aHmsk bu Geq ,Ihrfk-Dhahmtk , Duhbkaeupk

86

Whorfmh @emer

? Ak _ereth rkvfsft 74_suathts bks ceufaaks prvkmtfvks \N 88 , _eutk bks \ahdks , ak bkGhykmmk (Duyhmk crhmhfsk)

Ihrtfjm vhm bkm Oka , Jhfik \hdm Jfimkz kt Dfaaks Cremtkhu

7 Ahorf seus reg`k Ghbkt 7 (Ihrfk-Dhahmtk) : um dfskikmt hgguiuahtfems bk chumk kt vkstfdks hrgèaedfquks

44

G`rfstfhm Wteuvkmet , Whmbrfmk Dreuhrb, Whavhber Ohfaem, BeifmfqukOemmfsskmt, Hrmhub Akmeoak, Mht`hafk Wkrrhmb, Sfgter Wfkrpk

2 Ak sftk `fsterfquk bk Dhrk Ihrftfik (Ohssk-Rkrrk , Duhbkaeupk) : 8


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4 Dhtks te Fmgaubk hmb Bfvfbk 8;7

Wegfha Fmtkrhgtfem Tft`fm hmb Oktwkkm Thaakb hmb Rkrrhgkb @euskGeipeumbs fm t`k Bhmfs` Tkst Fmbfks

Beudahs S. Hristremd , G`rfstfhm Tfaafhisem , Hahm B. Hristremd ktWtkp`hm Akmfn

0 Grhifquks itfssks : Riefdmhdks bfmtkrhgtfems guaturkaaks bhms ahsegft duyhmhfsk bu PSFFkt PSFFFsfgak

848

Gahubk Geutkt kt Ght`krfmk Aesfkr

KW\HGKW C[M_HF_KW , KW\HGKW WVIOEAFX[KW 866

6 [m hm bk prespkgtfem Hwhah-Vhafihpe , Duyhmk : ak sftk cumrhfrk bkyhafihpe

?


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4

Fmtrebugtfem

Hrgèaedfk ghrhok

Ght`krfmk Aesfkr kt Okmet Orhrb

KH 6?6 HF@\-DKEBK

[mfvkrsft bks Hmtfaaks kt bk ah DuyhmkChguat bks Akttrks kt Wgfkmgks @uihfmks

Ghipus bk Wgèkag`krIhrtfmfquk

ght`krfmk.aesfkrLdihfa.geiokmeft.okrhrbLikbfhskrv.mkt

Ah metfem b ksphgk kst um gemgkpt ga bk ah bfsgfpak hrgèaedfquk. Aks vkstfdksieofafkrs eu fiieofafkrs treuvs km ceufaak semt aks rkcakts ihtrfkas bks hspkgts

peaftfquks, segfhux, gemeifquks kt guaturkas bks pepuahtfems tubfks. Bk chft,aksphgk hrgèaedfquk kst segfhakikmt gemstruft (Orhmtem ?


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0

ah prfebk geaemfhak (Orhrb ? @huskr ?


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6

emt pkrifs bks geiiumhuts erfdfmhaks bk cakurfr bfccrkmts ieikmts kt kmbfccrkmts kmbrefts bk ahfrk guaturkaak gemsfbrk.

Gkt euvrhdk geaakgtfc rkmckrik ah gemtrfoutfem bk skfzk g`krg`kurs eurkdreupkikmt bk g`krg`kurs bk mhtfemhafts bfccrkmtks kt prevkmhmt bk ifafkux

fmtkaakgtukas vhrfs gk quf gemtrfouk ah rfg`kssk bk aeuvrhdk. Aks hrtfgaks prskmtsmemt phs ah prtkmtfem bk geuvrfr teus aks ksphgks hssegfs ahrgèaedfk bkahfrk ghrhok. Gkpkmbhmt gkt fmsthmthm geuvrk um vhstk tkrrftefrk dedrhp`fquk,pausfkurs aks bks Ghrhoks kt ah Duyhmk, ihfs hussf umk prfebk g`remeaedfquk vhstk.Aeojkgtfc kst hussf bk rkmbrk geiptk bk ah bfvkrsft bks rkg`krg`ks kt bkxpeskr ahihmfrk bemt ahrgèaedfk bhms ah rdfem sfmsgrft bhms aks tkmbhmgks hgtukaaks bk ahbfsgfpafmk teut km bvkaepphmt um rkdhrb erfdfmha.

Fa meus h skioa jubfgfkux bk bgeupkr gkt euvrhdk km trefs skgtfems, skaemtrefs g`kaaks bk aksphgk. Ah prkifrk skgtfem sfmtftuak ksphgks `hofts kt ksphgksvgus , kaak chft hppka hu gemgkpt bk afipahmthtfem bk aèiik bhms sem ifafku.

Atubk bk G`rfstfhm Wteuvkmet kt ha.fmtrebuft hbifrhoakikmt gkttk skgtfem sur aksksphgks `hofts km hbepthmt ahmdak bk aveautfem physhdk, um tìk btubk kmbvkaeppkikmt bkpufs umk bfzhfmk bhmmks. Ahorf seus reg`k Ghbkt 7, sur aak bkIhrfk-Dhahmtk, h afvr umk squkmgk strhtfdrhp`fquk pkriktthmt bk bgrfrk ak ifafkumhturka hmtfaahfs sur prs bk 83


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8<

sur ahmhaysk bksphgks, p`ysfquks eu segfhux, fiorfqus aks ums bhms aks hutrks(@ecihm kt ha.? Jerbhm ?


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88

cumrhfrks semt hssegfs. Akxkipak bk Vhafihpe, km Duyhmk crhmhfsk, rkcatk ofkmgkttk rhaft. Aksphgk cumrhfrk mkst phs skuakikmt um afku sfdmfcfhmt hu mfvkhusyioeafquk, ihfs hussf hu mfvkhu bks bfstfmgtfems segfhaks. Gahubk Geutkt h fbkmtfcfbkux iebks bfmùihtfem bks rkstks uihfms ah vkfaak bk ah prfebk geaemfhak. Aks

urmks cumrhfrks kt aks kmtkrrkikmts km cessk suddrkmt quk gk trhftkikmt bfccrkmtfkabks bcumts kst um rkcakt bk akur sthtut segfha. Afbkmtft bks bcumts bk iik qukakur sthtut segfha kst hussf hu gur bk atubk rhafsk phr Whg`h Nhgnf kt èihs_eiem. Ahrgèaedfk cumrhfrk h pkrifs bk btkrifmkr quk aksphgk bu gfiktfrkceufaa Ohssk-krrk thft rskrv hux ifafthfrks, umk pepuahtfem fiperthmtk bk ahDuhbkaeupk geaemfhak. Aks ifafthfrks thfkmt fmùis bhms um drhmb bmukikmt,gk quf bfstfmduk ak gfiktfrk bk Ohssk-krrk bhutrks gfiktfrks bj ceufaas kmDuhbkaeupk (Geurthub & _eiem ?


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8?

Ahrg`fpka hmtfaahfs kst eggup bkpufs kmvfrem 3


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87

Bkapukg` Hmbr, Jkhm-\fkrrk Dfrhub kt Haokrt @kssk (bfr.)

?


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82

Nkaay, Nkmmkt` D. kt Okmet Orhrb

?


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8;

Wfafihm, Wtkp`km T.

?


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KW\HGKW @HOFW,KW\HGKW SG[W


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86

G`hpftrk 8

vhauhtfem bu petkmtfka hrgèaedfqukbu sftk bk aHmsk bu Geq, Ihrfk-Dhahmtk, Duhbkaeupk

Whorfmh @emer

Hssegfhtfem Euhghoeushorfmh.èmerkLkvk`h.cr

_sui

Ah prfebk bk gemthgt kmtrk aks pepuahtfems ghrfokmmks kt kurepkmmks kst kmdrhmbk phrtfk beguikmtk phr aks seurgks `fsterfquks. Fa km kxfstk pku bk prkuvkshrgèaedfquks bhms aks \ktftks Hmtfaaks. Ikmtfemm peur ah prkifrk cefs km 8636phr ak \rk Ohroetfm, ak sftk bk aHmsk bu Geq Ihrfk-Dhahmtk cut bkpufs prespkgtbk chem pbkstrk bk meiorkusks rkprfsks. Aks rhihsshdks bk surchgk skioakmtfmbfqukr umk pessfoak httrfoutfem umk prfebk hirfmbfkmmk thrbfvk.

Gkttk zemk bkikurhft teutkcefs fmkxpaerk km precembkur. [mk prkifrkfmtkrvkmtfem skioahft vfbkmtk, hcfm bk btkrifmkr quka thft ak petkmtfkahrgèaedfquk bk gk sftk kt bkm hccfmkr sem hipaftubk g`remeaedfquk. \ausfkurssembhdks fipahmts bfccrkmts kmbrefts sur ak pahtkhu emt hfmsf pkrifs ah ifsk hu

jeur bum kmskioak bk tkssems grhifquks, bumk quhmtft mem mdafdkhoak bk rkstksgequfaafkrs kt bk qukaquks pfgks aft`fquks.

Hprs eoskrvhtfem bk ah grhifquk, H. Oeeikrt httrfouk umk ahrdk phrt bk gktkmskioak hu styak treuihssebk ihrierhm (0;


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?<

_ksuikm

Ka pkrebe bk gemthgte kmtrk ahs peoahgfemks ghrfokhs y kurepkhs ks beguikmthbekm drhm phrtk per ahs cukmtks `fstrfghs. Kxfstkm peghs prukohs hrqukeadfghs km

Hmtfaahs Ikmerks. Ikmgfemhbe per prfikrh vkz km 8636 per ka \hbrk Ohroetfm, kaaudhr bk ah Ihmfjh bka Dhaae km Ihrfk-Dhahmtk kstuve bksbk kmtemgks prespkgthbeh pfk km muikreshs eghsfemks. Ahs rkgeakggfemks bk supkrcfgfk phrkgkm fmbfghr umhpesfoak htrfougfm h um pkrebe hikrfmbfe thrbe.

Me eosthmtk ksth zemh skduh sfkmbe fmkxpaerhbh km su precumbfbhb. [mh prfikrhfmtkrvkmgfm km ka suo-sukae phrkgh kvfbkmtk, gem ka cfm bk bktkrifmhr gua krh kapetkmgfha hrqukeadfge bk kstk audhr y bk prkgfshr su hipaftub gremeadfgh. Shrfessembkes ksthoakgfbes km bfstfmtes audhrks seork ah ikskth pkriftfkrem hs ah puksthh ah auz bk um gemjumte bk ghsges bk gkrifgh, bk umh ghmtfbhb me bksbkhoak bkrkstes gemg`ckres y hadumhs phrtks atfghs.

Bkspus bk `hokr eoskrvhbe ah gkrifgh, H. Oeeikrt hsfdmh umh hipafh phrtkbk kstk gemjumte ha kstfae treuihssebk ihrierhm (0;


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?8

\hahorhs gahvk

Duhbkaeupk, Ihrfk-Dhahmtk, Hmsk bu Geq, reuihssebk, vkrtkbkre

NkywerbsDuhbkaeupk, Ihrfk-Dhahmtk, Hmsk bu Geq, reuihssebk, dhrohdk buip

Ak sftk bk aHmsk bu Geq hpphrht peur ah prkifrk cefs bhms ah afttrhturkhrg`eaedfquk km 8636 bhms um hrtfgak bk ah Wegft b@fstefrk bk ah Duhbkaeupkgrft phr ak \rk Ohroetfm (Ohroetfm, 8636). Gur bk Wt-Aeufs Ihrfk-Dhahmtkbkpufs 86;


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??

hirfmbfkmmk thrbfvk : bks tkssems grhifquks bk typk ghye, um crhdikmt bk gufaarkbk styak g`fghm estfemebk kt umk `hg`k thaem paht (bftk `hg`k duyhmhfsk eu dhafof ) y emt t rktreuvs.

Ah vhakur hrg`eaedfquk bu sftk bk aHmsk bu Geq thft bemg gemmuk km surchgkkt bk chem afttrhfrk. Fa rksthft km prgfskr sks ghrhgtrfstfquks. Km hvrfa ?


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?7

8.8 \rskmthtfem bu sftk

Ak sftk bk aHmsk bu Geq sk sftuk Ihrfk-Dhahmtk, umk bks aks bk ahrg`fpkaduhbkaeupkm kt paus prgfsikmt, km oerburk bks chahfsks merb-kst bk aak.

Fa kst fipahmt sur um pahtkhu ghaghfrk quf guaifmk ?3 i bk `hutkur. Gkttkcerihtfem reg`kusk mkst phs pahmk. Kaak pessbk bks pkmtks beugks bu sub vkrs akmerb quf sk tkrifmkmt phr bks chahfsks ihrfmks. Wks gts kst kt eukst adrkikmtpaus ksghrps cerikmt aks cahmgs bum pkrem gemstftuhmt ak pahtkhu.

Whfmt Aeufs

Ghpkstkrrk bk Ihrfk-Dhahmtk

Drhmb Oeurd

Hmsk bu Geq

; ni

Cfdurk 7 Ghrtk bks Hmtfaaks.

Cfdurk 2 Aeghafshtfem bu sftk bk aHmsk bu Geq.


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?2

Km gemtrkohs, umk hmsk, hggkssfoak phr um geurt g`kifm, seuvrk sur aeghmHtahmtfquk. Kaak sk ghrhgtrfsk phr umk pahdk shoakusk hvkg bks ghyks. Km hiemt,ahmsk sk preaemdk phr umk rhvfmk bhms ahqukaak bks fmbfgks begguphtfem bk ahprfebk geaemfhak tkas bks fmbfdetkrfks y emt t rkprs, hfmsf quk bks fmbfgks

begguphtfem prgeaeiofkmmk.Gk sftk kst strhtdfqukikmt ofkm fipahmt peur bkux rhfsems. eut bhoerb, ahpahdk bk aHmsk bu Geq quf kst ak skua kmbreft e umk kiohrghtfem pufssk hggestkrsur paus bk 8;ni bk chahfsks rkprskmtk um hvhmthdk km tkrik bhggs phr ah ikr.Bk paus, meus peuvems hussf hfsikmt eoskrvkr ah Bsfrhbk, ak aftterha sub bkah Drhmbk-krrk kt aks aks bk \ktftk krrk phrtfr bu pahtkhu bk aHmsk bu Geq.

Hfmsf, gk afku prfvfadf pkriktthft umk survkfaahmgk bfrkgtk sur ak ghmha kmtrk ahDuhbkaeupk kt Ihrfk-Dhahmtk kt um pefmt bhggesthdk prfvfadf sur ah phrtfk merbbk gkttk bkrmfrk.

8.? vhauhtfem bk akxtkmsfem kt bk aphfsskur bks mfvkhuxhrg`eaedfquks

Ah prespkgtfem kx`hustfvk kt de-rcrkmgk bu pahtkhu bk aHmsk bu Geq h pkrifsah grhtfem bumk ghrtk bk rphrtftfem gemstftuk bk ?


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?;

8


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IW3 [B2

sup. 7< gi

WB8 [B?

paus bk 7 ak ieofafkrbpes bhms aks strugturks kst merihakikmt km ikfaakur tht quk gkauf bgeuvkrtbhms ah geug`k hmt`repfsk. Bhms gkrthfms ghs kt bhms ah zemk ohssk, aks bgers kttrhfts tkg`mfquks afs ah cfmftfem bks petkrfks semt bfccfgfaks bcfmfr.

Ah skuak tkg`mfquk bk chorfghtfem eoskrvk kst gkaak bu iemthdk hu geaeiofmbemt aks ihrquks ghrhgtrfstfquks bk geaahdk bks oeubfms, km ofhfs eu km bkif-gkrgak, semt vfsfoaks sur ah skgtfem bum drhmb meiork bks crhdikmts. Gkpkmbhmt,em metk quk aks pahquks gufrk biemtrkmt umk chorfghtfem phr supkrpesftfem bkpahquks eu grpks bhrdfak.

?.2 Ah ptk

Aks fmgausfems mem pahstfquks emt chft aeojkt bumk eoskrvhtfem ihgresgepfqukhcfm bk btkrifmkr ah geipesftfem bk ah tkrrk guftk. Bfx KG emt chft aeojkt bumk

hmhaysk ifgresgepfquk rhafsk phr Dfaaks Cremtkhu ([mfvkrsft bk _kfis) hcfm bkbtkrifmkr ah mhturk bks aikmts prskmts bhms ah ptk.;

?.2.8 Ahmhaysk ifgresgepfquk

Aks bfx g`hmtfaaems tubfs prskmtkmt ak pefmt geiium bk gemtkmfr umkfiperthmtk quhmtft bfmgausfems bk g`hiettks. Hu mfvkhu bk ah ghrhgtrfshtfemptredrhp`fquk, teus aks tkssems semt gemsfbrs geiik hpphrtkmhmt um iikdreupk, hvkg bks vhrfhmtks peuvhmt trk afks seft hu trhftkikmt bk ahrdfak seft ah quhmtft bk bdrhfsshmts, seft ah prskmgk bkmdeok. Gks fmgausfems emt tgemsfbrks geiik bks g`hiettks hu skms strfgt, ghr kaaks prskmtkmt phrcefs bks

bfccrkmgks bk tkxturk hvkg ak tkssem bhms akquka kaaks semt fmgauks kt qukaquks cefsbks oerbs brefts iemtrhmt qufa shdft bum aikmt bur, pessbhmt umk cerikspgfcfquk, quf h t ghss eu orey pufs hjeut ah ptk hrdfakusk. Fa mk shdft phsbk drhmuaks bhrdfaftks, gkst--bfrk bk phrtfguaks hrdfakusks um pku sg`ks, hjeutksdmrhakikmt bk chem hggfbkmtkaak ah ptk aers bu chemmhdk bk ah grhifquk.

Aks fmgausfems bk g`hiettk emt dmrhakikmt umk tkxturk preg`k bk ah ptk butkssem bhms akquka kaaks semt fmgauks, ihfs gkrthfms tkssems emt iemtr ah prskmgk bkg`hiettks bk tkxturk kt geuakur `tredmks. Kaaks iksurkmt ksskmtfkaakikmt kmtrk8?; kt ;


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2; .

Cfdurk ; Ifgrepètedrhp`fks 2? kt 27 (gafg`s phr Dfaaks Cremtkhu).

H : Ifgrepètedrhp`fk 2? : \N88-D, fmgausfems bk g`hieks bk teutks bfikmsfems (KG 3?) >O : Ifgrepètedrhp`fk 27 : \N88-@, fmgausfems dressfrks eu trs mks (KG 870).


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23

crhgtfem cfmk (oreyhdk cfm shms thifshdk). Mhmiefms, aks fmgausfems semt trs ihatrfks kt teutks aks thfaaks kmtrk 8?; kt ;


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24 .

?.; Aks Kaikmts Gemstftuhmts (KG)

Ak rkdfstrk bfhdmestfquk kst bemg gemstftu bk 827 fmbfvfbus bemt umk cerikhrg`eaedfqukikmt geipatk. Fa shdft bk 8


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20

umfquks (WI SFFF). Aks ceriks ckriks beifmkmt adrkikmt akmskioak bks oerbs(;?%). Aks WI F, FF, FS kt S semt ihjerfthfrks kt aks hutrks gahfrkikmt ifmerfthfrks.Aks aikmts umfquks (WI SFFF) memt phs pu trk httrfous umk srfk bcfmfk (seft2% bks aikmts) kt prskmtkmt um fmtrt hmkgbetfquk.

WI S rkprskmtk aks oerbs ckris precfa gemvkxk. Gkttk srfk iebhak kstgemstftuk bk ?6 aikmts (?6%) kt kaak kst ah paus rkprskmtk. Gk meiork akviemtrk peur ah prpembrhmgk bks ceriks ckriks sur gk sftk. Fa shdft bk prksqukum tfkrs bks oerbs gemstftuhmts, gk quem beft gemsfbrkr geiik umk prebugtfem bkvhsks fiperthmtk peur gkttk phrtfk bu sftk ceufaak.

Meus hvems rkihrqu quk ak trhftkikmt ahofha bk gkttk gahssk vhrfk meriikmtquhmt ah rkgemstftutfem bks vhsks. Em kstfik qufa chubrh ifkux hppr`kmbkrah tkmbhmgk dmrhak bk akxtrift bks vhsks quf semt seuvkmt hussf mhvfceriks.Mhmiefms, meus hvems bfstfmdu bkux seus-srfks ohsks sur ah prskmgk kt hoskmgkbk ahpahtfsskikmt bk ah avrk. Gkgf h afvr umk beifmhtfem cahdrhmtk bks precfas

gemvkxks hvkg umk avrk hpahtfk eu pefmtuk (vkrs afmtrfkur) quf rkprskmtk bksKG. Aks phfsskurs bks phrefs vhrfkmt kmtrk 3 kt 8< ii kt aks bfhitrks veaukmtkmtrk ?? kt ;< gi.0Xuhmb em prkmb ah ieykmmk (72 gi) bk ah seiik bu meiorkbk crqukmgks (M98, 4) geiik aikmt btkrifmhmt peur aks erfcfgks, em hpkreftrhpfbkikmt umk crqukmgk paus akvk kmtrk ?2 7< gi kt umk hutrk kmtrk 72 kt2< gi hfmsf quum pfg fsea kmtrk aks bkux 72 gi. Fa kst pessfoak quk gks bkuxkmskioaks rkcatkmt ak iik typk bk rgfpfkmt hvkg bfccrkmtks bfikmsfems (Cfd. 3).

[mk prpembrhmgk peur aks ptks ah g`hiettk kst methoak peur gkttk srfk(30%) sufvfk phr umk ptk ifxtk. Geiik meus hvems vequ, aeimfprskmgkbks ptks ifxtks hfmsf quk ah gufssem rbugtrfgk semt bks aikmts fiperthmts quf

ihrqukmt gkttk trhbftfem km dmrha, ihfs fas mk jeukmt phs um rak bfsgrfifmhmtpeur gkttk srfk, vefrk peur akmskioak grhifquk bu sftk.

Bhfaakurs, aeimfprskmgk bu bger fmgfs km trkfaak sur ah phrtfk suprfkurkbu rgfpfkmt (07%) peur gkttk srfk iebhak iemtrk umk sthmbhrbfshtfem bhms ahprebugtfem grhifquk bk gk typk bk jhttk hvkg gk bger. Em rkihrquk fgf quk bks KG bk gkttk srfk emt t treuvs bhms ah cessk bpetefr C87, gk quf vequk akbpt rptftfc eu phr aet bk gk typk bk rgfpfkmt bhms gkttk cessk. Gk typk bk bgerkst hussf, km iefmbrk iksurk, hssegf hux pktfts oeutems (sfmduafkr eu beuoak)eu bks pktftks ohrrkttks qukaquks gkmtfitrks km bksseus aerfcfgk, hppafqussur aks bkux kxtrifts bumk mhvfcerik. Km kcckt, ah WI S phrthdk pausfkurs

ghrhgtrfstfquks sfifahfrks quf prevequkmt umk prebugtfem `eiedmk km iemtrhmtaks ghrhgtrfstfquks sufvhmtks : ah ptk ifxtk, hpahtfsskikmt ahofha, ahppafghtfembfmgfsfems km trkfaak kt bkux crqukmgks rgurrkmtks bk bfhitrks bks erfcfgks.

WI FF \rksquk hussf fiperthmtk quk ah WI S, ah skgembk srfk iebhak ahpaus pepuahfrk kst rkprskmtk phr aks oerbs euvkrts precfa gemvkxk (??%). Aktrhftkikmt ahofha h pkrifs bfstfmdukr quhtrk seus-srfks (WI FFh-b), methiikmtaks avrks hrrembfks (28%), hpahtfks (7?%), phfssfks (80%), kt fmcag`fk (6%) (hoak?). \hrif aks seus-srfks, ah avrk hrrembfk kt hpahtfk semt aks paus pepuahfrks. Aksphfsskurs bks phrefs vhrfkmt kmtrk ; kt 8< ii kt aks bfhitrks kmtrk 84 kt 2< gi.

0 H phrtfr bk 7< gi, ak bfhitrk h t iksur phr ? gi.


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26 .

Xuhmb em prkmb ah ieykmmk (?6 gi) bk ah seiik bu meiork bk crqukmgk (M9?)geiik aikmt btkrifmhmt, em hpkreft rhpfbkikmt umk crqukmgk paus akvkpeur ?; kt ?3 (Cfd. 4). Gkttk gemgkmtrhtfem rkcatk um bfhitrk pepuahfrk peur gkttksrfk, ihfs mk gerrkspemb phs umk seus-srfk spgfcfquk. Geiik huphrhvhmt emmetk umk prpembrhmgk peur aks ptks ifxtks kt ah gufssem rbugtrfgk kst preohoak.\rksquk bkux tfkrs (37%) bk gkttk srfk kst bger bemt ah pauphrt kst fmgfsk akxtrfkur (48%) kt ahutrk phrt h rku um hpaht reudk kxgausfvkikmt afmtrfkur(?6%). Em metk quk aks fmgfsfems sk treuvkmt prfmgfphakikmt hux WI FFh kt o ktahpaht reudk kst rkmgemtr sur aks gukaaks WI FFg bemt bkux aikmts pertkmt hussfbks fmgfsfems sur ah avrk (KG88


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;<

WI F Ah trefsfik srfk iebhak ah paus pepuahfrk kst rkprskmtk phr aks oerbseuvkrts precfa rkgtfafdmk (84%). Ak trhftkikmt ahofha h pkrifs bfstfmdukr trefsseus-srfks (WI Fh-g), methiikmt aks avrks hrrembfks (7


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;8 .

?.;.? Aks ohsks

Aks ohsks semt geipesks bk 72 fmbfvfbus, seft 72% bu tetha bks aikmtsgemstftuhmts, quf sk rphrtfsskmt km 2 srfks iebhaks. Kaaks semt bcfmfks km cemgtfembk ahspkgt ierpèaedfquk bu pahm bhssfsk : aks ohsks pahmks (WI 8 kt ?) kt aks ohskseiofafquks (WI 7 kt 2). Aks ohsks pahmks semt adrkikmt ihjerfthfrks (;?%)phr rhppert hux ohsks eiofafquks (20%). Aks ohsks pfbksthaks semt hoskmtks akxgkptfem bum skua crhdikmt fssu bk C8< hvkg um bfhitrk bkmvfrem 3gi.

Aks ohsks pahmks Ah srfk iebhak bks ohsks pahmks (M980) h t bfvfsk skaemakur precfa : bks ohsks pahmks precfa gemvkxk (WI 8 > M96, ?3%) kt precfahppkmbfguahfrk (WI ? > M96 > ?3%). Fa shdft bk ? tkg`mfquks bfccrkmtks peurhtthg`kr ak prkifkr geaeiofm hu bfsquk ohsha. Aks phfsskurs bk ah ohsk vhrfkmtkmtrk ; kt 80 ii kt akurs bfhitrks kmtrk ; kt ?< gi. Em rkihrquk quk aks ohskscfmks sk geiofmkmt hvkg aks bfhitrks rbufts kt quk aks ohsks hppkmbfguahfrks semtadrkikmt beifmks phr aks drhmbks thfaaks. Bkux aikmts thfkmt bgers (??%)hvkg um hpaht reudk èiedmk hppafqu afmtrfkur, k.d., KG 6 kt KG 3?. Kmdmrha, geiik peur aks oerbs, ah ptk ifxtk kt ah g`hiettk beifmk gahfrkikmtaks ohsks hvkg umk gufssem rbugtrfgk (vefr metk bk ohs phdk ;).

Aks ohsks eiofafquks Ah srfk iebhak bks ohsks eiofafquks (M983) h tbfvfsk skaem akur precfa bhms bkux dreupks : bks ohsks eiofafquks precfa gemvkxk(WI 7 > M98 M93, 80%). Aphfsskur bksohsks eiofafquks vhrfk kmtrk ; kt 8; ii kt aks bfhitrks veaukmt kmtrk 3 kt 80 gi.Geiik peur aks ohsks pahmks, em pkut rkihrqukr quk aks ohsks cfmks sk geiofmkmthvkg aks bfhitrks rbufts kt quk aks ohsks hppkmbfguahfrks semt adrkikmt beifmksphr aks drhmbks thfaaks. Bkux aikmts thfkmt bgers (87%) hvkg um hpaht reudk afmtrfkur > aum (KG 43) hvhft hussf umk bkuxfik hppafghtfem deitrfquk bumhpaht reudk paus cemg (ofg`reifk).

?.;.7 Aks pahquks

Ah gahssk ierpèaedfquk bks pahquks kst rkprskmtk phr 8< fmbfvfbus seft 8 M9?) eu iebfcf hvkg oeurrkakt (WI O - K). Akbkrmfkr h t bfvfs skaem aks cfmftfems : pefmtuk (M97), hrrembfk (M98), breftk(M9?), kt hppkmbfguahfrk (M9?).

Wh chfoak quhmtft kt quhaft (crhdikmts pktfts) rkprskmtkmt umk vhakur pkufmcerihtfvk. Aks bfccrkmtks cfmftfems, phfsskurs (kmtrk 88 kt ?6 ii) kt bfhitrks(kmtrk ?; kt 3< gi) iemtrkmt umk drhmbk vhrft bk pahquks gufrk. Ak bdrhfsshmtkst prksquk kxgausfvkikmt ah g`hiettk bemt aks phrtfguaks semt seuvkmt dressfrks (8gi). Wh prskmgk bk 8


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;?

?.3 Aks iebks bgerhtfcs

Ak ieofafkr bger (M9263, seft 8?, ;%) rkprskmtk hussf umk ghtderfk iebhak bkakmskioak grhifquk prakv sur ak sftk. Ak rpkrtefrk bgerhtfc kst rkahtfvkikmtaikmthfrk kt prfmgfphakikmt geipes bfmgfsfems (0?%). Aks bgers fmgfss(M92


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;7 .

?.3.? Aks hpahts reudks

Fas rkprskmtkmt 84% bk akmskioak bger kt fas semt ihjerfthfrkikmt (44%)

hppafqus afmtrfkur (M96


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;2

treuv hussf um crhdikmt quf rkprskmtk ak ikmtem kt umk phrtfk bk ah igèfrk,preohoakikmt bumk ttk hmt`repeierp`k hvkg um gea bk 3 gi bk bfhitrk. Emeoskrvk dhakikmt umk oeug`k kt bks pktftks fmgfsfems quf peurrhfkmt rkprskmtkrumk ohrok styafsk, bafiftk phr umk fmgfsfem sur ah igèfrk.

?.4 Wymt`sk bk ah grhifquk hirfmbfkmmk

Ak rkdfstrk ierpèaedfquk bks oerbs (M98


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;; .

Ah Cerik H: Jhttk sp`rfquk, ihfs seuvkmt mhvfcerik hvkg bks fmgfsfemsphrhaaaks (vkrtfghaks eu eoafquks) eu km trkfaak rhpfbks sur ah phrtfk suprfkurk.Kaak kst phrcefs peurvuk bk oeutems eu bk ahmdukttks. Aks bfhitrks sg`kaemmkmt

kmtrk 7< kt 2< gi. Kaak h t treuvk hussf sur Thyhoe (Orfhmb ?


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;3

mgkssftk paus bk bthfa, ihfs fa meus skioak qukaak pkut sk rkmgemtrkr sur teus akssftks ikmtfemms peur aks hutrks ceriks.88

Km gemgausfem, ahsskioahdk grhifquk bk \N 88, geiphr hvkg bhutrkshsskioahdks sur aak bk Ghykmmk, h biemtr ah prskmgk bk pausfkurs typks bfstfmgts

quf gemstftukmt um kmskioak hrg`eaedfquk eiedmk, bht kmtrk HB 6


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;4 .

btkrifmhtfems hpprexfihtfvks kt gkrthfmks. Afmtkrprthtfem bk gks rsuathts bkvrhfttrk hppreg`k hvkg aks grftrks sufvhmts :

8. Gemgkrmhmt ahssegfhtfem kmtrks aks hgtfems `uihfmks kt aushdk bks pahmtks,hfmsf quk ah prskrvhtfem kt eggurrkmgk bhifbem sur bks hrtkchgts, em

metk quk : bk teus aks rkstks ifgreoethmfquks quf emt t tubfs, phrkxkipak, aks peaakms eu aks p`yteaft`ks, ahifbem skioak ak skua aikmtgemmu pkriktthmt bk chfrk umk gerrahtfem bfrkgtk kmtrk aks pahmtksutfafsks phr a`eiik kt akur ushdk (@east kt ha. ?


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chgtkurs quf pkuvkmt kxpafqukr gk p`meimk bk prskrvhtfem bk drhmuaks bhifbembhms um gemtkxtk bk gufssem (_ebrdukz Wurkz kt \hdm Jfimkz ? ah drhmuak sk bs`ybrhtkrh pktft pktft kt ah pkrtk bk akhu peurrhft hfbkr prskrvkr sh strugturk kt ierp`eaedfk. Gkst kxhgtkikmt geiik um gerps kmtkrrbhms um bskrt quf sk ieifcfk phr bs`ybrhthtfem. Gk prfmgfpk peurrhft shppafqukr ah pahquk eu um rgfpfkmt gufrk quf h httkfmt bks tkiprhturks akvks ghr ahptk pahgk sur ah surchgk gufrk thft umk tkiprhturk hiofhmtk.

o) Xukaquks drhmuaks bhifbem treuvks sur aks petkrfks kt aks pahquks gufrkemt bks mfvkhux bkmbeiihdkikmt bfccrkmts quf semt km rkahtfem bfrkgtk hvkg akspregkssus bk oreyhdk kt pfahdk bks erdhmks bk seurgks. Bemg, qukaquks drhmuaksthfkmt bj phrtfkaakikmt eu drhvkikmt hofiks hvhmt akur fmtdrhtfem bhms akshrtkchgts gufrk.

2. Fa chubrh gemsfbrkr quk aks hrtkchgts tubfs emt pu trk utfafss trhvkrs akurvfk peur gemtkmfr bks hafikmts grus suftk hux thpks bfccrkmtks bk prphrhtfem.Gkttk fmtkrprthtfem h t hvhmgk phrtfkaakikmt peur teutks aks grhifquksbk gkttk tubk. Gks pessfofafts dhrhmtfsskmt umk gemskrvhtfem chgfaftk phr bkssuosthmgks dautfmkusks bhutrks seurgks kt sh ihahxfem hvkg gks bkrmfkrs, phrkxkipak bks seurgks drhssks. Fa kst pessfoak quk gkrthfms aikmts, f.k., `ufakvdthak eu hmfihak, rsfmks, ifmrhux, iahmds hvkg bks drhmuaks bhifbemaers bk ah prphrhtfem bk gkrthfmks rkgkttks bhms um ibfui shms kxpesftfemfmtkmtfemmkaak um cku euvkrt, sk semt treuvs bhms um kmvfremmkikmt ckri,gk quh pkrifs ah survfk eu gemseafbhtfem bks hifbems phr rhppert bksaikmts bkstrugtkurs.

;. Ah ihmfpuahtfem, prphrhtfem kt gufssem bks hafikmts semt gemcfriks phr akshifbems rguprs. Gkpkmbhmt umk fmtkrprthtfem paus prgfsk bks prebuftsgeikstfoaks chftk phr aks hrtkchgts mkst phs pessfoak suftk hu chfoak meiork

bg`hmtfaaems. Mhmiefms, bkux `ypet`sks dmrhaks, ihfs teut chftrhafstks semt prepesks sur ah bfspemfofaft hux `hofthmts hmgfkms bu sftk kmrkahtfem hvkg ah prphrhtfem kt gufssem bks pahmtks :

h. Aks pahmtks fbkmtfcfks sur \N 88 emt t hgqufsks phr aks pepuahtfemsprgeaeiofkmmks phr bks ieykms bfccrkmts : umk prebugtfem aeghak kt/eu umg`hmdk kt ah gukfaakttk syavkstrk, geiik bks aduiks kt kspgks shuvhdks (k.d.,Ihrhmthgkhk). Xukaquks kxkipaks gemgkrmhmt aks fipafghtfems guaturkaaks ktgeaedfquks kt ahggs bks kspgks syavkstrks, guatfvks, kt beikstfquks bhmsum gemtkxtk trepfgha skremt bfsguts fgf.


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;6 .

Ak ihs bpkmb bk a`eiik peur sh rkprebugtfem. Aks drhfmks bkprephdhtfem bkvremt trk stegnks peur gkah kt fa kst cert preohoak quk gksdrhfmks hfkmt t dhrbks prgfkuskikmt bhms bks rgfpfkmts bhms umk strugturk

\N88-HKG3(C8)

\N88-OKG7;(C80)

\N88-GKG70(C?fff)ah trhmscerihtfem bk ah tepedrhp`fk kt aks seas, geiik aks g`hipssurakvs, aks tkrtrks kt ah tkrrh prkth(eu tkrrks mefrks), ktg. >fv)kt / eu ah iebfcfghtfem kt fipahmthtfem bks aikmts ybredrhp`fquks

geiik afrrfdhtfem hcfm bk drkr ahggs bkhu sur aks phrgkaaksbhdrfguaturk.

Aks fipafghtfems bk gk sgmhrfe hmt`repedmk peur bhutrks erdhmfsiks ktaikmts ofep`ysfquks pkmbhmt bks aemduks prfebks bhms aks Metrepfquksemt t kxhifmks ifmutfkuskikmt bkpufs qukaquks tkips (IgNky kt ha.? \fpkrme kt \khrshaa 8660).

o. Aks tuokrguaks kt drhfmks bks pahmtks fbkmtfcfks emt t paug`ks, oreyks,rhgaks eu drhdks hcfm bk grkr bks ptks, bks ihssks, bk ah chrfmk kt bhutrksbrfvtks quf kmsuftk emt t ihmfpuas kt / eu gufts hvkg gkrthfms hrtkchgts

82 Ihrhmth rufzfhmhh t rpkrterfk sur ahohttfs Thypf phr \fkrrk Drkmhmb (8646 : 7


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38 .

hmhayss aers bk gkttk tubk. Gkrtks, bhutrks pahmtks gemtkmhmt bk ahifbememt t utfafsks hvkg aks hrtkchgts bk gkttk tubk, ihfs ah gemskrvhtfembfccrkmtfkaak bks drhmuaks bhifbem (@hsahi ?


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3?

physhdk kst bk paus km paus fiperthmtk ^@eaegmk rgkmtY kt kst phrcefs susgkptfoakbk vkmfr oreufaakr afihdk bks kmvfremmkikmts mhturkas. (hrby 8660 : ?;8).Bhms gk ghs, fa kst pessfoak quk gkttk prfebk rkprskmtk ahrrfvk eu afmtkmsfcfghtfembk a`eiik bhms teutk ah ohmbk aftterhak duyhmhfsk (`eaegmk kt pafstegmk). Fa

kst fmtrksshmt metkr quk gkttk hgguiuahtfem bk bfccrkmts vmkikmts justk hvhmtahm 8


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37 .

Ah prskmgk bu ihs pkmbhmt ak Ahtk Gkrhifg Hdk h bj t biemtrk peur akaftterha bk ah Duyhmk (IgNky kt ha.? Frfhrtk & Bfgnhu ?


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32

aks Kurepkms km thohg, reugeu, oefs prgfkux, `hihgs, ihfs hussf km vfvrks ktmethiikmt aks dhakttks bk ghsshvk. Akxgkaakmtk gemskrvhtfem bks dhakttks ihmfegpeur aks ihrfms kurepkms h pkut-trk chfrk gretrk ah bkihmbk kurepkmmkbk gk prebuft aegha gk quf h fmgft aks Hirfmbfkms km prebufrk paus peur ak

geiikrgk.[m hutrk eutfa km itha af hu geiikrgk kt ah prebugtfem bk dhakttks kst ah rpk ihmfeg bemt afmtrebugtfem phr aks @eaahmbhfs sk sftuk hvhmt ak ifafku bu PSFFksfgak (@uasihm ?


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3; .

Cfmhakikmt, geiik meus hvems bj vequ um afkm hvkg aks \ktftks Hmtfaaks, jkveubrhfs httfrkr ahttkmtfem sur bks pessfoaks bvkaeppkikmts hmhaeduks eu mem qufihrqukmt ak Ahtk Gkrhifg Hdk bks bkux rdfems ghr, bkpufs qukaquks bgkmmfks,gks bkux rdfems emt chft phrtfk bumk iik sp`rk bfmtkrhgtfem prgeaeiofkmmk

bu Ohs Ermequk kt aak bk rfmfbhb (Oeeikrt 860 _esthfm 8662h >Geutkt ?


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33

_kikrgfkikmts

Gkt hrtfgak rkprskmtk umk vkrsfem gembkmsk bu rhppert bk ceufaak prvkmtfvk bu sftk\N 88 (vhm bkm Oka kt ha.?


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34 .

_crkmgks ofoafedrhp`fquksH`aorfmgn, T.

8678 Kmgygaephkbfk bkr Nhrhokm. Ok`kazkmb hha, Zkbkm km Dkweemtkm Bkzkr Fmbfhmkm.Dkaaustrkkrb beer K. Ah _esk, kknkmhhr ofj bkm Epmkifmdsbfkmst tk \hrhihrfoe. Fm :

Skr`hmbkafmdkm bkr Nemfmnafjnk Hnhbkifk vhm Tktkmsg`hppkm tk Histkrbhi,Hcbkkafmd Akttkrnumbk, Mfkuwk _kkns ?4(8), Histkrbhi.

Ohoet, I. \., bka

?


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30

Oka, I., vhm bkm, J. Ofrn, J. Orhmgfkr, A. Oruxkaaks, G. Ghiihs, J. Crkmkttk, O. Dahskr, W.Nmfppkmokrd, J. \hdm Jfimkz & \. Skrbfm

?


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36 .

Orfhmb, J., I. @fabkorhmb, S. Hrrfd`f, W. Bkapkg`, kt G. Ceufaaeub

?


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4<

Bkapkg`, W.

?


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48 .

Drekmk, B.

8643 Metk sur ak sftk bk Neriemtfoe. \regkkbfmds ec t`k Wfxt` Fmtkrmhtfemha Gemdrksscer t`k Wtuby ec \rk-Geaeiofhm Guaturks ec t`k Aksskr Hmtfaaks, \efmtk--\ftrk 864;,bft phr _fpaky \. Ouaakm, Wegft b@fstefrk bk ah Duhbkaeupk kt ah Iumfgfphaft bk

\efmtk--\ftrk,8;0-832.

Dreuhrb, W., J. Orfhmb, M. Ckberecc, I. Jhrry kt G. hrby

8664 [m sftk b`hoftht bk `hutkur hirfmbfkm prgeaeiofkm sur aFak bk Ghykmmk. IemtDrhmb Ihteury, 647


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4?

@east, F., J. Ierkme kt B. \fpkrme

?


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47 .

Ihs`hi, .

806< `k t`frbk veyhdk skt cert` oy Wfr Thatkr _hakd` te Dufhmh, wft` h pfmmksskghaakb t`k Thttk, fm t`k ykkrk 8;63, wrfttkm oy I. `eihs Ihs`hi h dkmtakihm ec t`kgeiphmfk. Fm : `k Seyhdks ec t`k Kmdafs` Mhtfem te Hikrfgh, Sea. 2, bft phr Kbiumb

Deabsifb, Kbfmourd`, 80?-862.

IgNky, B., W. _esthfm, J. Frfhrtk, O. Dahskr, J. Ofrn, F. @east kt B. _kmhrb

?


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42

\hdm Jfimkz, J._.

?


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4; .

_esthfm, W.

8606 Ak sftk hrg`eaedfquk bk `ifrk, Whuvkthdk urdkmt, _hppert fmtkribfhfrk,E_WEI, Is.

866? Aegguphtfem hirfmbfkmmk hmgfkmmk bu aftterha bk ah Duyhmk. Kveautfems bks

Aftterhux bk Duyhmk kt bk ah zemk ghrhok irfbfemhak pkmbhmt ak Xuhtkrmhfrk, bft phrIhrfk-`rsk \rest, 208-;


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43

Wfckbbfmk, H., A. Ihrtfm, O. urgq, G. Seanikr-_fokfre, C. Weuofs, _. Ghipkaae Grebkfre,kt N. Wudufe

?


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44 .

G`hpftrk 7

Ahorf seus reg`k Ghbkt 7(Ihrfk-Dhahmtk) : um dfskikmt hgguiuahtfems bk chumk kt vkstfdkshrg`eaedfquks

G`rfstfhm Wteuvkmet8, ?, Whmbrfmk Dreuhrb7, WhavhberOhfaem7, Beifmfquk Oemmfsskmt2, ;, Hrmhub Akmeoak3,

Mht`hafk Wkrrhmb7, 2, Sfgter Wfkrpk7

8. Bfrkgtfem bks hcchfrks guaturkaaks bk ah Duhbkaeupk. ?0 ruk \krrfmem, 648


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40

_sui

Gk pktft horf seus-reg`k, fiibfhtkikmt vefsfm bk ah Drettk Ghbkt ?, h chft aeojktkm ?


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46 .

ihiihafhm (kxgausfvkay G`freptkrh), hvfhm, shurfhm hmb hip`fofhm chumh. Ft whsrkpahgkb burfmd prk-Geauiofhm tfiks oy ahrdkr spkgfks (f.k. rfgk rht, hdeutf, hmbfduhmh) w`fak t`k mhtfvk vkrtkorhtk spkgfks bkgrkhskb, afnkay fm rkahtfem te t`kkmvfremikmts hmt`repfshtfem, hmb grhos hmb ahmb smhfas fmgrkhskb. Cfmhaay, t`k

uppkr akvkas, rkahtkb te pest-Geauiofhm bkpesfts, faaustrhtk h rht`kr subbkm step fmt`k ghvftys usk oy t`k sihaa mhtfvk fmsuahr chumh hmb h brhihtfg brep fm vkrtkorhtksbfvkrsfty. `k eab werab beikstfg thxh (pfd, ghprfmks, hmb rht) t`km geipesk iestec t`k thp`egkmesk ec t`k s`katkr.

_ksuikm

Kstk pkquke rkcudfe ohje regh, fmikbfhthikmtk vkgfme bk ah Gukvh Ghbkt ?, cukeojkte km ka he ?


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0<

\hahorhs gahvk

Hmtfaahs, Ihrfk-Dhahmtk, kstubfes skbfikmthrfes, hrquke-zeeaedfh, Gukvh.

Ak sftk bk Ghbkt 7 kst um pktft horf seus-reg`k jeuxthmt ah drettk cumrhfrk bkGhbkt ? bgeuvkrtk km ?


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08 .

7.? Ah cerihtfem bu rkipafsshdk sbfikmthfrk

Ahorf kst grkus bhms ah ohrrk ghaghfrk quf gemstftuk ah chahfsk cessfak chemmk aersbu bkrmfkr `hut mfvkhu ihrfm fa y h kmvfrem 8?;-87< ifaafkrs bhmmks. Ah ghvftrsuatk bumk hatrhtfem bfccrkmtfkaak bu reg`kr, ceri fgf bumk hatkrmhmgk bkohmgs ghaghfrks r`ebeaft`fquks chfoakikmt gfikmts kt bk ohmgs beaeiftfss trsburs (Akmeoak kt ha.?


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gfikmts pertk km rkafkc aks ohmgs beaeiftfss quf sk crhdikmtkmt km oaegs paus euiefms veauifmkux. Fa kst pessfoak, sf gk mkst preohoak, quk gkttk veautfem bk ahchahfsk seft hmgfkmmk, gemtkiperhfmk bk sem chemmkikmt.

Bumk chem dmrhak, gk typk bhorf mkst phs chverhoak hu pfdkhdk bks sbfikmts

quf semt chgfakikmt vhgus aers bks certks paufks. Ahorf Ghbkt 7 rkprskmtk bemg umghs phrtfguafkr kt rkihrquhoak e um beuoak bfspesftfc h pkrifs umk sbfikmthtfemsfdmfcfghtfvk bhms ak sftk. [m pktft gmk geaauvfha sk bvkaeppk hux bpkms bumkkmgeg`k bk ah chahfsk kt afiftk ak sftk aeukst. [mk phrtfk bks sbfikmts km trhmsftsur ak vkrshmt kt gemgkmtrs phr gkttk kmgeg`k sk treuvk hfmsf bteurmk bhms ahorf.Ihfs surteut, ak pfdkhdk bks sbfikmts kst rkmbu pessfoak phr umk hgguiuahtfembk oaegs quf rkpesk hu seiikt bu prfsik bk bpt bk pkmtk. Gkttk hgguiuahtfembk oaeg ohrrk akmtrk bu sftk kt bcfmft umk guvkttk km rkgua.

Wf aem hbikt quk ak chemmkikmt bk ahorf pkut trk trs hmgfkm, gemtkiperhfmbu chemmkikmt bk ah chahfsk, ah cerihtfem bu pfdk auf-iik kst paus rgkmtk. Kaak

kst afk hu bvkaeppkikmt bumk kmgeg`k kt ahgguiuahtfem bk oaegs quf, teusbkux, semt bks ierp`eaedfks hvhmgks bk bdrhbhtfem bk ah chahfsk. Km gk skms, ahsbfikmthtfem bhms ak sftk mk geuvrk quk ah phrtfk cfmhak bk afmtkrvhaak bk tkipssphrhmt ah cerihtfem bk ah chahfsk bk ahgtuka, shvefr aks bkrmfrks bfzhfmks bkifaamhfrks hu ifkux.

Bum pefmt bk vuk sbfikmthfrk, aks geug`ks bfstfmduks ah ceufaak pkuvkmttrk rkdreupks km quhtrk kmskioaks (Cfd. 8b) :

Akmskioak fmcrfkur (umfts J kt N) kst ceri bk shoaks ghroemhts trs cfms,afiemkux, bemt ak trs oem trf sfdmk um bpt bk rufsskaakikmt. Bks fmtkrghahtfemsbk medkmsks p`esp`htks y semt eoskrvks fm sftu seus ak ifgresgepk. Kaaks

tiefdmkmt bumk crqukmthtfem hmfihak gemtkiperhfmk abfcfghtfem bks bptsquf, ku dhrb hux trs meiorkux esskikmts prskmts, sfdmk umk hfrk bk rhphgk(Akmeoak kt ha. ?


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phr ah prskmgk bk grhifquk prgeaeiofkmmk kt phr afmtkrghahtfem bk akmtfaaksg`hroemmkusks. Aumk bkmtrk kaaks, aumft B, h t bhtk vkrs 8


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Tfasem ?


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0; .

Ahmhaysk bu ieofafkr bks umfts O B ceurmf qukaquks prgfsfemsg`remeguaturkaaks : aumft O h afvr um cemb paht bk rgfpfkmt iebka (Cfd. ? m?) ktaumft B umk ahrdk gukaak oerb hrrembf (Cfd. ? m7). Aks surchgks bks rgfpfkmtssemt seiihfrkikmt trhftks phr cretthdk kt drhtthdk ahfbk bum thipem eu bumk

oressk vdthak quf prebufskmt bks strfks paus eu iefms ihrquks. [mk akmtfaakg`hroemmkusk B (fmgausk bhms B) gemtfkmt bk drhmbs crhdikmts bumk jhttk surchgk crettk ghrhgtrfstfquk bu mefmbfkm rgkmt (Cfd. ? m 2). Gks crhdikmtsemt t fmtkmtfemmkaakikmt bpess bhms umk pktftk cessk. Gks grhifquks rvakmtum gemtkxtk treuihssebk bemt ah seus-srfk ihierhm eu treuihsshm (\ktkrskmkt ha.?


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80


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7.2.7 Ah chumk vkrtork

Ak sembhdk h afvr um tetha bk 800


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(8%) kt ;6 rkstks bk \efssems esskux (


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adrk tkmbhmgk ahudikmthtfem ak aemd bk ah squkmgk. Ah phrt bk rkstks prskmthmtbks trhgks bk oraurks kst chfoak (iefms bk 0%) > kaak kst paus akvk peur aks thxemsihrfms (?


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6<

Bu pefmt bk vuk ofededrhp`fquk, rkihrquems quk phrif aks thxems btkrifms Ghbkt 7, skuas Hmeafs ckrrkus, umk kspgk kmbifquk bk Ihrfk-Dhahmtk, kt`kghbhgtyaus rhpfghubhsemt hgtukaakikmt prskmts sur aak. Bk mes jeurs, hugumskrpkmt mkst prskmt Ihrfk-Dhahmtk (Orkufa ?


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kt bk \ktftk Hmsk > dfskikmts km geurs btubk). Ah prskmgk bu t`ghbhgtyak(`kghbhgtyaussp.) bhms gks mfvkhux rkmcergk a`ypet`sk ifsk phr @kbdkr (8663)gemgkrmhmt afmsthaahtfem rgkmtk bk gk dkgne bhms akmskioak bks Hmtfaaks, kmafkm hvkg ahrrfvk bk a@eiik sur aks aks.

Bhms aks umfts gerrkspembhmtks hux prfebks geaemfhaks (H-O-O-G), skua ahmeakH. ckrrkusskioak trk prskmt Ghbkt 7.H phrtfr bu bkrmfkr ifaamhfrk, ak meiork bkspgks bk squhihtks bfifmuk peur

httkfmbrk sem ifmfiui burhmt ah prfebk geaemfhak. Gkttk vhrfhtfem bk ofebfvkrsftskioak bemg trk afk afiphgt bk a@eiik (bk chem bfrkgtk kt fmbfrkgtk) suraak : egguphtfem bk ah drettk, hgtfem bfrkgtk sur aks squhihtks, iebfcfghtfembk akmvfremmkikmt tkas quk aks orafs kt bcerksthtfem, aefdmkikmt bks hdkmtshgguiuahtkurs mhturkas, fmtrebugtfem bk meuvkhux hdkmts prbhtkurs, ktg., geiikbiemtr phr hfaakurs bhms aks \ktftks Hmtfaaks (\rkdfaa kt ha.8662, Dreuhrb ?


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Bhms aks umfts suprfkurks B-K-C hpphrhfsskmt qukaquks rkstks bhdeutf(Bhsypregth akperfmh) kt bk rhts pfaerfs (Ikdhaeiysspp.), quf mthfkmt phs rkprskmtshuphrhvhmt bhms ah strhtfdrhp`fk kt bemt afmtrebugtfem phr aks Hirfmbfkms ksthttkstk sur bhutrks sftks (Dreuhrb ? Dreuhrb kt Sfdmk ?


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67 .

Bk iik, yp`aeps duhbkaupkmsfskxfstk km Duhbkaeupk, ihfs jhihfs ikmtfemm Ihrfk-Dhahmtk. Fa shdft bemg bumk prkifrk ikmtfem bk y`paepssp. sur aak.

Wkaem gkrthfms hutkurs, ah prskmgk hmgfkmmk buOeh sp. bhms aks \ktftks Hmtfaakskst pahusfoak (Wg`whrtz kt @kmbkrsem 8668). Fa kst hgtukaakikmt prskmt ah

Beifmfquk kt Wtk Augfk. Oeh gemstrfgter kst ikmtfemm suo-cessfak Hmtfduh ktbgrftk hux prfebks `fsterfquks km Ihrtfmfquk kt Duhbkaeupk (Wtkhbihm kt ha.8602 > Orkufa ?


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eut gkah kst trs gemcerik ah gemmhfsshmgk dmrhak bk gkttk prfebk huxHmtfaaks : hoskmgk bk a@eiik kt ohs mfvkhu ihrfm, hvkg trhmsdrkssfem pestdahgfhfrkkm geurs. Ak ifafku hiofhmt skioak trk hsskz prepfgk ah vdthtfem hroerk kt ah bfvkrsft hmfihak.

7.;.? [mft F : hvhmt kt jusquk vkrs ?4;< hvhmt J.-G.

Ah trhmsdrkssfem pestdahgfhfrk sk peursuft kt ak mfvkhu ihrfm rkiemtk jusqu semmfvkhu hgtuka, hikmhmt ah afdmk gtfrk ?;< i bk bfsthmgk bk ahorf.

Ah sbfikmthtfem bhms ahorf rkstk cfmk, hvkg umk hudikmthtfem predrkssfvk bkah thfaak bks aikmts dressfkrs quf trhbuft umk bymhifquk bk geioakikmt preprk ahorf kt fmbpkmbhmtk bks vkmtukaaks vhrfhtfems kmvfremmkikmthaks kxtkrmks.

Ah ihahgechumk tkrrkstrk bkvfkmt trs hoembhmtk (Cfd. 7b) hvkg ak bkuxfik pausdres hsskioahdk (848; rkstks) beifm phr aksHip`fouafih kt\akurebemtk hfmsf qukG`embrepeih grkmuahtuiquf hccfg`k bhms gk mfvkhu sh paus certk hoembhmgk. Aksgequfaaks bk gk thxem hfmsf quk gkrthfms hip`fouafiks kt pakurebemtks iemtrkmtqukaquks trhgks bk oraurks, teutkcefs rhrks. Km geipaikmt, aks thxems ihrfmshpphrhfsskmt (0, 3% M_), hvkg teut ak phmka bkspgks quk aem rktreuvk kmsuftk. Fassemt mhmiefms rkprskmts phr iefms bk 8;< rkstks mk gerrkspembhmt phs pausbk 2? fmbfvfbus. Gks thxems ihrfms prskmtkmt hussf bks trhgks bk oraurks hvkg umkcrqukmgk dmrhakikmt paus akvk (?


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rbuft bfmbfvfbus gemgkrms, bfccfgfakikmt geiphtfoak hvkg umk gemseiihtfemkccfgfkmtk.

Aks rkstks bk grusthgs (grhoks tkrrkstrks) hpphrhfsskmt bhms gk mfvkhu, akur hrrfvkpeuvhmt sfdmhakr ah prexfift bk zemks bk ihmdrevk, ihfs ahdkmt bhgguiuahtfem

rkstk gemjkgturha (hvfchumk 5) kt um rkjkt berfdfmk hmt`repfquk mk pkut trk kxgau.Aveautfem bk ah geipesftfem bk ah chumk vkrtork rkcatk bkux tkmbhmgksrvahtrfgks bk iebfcfghtfems bu ifafku :

Ah rfg`kssk (meiork bk thxems) kt ah bfvkrsft (qufafork bk ah rphrtftfembks thxems) hudikmtkmt bk chem sfdmfcfghtfvk, shuc peur aks rkptfaks bemtahoembhmgk kt ah rfg`kssk semt km bfifmutfem. Gks iebfcfghtfems peurrhfkmttrk ifsks km rkahtfem hvkg aks g`hmdkikmts gafihtfquks hggeiphdmhmt ah cfmbk adk dahgfhfrk, prfebk kmgerk pku tubfk peur aks \ktftks Hmtfaaks.

[mk hudikmthtfem trs skmsfoak bks thxems fmcebs hu ifafku ihrfm : aks

pefssems kt aks puccfms, efskhux ihrfms gtfkrs, quf cemt akur hpphrftfem bhms gkmfvkhu. Gks iebfcfghtfems rkcatkmt umk paus drhmbk prexfift bk ah gtk afk ah rkiemtk predrkssfvk bu mfvkhu bk ah ikr

\kmbhmt gkttk p`hsk, aks G`freptrks semt teujeurs rkprskmts phr bks kspgksfmbfquhmt um ifafku cerkstfkr.

\eur aumft F, aks iebhafts bk ahgguiuahtfem bks esskikmts semt kmgerksujkttks bfsgussfem. Afmtkrvkmtfem bk prbhtkurs hmfihux mk chft hugum beutk : fapkut shdfr bk puccfms, g`huvks-seurfs eu bk rhphgks pfsgfverks peur aks pefssems, bkrhphgks peur aks rkptfaks kt hutrks efskhux. Gkpkmbhmt, peur phrtfk, aks esskikmtspkuvkmt hussf trk gkux bhmfihux mfg`hmt bhms ahorf kt ierts sur pahgk : gkst akghs bks g`huvks-seurfs kt pkut-trk bks puccfms.

Aks aikmts oras semt km adrk hudikmthtfem, quk gk seft peur aks gequfaahdkseu aks vkrtors. Em peurrhft y vefr afiphgt bu g`hmdkikmt gafihtfquk sur ahcrqukmgk bks fmgkmbfks mhturkas, ihfs umk ghusk hmt`repfquk mk pkut dhakikmttrk kxgauk.

\eur aumft F aks bemmks semt pku geiphtfoaks hvkg ah prskmgk bk a@eiik(quf kst httkstk bhms aks \ktftks Hmtfaaks phrtfr bk 77


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Aks g`hroems bk oefs, hmkgbetfquks bhms aks umfts prgbkmtks, semt ihfmtkmhmtifkux rkprskmts kt httkfdmkmt qukaquks ifaafitrks. Fas pkuvkmt rsuatkr bk ahprskmgk bk ceykrs bhms ahorf, ihfs hussf bu ifafku kxtrfkur vkmtukaakikmtseuifs bks bcrfg`kikmts phr orafs

[mk peg`k gkmbrkusk h t fbkmtfcfk geiik um preohoak ceykr bkscfdurks bthakikmt bk rkstks crhdikmts bk grhoks tiefdmk bk surchgks bkpftfmkikmt.

Ah ihahgechumk, rkprskmtk phr 6


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um cemgtfemmkikmt hmfiha bk ahorf. Aks hpperts mhturkas semt teujeurs prskmtskt ah prskmgk `uihfmk mk pkut trk quk bfsgrtk bhms ah iksurk e kaak mk phrhtphs trep pkrturokr aks gesystiks, iik aks paus skmsfoaks geiik aks `hoftusghvkrmfgeaks bks rhphgks eu bks g`freptrks.

7.;.2 [mfts B-K-C : kmtrk 87


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bskrtfem bk ahorf phr aks prbhtkurs qu aveautfem bk akur prskmgk bhmsakmvfremmkikmt. Em gemsthtk umk hudikmthtfem skmsfoak besskikmts befskhuxoras gk quf tiefdmk bum hgtk hmt`repfquk bk gemseiihtfem.

Aks iebfcfghtfems aks paus spkgthguahfrks gemgkrmkmt ahpphrftfem bk meuvkaaks

kspgks km phrtfguafkr aks remdkurs sub-hirfghfms hdeutfs (Bhsypregth akperfmh) ktrhts pfaerfs (Ikdhaeiysspp.), hoskmts huphrhvhmt bk ah strhtfdrhp`fk. Gks remdkursemt t fmtrebufts sur aak ah prfebk mefmbfkmmk hmgfkmmk shahbebk, geiik kmtiefdmkmt bhutrks squkmgks strhtfdrhp`fquks bk aak (Ceaak Hmsk, hafskrembk,euraeureus > Dreuhrb ?


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7.3 Gemgausfem

Gkttk eprhtfem h rva ak cert petkmtfka sgfkmtfcfquk bk gkttk ghvft quf sur umktrs pktftk surchgk eccrk um phmerhih prksquk gemtfmu quf boutk hvhmt ahrrfvkbk a@eiik bhms aks \ktftks Hmtfaaks. Hu-bka kaak seuafdmk afmtrt bk gk typk bkdfskikmt peur atubk bks phaekmvfremmkikmts. Ak gemtkmu chumfquk bk ahorf kstrvahtkur bu ifafku kmvfremmhmt kt bk sem hmt`repfshtfem vkmtukaak, gkpkmbhmtfa kst dhakikmt certkikmt bpkmbhmt bks hdkmts hgguiuahtkurs bhms ahorf. Ahtrhmspesftfem gemtkmu chumfquk / ifafku kxtrfkur mkst bemg phs bfrkgtk kt beftshppuykr sur umk ikfaakurk gemmhfsshmgk bks pregkssus bhgguiuahtfem eu kccktsbhgguiuahtfem quf hppertkmt um ofhfs quk aem beft prkmbrk km geiptk. Gkttkprkifrk hppreg`k ahorf seus bk reg`k Ghbkt 7 iemtrk ah bfccfguat bk chfrk ahphrt kmtrk aks bfccrkmts chgtkurs aerfdfmk bks hgguiuahtfems, seuvkmt phr ihmqukbk geipr`kmsfem bks pregkssus auvrk. Aks rkg`krg`ks cuturks bkvremt bemgshppuykr sur umk ikfaakurk gemmhfsshmgk bks pregkssus mhturkas fipafqus bhmsah cerihtfem bk gks dfskikmts, kt km phrtfguafkr sur aeoskrvhtfem bks ifafkuxhgtukas e gks pregkssus semt km geurs. Gkgf fipafquk umk geaahoerhtfem rkmcergkhvkg aks mhturhafstks, phrcefs bhms bks pkrspkgtfvks qufas memt kux-iiks phskmgerk kmvfshdks. Aeprhtfem h hussf pkrifs bk gemtrfoukr ah gemstftutfem bumghthaeduk fmbft bks kspgks hmfihaks prskmtks Ihrfk-Dhahmtk phrtfr bk 870


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8 Cfd. 8).Km ?


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8 _eiem kt ha.?


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2.;.? Iebhafts bk gemseiihtfem bks ihiifcrks beikstfquksfiperts

Hu skfm bk gkt hsskioahdk, skuas aks esskikmts bk ihiifcrks beikstfquksfiperts perthfkmt bks stfdihtks afs bks hgtfvfts oeug`rks. Aks esskikmtsbk ouc prskmtkmt ak paus drhmb meiork bk dkstks tkg`mfquks (;4 hu tetha) qufskioakmt teus rkakvs bk ah prphrhtfem bks hmfihux bk oeug`krfk. Akurs phrtfkshmhteifquks fmbfqukmt pautt um g`efx bks ikiorks vfhmbk, bu typk sghpuah kt

es aemd (Cfd. 7).Aks tkg`mfquks bk bgeupk bk ah ghrghssk skioakmt trk sthmbhrbfsks (Cfd. 2).

Km kcckt, ahoahtfem bks pregkssus trhmsvkrsks kt bks pregkssus pfmkux sur bkuxvkrtorks t`erhgfquks kt umk vkrtork aeiohfrk semt ikttrk km rkahtfem hvkg aksprkifrks thpks bk ah bgeupk bks ghrghssks : kaaks faaustrkmt ak bsesshdk bu rhg`fs.Ak rhg`fs skrh kmsuftk sgfmb aemdftubfmhakikmt, pkriktthmt hfmsf ah vkmtk bkshmfihux phr bkif-ghrghssks.

Ah prskmgk bumk fmgfsfem hu mfvkhu bk akxtrift prexfihak bumk gtk,hssegf gfmq hutrks crhdikmts crhgturs hu iik kmbreft httkstk bk ah sphrhtfembks gtks bk ahxk vkrtorha hu mfvkhu bk ah zemk hrtfguahfrk. Ak gerps kst auf-iikphrthd km pausfkurs skdikmts, be ak meiork fiperthmt bk crhdikmts bgeipts.

Ah akvk bks phuaks (sghpuah), sk chft systihtfqukikmt hu-bksseus bu gea, kmbfhdemhak bkpufs afmgfsurk sghpuahfrk, fseahmt ak ifafku kt ah pefmtk bu phakrem burkstk bu gerps (Gahvka ?


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888 .

Ahrtfguahtfem bu geubk skioak hvefr t crhgturk phr bk drhmbs geupshssms sur ah phrtfk prexfihak bu rhbfus (Gahvka ?


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88?

2.3 Dhrk ihrftfik : Ghrhgtrfshtfem bum ksphgk geiikrhmt

Wkaem \retfm-Buiem (?


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ah cessk bpetefr. Aks phrtfks hmhteifquks bks oevfms fmbfqukmt pautt um gèfxbks ikiorks vfhmbk, ah sghpuah kt aks es aemds thmt aks phrtfks ceurmfsshmt aks iergkhux bk gèfx . Ah bgeupk oeug`rk bk gkt hmfiha skioak sthmbhrbfsk >sthmbhrbfshtfem quk meus rktreuvems peur ah bgeupk bks ghprfms. Aks phrtfks

hmhteifquks bks sufbs fmbfqukmt, quhmt kaaks, umk prebugtfem g`hrgutfrk, aksiergkhux bk gèfx bk gkt hmfiha (sghpuah, gtks, ciur) mhyhmt phs t rkgkmss huskfm bk metrk gerpus. Ahoskmgk bk gks phrtfks hmhteifquks fmbfqukrhft pkut-trk umkhgtfvft geiikrgfhak hvkg umk kxperthtfem bks iergkhux bk gèfx bk gkt hmfihaèrs bu sftk (eu umk hoskmgk bfiperthtfem). Kmcfm, aks thxems mhtfcs rpkrterfsbhms metrk hsskioahdk (pefssems gerhaafkms, tertuk ihrfmk, grhok tkrrkstrk, fduhmkkt grgkrkaak) fmbfqukmt umk kxpaefthtfem aeghak bks gesystiks kt umk utfafshtfembks rksseurgks mhtfvks bk aak.

Hu vu bk mes rsuathts, meus peuvems ikttrk a`ypet`sk qufa y hft ku pausquumk sfipak hgtfvft bk stegnhdk bhms gkttk zemk bkmtrkpts ihdhsfms

kmtrk ak skgemb quhrt bu PSFFFk sfgak kt ak ?3 het 8022. Km kcckt, ahmhaysk bkah grhifquk rhafsk phr G`rfstfhm Shaakt h iemtr quk ah vhfsskaak kt aks pfpksrktreuvks sur ak sftk thfkmt bk prkifrk ihfm kt memt jhihfs t utfafsks.eutkcefs, fa skioak quumk hgtfvft geiikrgfhak, bk typk oeug`krfk eu huokrdk, yhft tkmu pahgk geiptk tkmu bks phrtfks hmhteifquks bks ihiifcrks beikstfquksfbkmtfcfks kt bks trhgks bk bgeupks eoskrvks sur gks bfts esskikmts. Fa kst vrhf qukah prpembrhmgk baikmts grmfkms bk sufbs chft gè umk phrtfk bu ihtrfkafssu bk ah pahmthtfem bk Wyavkstkr Ihmer (W`katkr Fsahmb, Mkw Vern), geipeskxgausfvkikmt bk ttk kt bk pfkbs bk gegèm bfmbfvfbus ds, km prphrhtfempeur akxperthtfem bkstfmhtfem bumk pahmthtfem sur ah Ohrohbk (Wpertihm

kt ha. ?


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H gemtrhrfe bks \ktftks Hmtfaaks orfthmmfquks, ahafikmthtfem ghrmk hux prfebks`fsterfquks bhms aks geaemfks crhmhfsks, ksphdmeaks kt èaahmbhfsks bks \ktftks

Hmtfaaks rkstk kmgerk um tìk pku hoerb a`kurk hgtukaak. Km kcckt, gk mkst quktrs rgkiikmt quk ahrgèaedfk h hggerb bk afiperthmgk hux vkstfdks chumfquks

fssus bk sftks geaemfhux bhms gks tkrrftefrks. Hfmsf, bkpufs qukaquks hmmks, drgk ah iuatfpafghtfem bks eprhtfems bk ceufaaks km gemtkxtk geaemfha kt hux tubkshrgèzeeaedfquks fm`rkmtks (Nafppka ?


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88; .

Bksieuafms, Ihrfk-Kiihmukaak, Beifmfquk Oemmfsskmt, @uokrt Ih`kux, `eihs_eiem, Jkhm-Crhmefs \kfr, Crhmefs Ahsh, Okrmhrb _kmeux, kt Ihrfk-Hrikaak\huakt-Aeghrb

?


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883

\kretfm-Buiem, Hmmk

?


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KW\HGKW \H_HDW,KW\HGKW KM_KAHGW


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121/367

886 .

G`hpftrk ;

Mktwerns Wkt fm Wtemk: Hrg`hfg-Gkrhifg fmtkrhgtfem fm t`k khrayprk-Geaemfha mert`khstkrm Ghrfookhm

Gerfmmk A. @ecihm*, Hmdus Iea*,

_kmfka _ebrdukz _hies**, Wkohstfhhm Nmfppkmokrd*

*Akfbkm [mfvkrsfty, `k Mkt`krahmbs**[mfvkrsfbhb bk \ukrte _fge, _kgfmte bk [tuhbe

Hostrhgt

`fs phpkr hfis te rkfmcergk hmb curt`kr rkcfmk t`k t`kery t`ht gkrthfm nky hspkgtsec ahtkr Gkrhifg Hdk Guaturk wkrk aeghaay bkvkaepkb fm t`k Hmtfaaks oy se-ghaakbHrg`hfg Hdk geiiumftfks. @krk wk cegus em t`k fmtkrhgtfem oktwkkm Hrg`hfghmb Khray Gkrhifg Hdk geiiumftfks t`ht ahfb t`k ceumbhtfems cer ahtkr segfha hmbguaturha bkvkaepikmts fm t`k rkdfem. Fmtkr-geiiumfty rkahtfems`fps hmb segfhastrhtkdfks ec t`k khrafkst fm`hofthmts ec t`k mert`khstkrm Ghrfookhm hrkh hrk kxpaerkboy stubyfmd t`k mhturk, prevkmhmgk hmb bfstrfoutfem phttkrms ec t`kfr ihtkrfhaguaturk rkihfms. Tk suddkst t`ht spkgfcfghaay t`k aft`fg rkseurgks ec t`k Hmtfaakhmhrg`fpkahde wkrk pessfoay t`k drkhtkst httrhgtfem cer t`k cfrst hmb ahtkr fiifdrhmts.

Hctkr t`k fmftfha skttakikmt, t`k hrkhs ec aft`fg pregurkikmt weuab `hvk skrvkb hs`uos fm t`k fmgfpfkmt segfha mktwerns ec t`ksk ieofak pkepak. `ksk `uos weuab`hvk skrvkb te gkikmt rkdfemha umfty hmb fm hbbftfem weuab hvk prevfbkb t`k cfrsthrkmhs cer dreup fmtkrhgtfems ec vhrfeus serts. `k ikrdfmd ec Hrg`hfg Hdk segfhamktwerns wft` t`k segfha afck-afmks ec fiifdrhmts crei t`k ihfmahmb ihy `hvk akbte hm kikrdkmt kxg`hmdk mktwern, fm t`fs why nmfttfmd tedkt`kr geiiumftfks creibfspkrskb fsahmb hmb ihfmahmb tkrrfterfks fmte h skrfks ec evkrahppfmd fmtkrhgtfemsp`krks. Hrg`hkeaedfgha fmbfghters cer sfiuathmkeus geipktftfem evkr aegha aft`fgseurgks hmb gestay bfspahys ec aft`fg ihtkrfhas burfmd ahrdk fmtkrgeiiumfty ckhstssfdmha t`k okdfmmfmd ec hm kmburfmd pregkss ec grkhtfvk kiuahtfem t`ht umbkrahyt`k kxphmbfmd mktwerns ec t`k vhrfeus pkepaks ec t`k Gkrhifg Hdk. `fs rkhccfris


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8?<

t`ht, rht`kr t`hm okfmd brfvkm eut ec hmgkstrha tkrrfterfks er hssfifahtkb oy GkrhifgHdk fiifdrhmts, Hrg`hfg Hdk geiiumftfks pahykb hm fmtkdrha phrt fm t`k s`hpfmdec ahtkr prk-Geauiofhm segfkty.

_ksuikmKstk trhohje tfkmk geie eojktfve rkcerzhr y rkcfmhr ah tkerh bk quk gfkrtes hspkgtesgahvks bk ah guaturh bka \krebe Gkrifge hrbe cukrem bkshrreaahbes h mfvkaaegha km ahs Hmtfaahs per ahs geiumfbhbks bka aahihbe \krebe Hrghfge. Hqumes gkmtrhies km ah fmtkrhggfm kmtrk ahs geiumfbhbks bka \krebe Hrghfge ybka \krebe Gkrifge kiprhme geie um kakikmte quk skmt ahs ohsks phrhpestkrferks bkshrreaaes segfhaks y guaturhaks km ah rkdfm. Ahs rkahgfemks kmtrkgeiumfbhbks y ahs kstrhtkdfhs segfhaks bk aes prfikres `hofthmtks bk ah zemh merkstkbka Ghrfok sem kxpaerhbhs h trhvs bka kstubfe bk ah mhturhakzh, ah pregkbkmgfh, y

aes phtremks bk bfstrfougfm bk su guaturh ihtkrfha. Wudkrfies quk aes rkgursesatfges bka hrg`fpfahde bk ahs Hmtfaahs cukrem pesfoakikmtk umh bk ahs ihyerkshtrhgterks phrh hioes drupes bk fmifdrhmtks. Bkspus bk su ksthoakgfifkmtefmfgfha, ahs rkhs phrh ah hbqufsfgfm bk ihtkrfha atfge pubfkrem `hokr skrvfbegeie gkmtres bk gemkxfm km ahs fmgfpfkmtks rkbks segfhaks bkmtre bk ah ievfafbhbkstes drupes. Kstes gkmtres skrvfrhm phrh gemseafbhr ah umfbhb rkdfemha hbkisbk prepergfemhr ka prfikr ksphgfe phrh vhrfes tfpes bk fmtkrhggfemks kmtrk kstesdrupes. Ah cusfm bk ahs rkbks segfhaks bka \krebe Hrghfge gem ahs amkhs bkshavhikmte bk aes fmifdrhmtks bksbk ka gemtfmkmtk pube `hokr gembugfbe h rkbksbk fmtkrghiofe kikrdkmtks, y bk ksth cerih umfr ahs geiumfbhbks bfspkrshs km ahs

fsahs y aes tkrrfterfes gemtfmkmthaks bkmtre km umh skrfk bk ksckrhs bk fmtkrhggfmquk sk supkrpemkm. Fmbfghberks hrqukeadfges bk ah geipktkmgfh seork cukmtksatfghs aeghaks bk atfgh hs geie ka bkspafkduk bk vhafeshs iukstrhs bk ihtkrfhaksatfges km drhmbks cfksths fmtkr-geiumhaks skhahm ka geifkmze bk um pregkse bkkiuahgfm grkhtfvh quk suoyhgk km ahs rkbks kxphmbfbhs per vhrfhs geiumfbhbks bka\krebe Gkrifge. Kste rkhcfrih quk, km audhr bk skr kxpuashbes bk aes tkrrfterfeshmgkstrhaks e hsfifahbes per fmifdrhmtks guaturhaikmtk supkrferks, ahs geiumfbhbksbka \krebe Hrghfge bkskipkhrem umh cumgfm fmtkdrha km ah cerihgfm bk ahssegfkbhbks prkgeaeiofmhs pestkrferks.

_suiGkt hrtfgak vfsk rkmcergkr kt hccfmkr ah t`erfk skaem ahqukaak gkrthfms hspkgtsgas bk ah guaturk bk adk grhifquk emt t ifs hu pefmt aeghakikmt bhms aks

Hmtfaaks phr aks geiiumhuts bk adk hrg`hquk. Fgf meus meus gemgkmtrems surafmtkrhgtfem kmtrk geiiumhuts bk adk hrg`hquk kt gkaaks bu bout bk adkgrhifquk quf emt t ah ohsk bks bvkaeppkikmts uatrfkurs segfhux kt guaturkasbhms ah rdfem. Aks rkahtfems fmtkrgeiiumhuthfrks kt aks strhtdfks segfhaks bksprkifkrs hofthmts bk ah rdfem merb-kst bk ah Ghrhok semt kxpaerks phr atubk bkah mhturk, ah prevkmhmgk kt ah rphrtftfem bk akur guaturk ihtrfkaak. Meus suddrems

quk aks rksseurgks aft`fquks bk ahrg`fpka Hmtfaahfs thfkmt ah paus drhmbk httrhgtfempeur aks bfvkrs fiifdrhmts. Hprs afmsthaahtfem fmftfhak bhms aks aks, aks seurgks


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8?8 .

aft`fquks hurhfkmt skrvf km thmt quk meyhux be sk semt bvkaepps bks rskhuxsegfhux. Gks meyhux hurhfkmt skrvf gfikmtkr aumft rdfemhak kt hurhfkmt ceurmfaks prkifkrs afkux bfmtkrhgtfems peur bks dreupks bk teutks sertks. Ah cusfembks rskhux segfhux bk adk hrg`hquk hvkg gkux bks fiifdrhmts bu gemtfmkmt h

gembuft hu bvkaeppkikmt bum rskhu bg`hmdk, bemt aks sp`rks bfmtkrhgtfems skg`kvhug`kmt. Aks fmbfghtkurs hrg`eaedfquks gemgkrmhmt ah gemgurrkmgk sfiuathmkbks seurgks aft`fquks kt ah ifsk km vhakur bk ihtrfhux bk prkstfdk burhmt aks ctksfmtkrgeiiumhuthfrks, fmbfqukmt ak bout bum pregkssus burhoak biuahtfem qufkst ah ohsk bk akxphmsfem bks rskhux bg`hmdks bks bfccrkmts pkupaks bk adkgrhifquk. Gkah fmbfquk quk aks geiiumhuts bk adk hrg`hquk emt gemtfmu

jeukr um rak ksskmtfka bhms ah cerihtfem bk ah segft prgeaeiofkmmk ghrfokmmk ktmemt phs t g`hssks bk akurs tkrrftefrks hmgkstrhux eu hssfifas phr aks fiifdrhmtsbk adk grhifquk.

Nky werbs\rk-Geaemfha, Ghrfookhm, aft`fgs, Mktwern hmhaysfs

\hahorhs gahvk

\rk-Geaemfha, Ghrfok, aftfges

Iets-gas

\rgeaeiofkm, Ghrhok, tubks aft`fquks, hmhaysks bk rskhux

;.8 Fmtrebugtfem

`k ieumtfmd kvfbkmgk cer Hrg`hfg Hdk prkskmgk fm t`k mert`khstkrm Ghrfookhm(\ukrte _fge hmb t`k mert`krm Aksskr Hmtfaaks) hs wkaa hs t`k ahgn ec gemtkiperhrysftks fm iest ec t`k seut`krm Aksskr Hmtfaaks s`ews t`krk fs h mkkb te rkvfsk trhbftfemhasg`kihs t`ht ypet`ksfzk umf-afmkhr pepuahtfem ievkikmts hmb geaemfzhtfem whvksfmte t`ksk fsahmbs (@ecihm kt ha.?


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8??

;.? Ikt`ebs hmb hpprehg`

Cer t`k purpesk ec t`fs stuby wk `hvk rkhmhayzkb hpprexfihtkay 7


125/367

8?7 .

;.2 \krfeb O (?


126/367

8?2

Fsahmb seurgks whs phrt ec t`fs gygak. we ohsfg rkbugtfem hmb trhmspert skqukmgks`hvk okkm beguikmtkb (@ecihm hmb @eedahmb ?


127/367

8?; .

suddkst t`ht ft whs preohoay hgqufrkb t`reud` bewm-t`k-afmk kxg`hmdk t`reud` t`ksftk ec rhmts vfh @epk Ksthtk em Wt. Ihrtfm te Sfkquks hmb \ukrte _fge (Nmfppkmokrd?


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8?3

hmb quhmtftfks ec ihtkrfha okfmd ievkb t`reud` t`k mktwern. Ft fs metkwert`y t`htHmtfduh, t`k seurgk ec Aemd Fsahmb cafmt hmb ghrmkafhm, fs geipaktkay beifmhtkboy purk Whahbefb sftks, w`fak @ukgefb-Whahbefb ifxkb sftks, sug` hs @epk Ksthtkhmb Ierka hrk fiperthmt hgters fm t`k mktwern hs wkaa. Curt`krierk, t`ksk sftks,

tedkt`kr wft` t`k Whahbefb sftk ec rhmts, skki te ok t`k fmtkrikbfhrfks fm t`kmktwern cer t`k bfstrfoutfem ec aft`fgs oktwkkm t`k mert`krm Aksskr Hmtfaaks hmb\ukrte _fge. `k sftk ec Ierka s`ews t`k iest hoseautk muiokr ec gemmkgtfems.`fs fs okghusk t`k seut`krm phrt ec t`k mktwern drews kxpemkmtfhaay wft` ihmymkw sftks t`ht hrk haa gemmkgtkb te t`k ahrdkr mktwern, kspkgfhaay t`reud` AemdFsahmb cafmt. rhmts, ceaaewkb oy Ah @ukgh, hase `hvk `fd` muiokrs ec gemmkgtfemshs t`ky wkrk hgqufrfmd hmb prebugfmd ahrdk hieumts ec aft`fgs. rhmts `hs t`k okststrhtkdfg aeghtfem fm t`k mktwern okghusk ft fs aeghtkb em iest ec t`k reutks ecfmtkrhgtfem oktwkkm haa t`k et`kr mebks. Ah @ukgh, em t`k et`kr `hmb, `hs ihmyfmgeifmd deebs crei t`k et`kr mebks fm t`k mktwern w`fg` ikhms t`ht ft whs

fiperthmt te fmtkrhgt ht t`ht sftk. Wug` fmtkrhgtfems preohoay teen t`k ceri ec ahrdk,puoafg dht`krfmds, sug` hs gkrkiemfha kxg`hmdks hmb bkpesftfems burfmd ckhsts.

`k iuatfgeaerkb `fd` quhafty Aemd Fsahmb cafmt, kxpkrfkmgks fts wfbkstbfstrfoutfem burfmd t`fs pkrfeb. `k suppay zemk wft`fm w`fg` sftks `hb bfrkgthggkss te t`k Aemd Fsahmb cafmt seurgk strktg`kb crei Duhbkaeupk up te Mkvfs(Nmfppkmokrd ?


129/367

8?4 .

;.4 Wymt`ksfs hmb gemgaubfmd rkihrns

Tft` mkw bhth hvhfahoak, ft fs mew gakhr t`ht t`k mert`khstkrm Ghrfookhm ghm okskkm hs t`k grhbak ec bkvkaepikmt cer Hrg`hfg Hdk hmb suoskqukmtay Khray Gkrhifg

Hdk pkepaks. `k Aemd Fsahmb cafmt seurgks w`fg` wkrk gemtfmueusay kxpaeftkbcrei 2


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8?0

t`k ihfmtkmhmgk ec bfcckrkmt aft`fg tkg`meaedfks. Ihjer skttakikmts hrk ksthoafs`kbmkhr t`ksk seurgks sug` hs rhmts, @epk Ksthtk, Ierka, Ah @ukgh/Werg hmb \umthGhmbkakre hmb skrvkb hs segfha `uos fm t`k mktwern. Ft fs metkwert`y t`ht t`kkikrdkmgk ec aft`fg `uos ceaaews t`k prkbfgtkb kveautfem ec h sghak-crkk mktwern(Ohrhosf ?


131/367

8?6 .

_fghm skrpkmtfmftk> Cfd. ?) t`ht hs t`k mktwern drews wfaa hvk tfks wft` ihmy phrtsec t`k mktwern, okghusk mkw mebks (k.d. mkw skttakrs crei t`k ihfmahmb) hrk ierkafnkay te htthg` t`kiskavks te harkhby `fdày gemmkgtkb mebks.

`ksk ùos weuab `hvk skrvkb te gkikmt rkdfemha umfty hmb fm hbbftfem weuab

`hvk prevfbkb t`k hrkmhs cer dreup fmtkrhgtfems ec vhrfeus serts. `k sfiuathmkeusgeipktftfem evkr aft`fg rkseurgks hmb gestay bfspahys ec aft`fg ihtkrfhas burfmd ahrdkfmtkrgeiiumfty ckhsts fm Khray Gkrhifg Hdk (@ukgefb hmb Whahbefb) skttakikmtssfdmhakb t`k okdfmmfmd ec hm kmburfmd pregkss ec grkhtfvk kiuahtfem t`ht umbkrafkst`k kikrdkmt, s`fctfmd hmb kxphmbfmd mktwerns ec t`k vhrfeus Gkrhifg Hdk pkepaksec t`k fmsuahr Ghrfookhm hmb t`kfr ge-kxfstkmgk fm t`fs hrkh cer skvkrha ùmbrkbs ecykhrs umtfa Kurepkhm gemthgt.

_kckrkmgksOhrhosf, H.

?


132/367

87<

Bhvfs, B.B

860? Hrg`hfg skttakikmt hmb rkseurgk kxpaefthtfem fm t`k Aksskr Hmtfaaks: prkafifmhryfmcerihtfem ec Hmtfduh. Ghrfookhm Jeurmha ec Wgfkmgk84(8-2): 8


133/367

878 .

Nkkdhm, T.C. hmb _. _ebrdukz _hies

?


134/367

87?

_fvkrh-Geaahze, F.

?


135/367

877

G`hpftrk 3

Kmtrk tkrrk kt ikr : Fmcrhstrugturksaftterhaks bhms ak Drhmb Gua-bk-WhgIhrfm bk ah Duhbkaeupk

Jkhm-Wohstfkm Dufokrt kt Crhmgn Ofdet

Jkhm-Wohstfkm Dufokrt, \recksskur b`fstefrk kt bk dedrhp`fk hu aygk bks Breftsbk a@eiik bk \ktft-Oeurd, begtkur km @fstefrk bk a[mfvkrsft bks Hmtfaaks kt bk

ah Duyhmk, ahoerhtefrk HF@\-DKEBK KH 6?6

Crhmgn Ofdet, \recksskur b`fstefrk kt bk dedrhp`fk hu aygk bk Ohfiorfbdk bksHoyiks, tftuahfrk bum BKHItèbks bk a@fstefrk, bk aHrgèaedfk kt bk a@fstefrk

bk aHrt, K.\[email protected], [mfvkrsft \hmtèm-Weroemmk \hrfs F

_sui

Gk prejkt bk prespkgtfem tìhtfquk bk aHssegfhtfem Hrgèaedfk \ktftks Hmtfaaks(HH\H) hvhft peur eojkgtfc bk geiprkmbrk autfafshtfem bu aftterha bu Drhmb Gua-bk-Whg Ihrfm bk ah Duhbkaeupk ah prfebk geaemfhak kt bk ikttrk km vfbkmgkumk typeaedfk bks strugturks aftterhaks mem ifafthfrks. Gkst bhms umk pkrspkgtfvkbhrgèaedfk fsterfquk quk gk prejkt, huterfs phr ak W_H Duhbkaeupk, h t rhafskmtrk egteork ?


136/367

872

Hostrhgt

`fs prespkgtfmd prejkgt ec Hssegfhtfem Hrg`hkeaedy Aksskr Hmtfaaks (HHAH) hfikbte umbkrsthmb t`k usk ec t`k Drhmb Gua-bk-Whg Ihrfm ec Duhbkaeupk burfmd t`kgeaemfha pkrfeb oy cegusfmd em h typeaedy ec mem ifafthry aftterha strugturks. `fs`fsterfgha hrg`hkeaedy prejkgt, huterfskb oy W_H Duhbkaeupk `hs okkm rkhafskbcrei Egteokr ?


137/367

87;

\hahorhs gahvk

Duhbkaeupk, Hrqukeaedfh suohgquhtfgh, kstrugturhs gestkrhs

Iets-gasDuhbkaeupk, Hrg`eaedfk seus-ihrfmk, strugturks gtfrks

\kmbhmt ah prfebk geaemfhak, aks aftterhux bks aks bHirfquk befvkmt trkgemsfbrs geiik bks ksphgks prfierbfhux : prkifkrs ksphgks vgus (Odet 8668)fas semt ah afdmk bhmgrhdk bu systik bckmsfc (Nfsseum 8666 > Sfbha ?


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873

3.8 It`ebeaedfk

Gk prejkt bk prespkgtfem km hrg`eaedfk bks prfebks `fsterfquks skst breua kmbkux p`hsks :

Bks prespkgtfems tkrrkstrks kmtrk egteork ?


139/367

874

\hr hfaakurs, bks rkg`krg`ks gfoaks bhms aks ifmutks methrfhaks emt pkrifs bkgeipatkr aks rkg`krg`ks ofoafedrhp`fquks gemgkrmhmt gkrthfms sftks b`hofthtfem.

Cfdurk 8 Wftks rktkmus (kmteurs km erhmdk) phrtfr bk ah Ghrtk hrg`eaedfquk mhtfemhakHppafghtfem \htrfhrg`k (Kxtrhft), G. Wteuvkmet, Jufm ?


140/367

870

3.8.7 Wur ak tkrrhfm

Aks rkg`krg`ks sur ak tkrrhfm sk semt breuaks kmtrk aks iefs begteork ?


141/367

876

èrs gemtkxtk. Wur pausfkurs sftks geiik \ktft-Ghmha eu Sfkux-Oeurd, fa phrhtvfbkmt quk ah prskmgk bk ieofafkr hrgèaedfquk km surchgk kst ak rsuatht bkgurhdk bks ghmhux hbjhgkmts. Gks pravkikmts pkrikttkmt ihadr teut bk bemmkrumk ceurg`kttk g`remeaedfquk bk ah crqukmthtfem bks sftks shms peuvefr trk bks

ihrqukurs g`remeaedfquks cfhoaks. Bhms gkrthfms ghs ak ghrhgtrk kxgkptfemmka bkakur bgeuvkrtk justfcfk akur pravkikmt.Ak ieofafkr hrgèaedfquk h chft aeojkt bumk tubk gahssfquk. Aks pfgks

erfdfmhaks eu aks ihrqukurs g`remeaedfquks emt t pètedrhp`fs, bkssfms, teutksaks pfgks emt t trhftks bk ihmfrk sthtfstfquk.

Wembhdks tkrrkstrks kt seus-ihrfms

Fas sk semt breuas km trefs thpks hu geurs bu iefs bk jufaakt ?

Bks mktteyhdks bk surchgk bks zemks km vuk bfipahmtkr bks sembhdks >

Bks sembhdks gfoas sur bks strugturks ifsks km vfbkmgk hu geurs bksprespkgtfems tkrrkstrks kt bks sembhdks sur bks strugturks ifsks km vfbkmgk hugeurs bks prespkgtfems seus-ihrfmks vfsukaaks.

Gks sembhdks emt pkrifs bk gemcfrikr ah prskmgk bk strugturks prksskmtfks hugeurs bks prespkgtfems vfsukaaks, bkcckgtukr aks rkakvs prgfs bk gkaaks-gf ihfs hussfbvhaukr ak petkmtfka hrgèaedfquk km ihtfrk bk guaturk ihtrfkaak. Hu geurs bkgks sembhdks, ak ieofafkr hrgèaedfquk h systihtfqukikmt t prakv km vukbk sem tubk kt bk sh bhthtfem. Fa kst quhsf kxgausfvkikmt geipes bk tkssems bk

grhifquk kt bk vkrrk. Hprs mktteyhdk, fa h suof umk prfebk bk bksshakikmt bk trefsiefs bhms bks ohfms bkhu beugk hu ahoerhtefrk bk Ofeaedfk Ihrfmk bk a[mfvkrsftbks Hmtfaaks kt bk ah Duyhmk. Aks eojkts ithaafquks emt t rkmceufs hprs hvefrt pètedrhp`fs.

Aks sembhdks gfoas b8i? emt t rhafss ihmukaakikmt peur aks sembhdkstkrrkstrks, hvkg um hspfrhtkur sbfikmt gahssfquk bk typk `ybrhuafquk peur akssembhdks seus-ihrfms.

Wur ak sftk bk ah Bhrsk bk \ktft-Ghmha 7 sembhdks tkrrkstrks kt ? sembhdks seus-ihrfms emt t rhafss. Wkuas qukaquks pravkikmts bk ieofafkr emt pu trk rhafssbhms aks rkjkts bu gurhdk rhafs pku hprs metrk prskmgk sur ak sftk km vuk bkahimhdkikmt bu cremt bk ikr.

Wur ak sftk bk ah _hik (Whfmtk-_esk) ; sembhdks tkrrkstrks emt t rhafss, 8sembhdk kt ? mktteyhdks bk surchgk emt t kcckgtus km ifafku suohquhtfquk.

metkr quk ak sftk bk Okhutfrhm (\ktft-Ghmha) mh phs chft aeojkt bk prespkgtfemsseus-ihrfmks mf bk sembhdk ghusk bk ah vfsfofaft muaak kt ah prskmgk bum cembbk oeuk bk paus b8, ; i. bphfsskur. \hr gemtrk, afmvkmthfrk bks phvks hccakurhmtah surchgk h t kmvfshd hfmsf quk bks prespkgtfems paus peussks bhms ah zemkbkmtrktfkm bks mhvfrks e um vrfthoak gfiktfrk bk ohtkhux bhthmt bk ah cfm bu

PFPiksfgak kt bu bout bu PPiksfgak h t treuv.


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82<

\emgtukaakikmt bks aikmts bk strugturks km oefs, prfmgfphakikmt bks pfkux,emt chft aeojkt bk pravkikmt hcfm bkm btkrifmkr aksskmgk km vuk bumkvkmtukaak tubk bkmbreg`remeaedfquk. Gkaak-gf mh pu trk kmvfshdk, km kcckt aksg`hmtfaaems hmhayss phr ak GF_HB bk Iemtpkaafkr semt bks ksskmgks aeghaks. [mk

hmhaysk bkmbreg`remeaedfquk mk peuvhmt a`kurk hgtukaak trk pkrtfmkmtk surbks ksskmgks trepfghaks phr bcfmftfem iefms seuifsks hux vhrfhtfems gafihtfqukshmmukaaks. Gks pravkikmts pemgtukas emt t rhafss ah sgfk.

3.? _suathts : kmtrk `fstefrk kt hrgèaedfk

Hu rkdhrb bks itèbks ifsks km uvrk, aks rsuathts befvkmt shpprgfkr km tkrikbhrgèaedfk fsterfquk.

Wur aks ?7 sftks kmvfshds bhms ak ghbrk bk gkttk tubk 8? emt rva bks strugturksrpembhmt hux preoaihtfquks prskmtks gf-bkssus huxqukas fa chut hjeutkr 3 sftks

bemt aks strugturks ikmtfemmks phr aks bfccrkmtks ghrtks hmgfkmmks memt phs trkprks sur ak tkrrhfm (Cfd. ?). Wur aks 8? sftks prskmthmt bks strugturks rpembhmt ah qukstfem bks fmcrhstrugturks aftterhaks 0 bkmtrk kux emt t ifsks km vfbkmgk hugeurs bks rkg`krg`ks beguikmthfrks prhahoaks. Fa shdft prfmgfphakikmt bks ghmhuxbemt afiperthmgk kst metk bs ak PSFFFiksfgak sur aks ghrtks hmgfkmmks.

Fa rsuatk bk aeoskrvhtfem daeohak bks rsuathts umk bfvkrsft bks strugturks,haahmt bk ahppemtkikmt hu quhf, bk ahimhdkikmt bk okrdks bk ghmhux gkauf bkotfikmts bk stegnhdk, iktthmt km vfbkmgk um himhdkikmt hmgfkm kt burhoak.Kaak iemtrk phr hfaakurs phr akur rphrtftfem dedrhp`fquk umk hbhpthtfem ahtepedrhp`fk : aks sftks bk ghmhux prbeifmkmt bhms ak sub-eukst bk ah Drhmbk-

krrk, aks sftks bhppemtkikmt bhms ak merb bk ah Ohssk-krrk (Cfd. ?).Km Drhmbk-krrk afiperthmgk bk ahimhdkikmt bk ghmhux bhms ah phrtfk sub-kst bu Drhmb Gua-bk-Whg kst kmgerk vfsfoak bk mes jeurs iik sf akurs cemgtfems mksemt paus gkaaks quf aks emt vuks mhtrk : brhfmhdk, hg`kifmkikmt bk prebufts, zemkbk trhmsoerbkikmt.

Akur himhdkikmt kt akur utfafshtfem kst aumk bks ghrhgtrfstfquks bk aegguphtfembk aksphgk bk gkttk phrtfk bk ah Duhbkaeupk. Fa chut gkpkmbhmt bfstfmdukr bkuxprfebks prfmgfphaks bk akur himhdkikmt :

Ahimhdkikmt bks prkifkrs ghmhux geiik gkux bk \ktft-Ghmha, bk SfkuxOeurd eu kmgerk geiik ak ghmha Bere quf rkiemtk hu bout bu PSFFF ik

sfgak >

Aks hutrks ghmhux geiik gkauf bk \krrfm eu gkauf Bks _eteurs bhtkmt peurakur phrt bu bout bu PFPiksfgak.

Fa kst fmtrksshmt bk vefr quk qukaquk seft akur prfebk bk gemstrugtfem pufs bkcrqukmthtfem ah pauphrt bkmtrk kux emt cfx bks oeurds sur akurs okrdks. Ak ghmhaBks _eteurs kst fmsphrhoak bu bvkaeppkikmt bu afku-bft Drfppem quf bkvfkmtOerbkhux-Oeurd pufs Iermk--aKhu. Aks rkg`krg`ks ikmks bhms ak ghbrk bk gkprejkt emt pert sur aks oeurds bk \ktft-Ghmha kt bk Sfkux-Oeurd (Sefr fmcrh7/ h/).


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Fa chut metkr ahoskmgk bk sftk bhppemtkikmt bhms ah phrtfk kmvfshdk bk ah

Drhmbk-krrk shuc bhms aks oeurds geiik \ktft-Ghmha kt \ert-Aeufs. Bhms ak merbOhssk-krrk, cergk kst bk gemsthtkr ah prskmgk fiperthmtk bk sftks bhppemtkikmt.Akur prskmgk kst ahrdkikmt ifsk km vfbkmgk bhms aks ohfks bu Ahikmtfm kt bkOhfk-Ih`huat sur aks ghrtks hmgfkmmks. Aks eoskrvhtfems bk tkrrhfm ak gemcfrikmt :ak sftk bk a`hofthtfem ah _hik prskmtk um hppemtkikmt kipfkrr geccrhdk ktgkauf bk a`hofthtfem Meuy, umk pahtk cerik aftterhak kt um hppemtkikmt sur pfaetfsithaafquks. ah bfccrkmgk bks sftks bhppemtkikmt ifs km vfbkmgk bhms aksoeurds km Drhmbk-krrk akur prskmgk kst afk ah prexfift b`hofthtfems aftterhaks.

Aks rfvfrks, methiikmt ah Drhmbk _fvfrk Deyhvk, emt pu skrvfr bk vefkbk pmtrhtfem vkrs afmtrfkur bks tkrrks chfshmt ak pkmbhmt ahimhdkikmt bks

ghmhux bk ah Drhmbk-krrk. Gkt hspkgt mem kmvfshd bhms ak ghbrk bk gk prejkt mhchft aeojkt quk beoskrvhtfems pemgtukaaks.

Ah sftuhtfem aftterhak bk meiorkusks hofthtfems sugrkrfks bemt Bhmfkaak Odet hbrkss umk prkifrk typeaedfk (Odet 8668) eccrkmt bks pessfofafts bk strugturks afkshu g`hrdkikmt kt hu bg`hrdkikmt bk prebufts geaemfhux kt ihrg`hmbfsks bfvkrsks.Ahggs ah ikr eu um ghmha bk mhvfdhtfem kst km kcckt um hteut gemeifquk memmdafdkhoak umk prfebk e ah pauphrt bks ihrg`hmbfsks trhmsftkmt phr ikr.

Wuftk hux rcakxfems ikmks bhms ak ghbrk bk gk prejkt, fa skioak pessfoak bkbrksskr umk typeaedfk bks strugturks aftterhaks afks hu systik b`hofthtfem kt gk bkihmfrk g`remeaedfquk.

Cfdurk ? Ghrtk bk symt`sk bk ah rphrtftfem kt bks typks bfmcrhstrugturks aferhaks mem

ifafthfrks bhms ak Drhmb Gua-bk-Whg Ihrfm bk ah Duhbkaeupk (WFD / Ghrtedrhp`fk : JWDufokrt).


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eut hu aemd bk ah prfebk, aks `hofthtfems aftterhaks bvkaeppkmt km cemgtfembk akur sftuhtfem bks strhtdfks bgeuakikmt bk akur prebugtfem phr ah ikr seft phrautfafshtfem bk quhafts mhutfquks, seft phr um himhdkikmt spgfcfquk (Ah _hik Whfmtk-_esk), seft phr ahggs cauvfha (Dfrhrb, Dhsg`kt, Ierkhu \ktft-Ghmha). Aks

hppemtkikmts prfvs afs hux hofthtfems sk bvkaeppkmt km cemb bk ohfk (Ah _hik Whfmtk-_esk, Ghzkaaks hu Ahikmtfm, Okageurt, Grgkaak, Meuy Ohfk-Ih`huat).Bhms um skgemb tkips, aksseuccakikmt bk agemeifk sugrfrk hu geurs bu PFPik

sfgak, ah ckrikturk bks sugrkrfks kt akur hohmbem prevequkmt umk bfifmutfem euum rkbpaefkikmt bu ghoethdk vkrs aks usfmks gkmtrhaks. A`hofthtfem Meuy prskmtkum ghs fmtkribfhfrk : kaak kst aeuk phrtfr bk 804< ausfmk Bhroeussfkr (\hrfsfs8660) quf km hg`kifmk bserihfs ah prebugtfem. Ah pahtkcerik aftterhak bk gk sftkprskmtk um typk bfmcrhstrugturk hssegfhmt tkrrk pakfm aftterha dhdm sur ah ikr ktum hppemtkikmt sur pfaetfs gemstruft hvkg bks rhfas bhthmt bk ah cfm bk ah prfebkbegguphtfem bu sftk hu PFPiksfgak.

Ah bfifmutfem bks rkahtfems ihrftfiks shggeiphdmk bu bvkaeppkikmt bksieykms bk geiiumfghtfem tkrrkstrk g`kifm bk ckr / pemts (pemts bk Dhsg`kt, bkah drhmbk _fvfrk Deyhvk Wuokrghzkhux, bk ah rhvfmk Apfmk). Aks `hofthtfemssugrkrfks rsfsthmt ah grfsk bk agemeifk sugrfrk hu bout bu PPik geuakmtakur prebugtfem vkrs aks usfmks gkmtrhaks aks paus preg`ks. Gkttk prfebk bk ahcfm bu PFPik bout PPik kst gkaak bk ahpedk bk Okhutfrhm quf precftk bk ahcrqukmthtfem ihrftfik bk \ert-Aeufs ihfs hussf bk ah caettk bk ghoethdk vkrsak gkmtrk gemeifquk bk aak \efmtk--\ftrk. Ah strhtdfk bgeuakikmt bksprebugtfems skcckgtuk bk ihmfrk paus gemgkrtk. Aks rkg`krg`ks bk Jkhm Ohracakur(Ohrcakur ?


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3.7.8 Aftterhux kt oeurd pertuhfrk skgembhfrk : \ktft-Ghmha umkxkipak bk oeurd bk ghmha

Gkst hu bout bu PSFFFiksfgak quk ak meuvkhu quhrtfkr bk \ertahmb veft ak jeurpeur sthoafr bcfmftfvkikmt phrtfr bk ah cfm bks hmmks 847< sur ah chhbk eukstbk ah Drhmbk-krrk kt bkvkmfr ak quhrtfkr bu Ihmgkafmfkr. Ak grkuskikmt bu ghmhabhoerb hppka ghmha Dfrhrb pufs pktft ghmha bemt ak oeurd tfrk kmsuftk sem meiskioak bhtkr bk ah cfm bu prkifkr tfkrs bu PSFFFik sfgak. Gkttk fmcrhstrugturkkmtrk tkrrk kt ikr kst fmbfquk gahfrkikmt phr ak pahm phrgkaahfrk bk ah Duhbkaeupkbk 847? kt ah ghrtk bks Fmdmfkurs bu _ey bk 8430 eccrhmt \ktft-Ghmha umkipahgkikmt ga bhms ak rskhu bk gfrguahtfem vkrs ak merb Drhmbk-krrk. metkrquk skaem gks bkux beguikmts ak oeurd sk bvkaeppk vrfthoakikmt kmtrk gks bkuxbhtks. Ak sftk, km paus bu boeug` ah ikr, eccrk hu PFPikbks hikrs rkprhoaksbk aefm kt bk pessfofafts bhmgrhdk hu ahrdk. Ak trhmsoerbkikmt peuvhmt skcckgtukrphr afmtkribfhfrk bk ghmets. ah cfm bu PSFFFiksfgak \ktft-Ghmha gemgkmtrk umkcaettfaak bk ghoetkurs bemt ahgtfvft rhyemmk bhms ak Merb Drhmbk-krrk chfshmt bkgkauf-gf um pert skgembhfrk.

\ausfkurs strugturks emt t rkprks sur ak aftterha bhms ahafdmkikmt bks Ihrg`ks bks ksgahvks sur ak afku-bft ah Bhrsk. Ak ghmha aemd bhpprexfihtfvkikmt?


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Aks strugturks

Zemk 8 : [mk pahtkcerik bk 20 i sur 7? i kst bafiftk bk ah ihmdrevk phrum iur bk seutmkikmt bhms sh phrtfk eukst.

Zemk ? : Gkttk zemk, ahrdk bk 2 8? i. kt aemduk bk 86< i. kst ah cefsum g`kifm bhggs ah zemk 7 kt ah okrdk sub bu ghmha. Gk g`kifm,kx`huss b8 i. phr rhppert hu mfvkhu bk akhu kst phrski bk thausprevkmhmt bk rkioahfs afs hu gurhdk bu ghmha hbjhgkmt gemtkmhmtbu ieofafkr hrg`eaedfquk bpequk geaemfhak kt bks pfkux km oefs.Bhms ak ghbrk bks prespkgtfems tkrrkstrks hugum vkstfdk bk okrdk mht ifs km vfbkmgk bhms ah zemk ? shuc bhms ah phrtfk ah paus rkguakbu ghmha e bks strugturks ihemmks emt t ifsks km vfbkmgk.Bhms ak ghbrk bks prespkgtfems seus-ihrfmks um himhdkikmt bk okrdk h tifs km vfbkmgk sur umk aemdukur bk 82, 7< i. Fa shdft bum himhdkikmt

bks okrdks km shfaafk. Bhms ak sembhdk rhafs, 8? pfkux km ihmdafkr oahmg(Ahdumguahrfh rhgkiesh) bk bfhitrk vhrf emt t tubfs iemtrhmt umhimhdkikmt hmt`repfquk bks okrdks bu ghmha.

Zemk 7 : [m himhdkikmt bumk kspahmhbk peaydemk bckmsfvk bk ??, ;i sur 88 i. h t rkpr bhms gkttk zemk. [m iurkt aftterha bk sfx hssfsksbk pfkrrk kst gemskrv sur umk `hutkur bk ;< gi peur 3< gi bk ahrdk. Wemphrkikmt kst ceri km epus ghkikmtfgfui. Aks oeutfssks hpphrkfaaks semtbfspesks km qufmgemgk. Aks pfkrrks semt afks hvkg um gfikmt bk oemmkquhaft. [m geup bk shork h t eoskrv bhms ah phrtfk merb bk ah strugturk.Bhutrks iurs semt eoskrvs sur ah pahtkcerik, ihfs pausfkurs kccembrkikmtskipg`kmt akur geipr`kmsfem. H ahrrfrk, um seuohsskikmt rkgtfafdmkbafiftk ah pahtkcerik bk ah ihmdrevk.

Zemk 2 : Gkttk zemk gemgkmtrk aks himhdkikmts gemtkiperhfms bks okrdksbu ghmha. pausfkurs kmbrefts bks dhakts bk akst kt bu ieofafkr hrg`eaedfquksemt eoskrvs. prexfift bk ahppemtkikmt gemtkiperhfm aks ohsks bk gkquf skioak trk ahppemtkikmt bu PFPiksfgak emt t rkprks. Gkauf-gf kstgemstftu bumk ohsk aftterhak, bk pfafkrs km orfquks kt bk 0 pfkux km pefrfkr phys(hokufh hcc. @ktkrep`yaah) eoskrvs sur umk aemdukur bk ?4 i bhms ak ghbrk bksprespkgtfems seus-ihrfmks (Cfd. 2 h).

Fa phrht vfbkmt quk aks fmcrhstrugturks ifsks km vfbkmgk km cremt bk ikr (Zemk7) semt gkaaks bumk gemstrugtfem ifafthfrk kt bk sem g`kifm bhggs (Zemk ?), gkbkrmfkr skrvhmt hussf bk okrdks hu ghmha. Wh sftuhtfem km cremt bk ikr kt sem hggskm cemt um kxkipak umfquk km Duhbkaeupk. Ah ghrtk bk Ghsphrf kt \aefx fmbfquk gkt kmbreft akipahgkikmt bum cert skrvhmt bhikr ah mhvfdhtfem. Gkst km 8430quumk prkifrk ohttkrfk y kst fmsthaak (HMEI G4O7 c7).

Fa skioak hussf vfbkmt quk gkttk zemk hft skrvf bk zemk bk g`hrdkikmt eu bkbg`hrdkikmt bk ihrg`hmbfsks : ah prskmgk bumk pahtkcerik (Zemk 8) bafiftkphr um iur bk seutmkikmt hyhmt pu skrvfr bk zemk bk stegnhdk > ahimhdkikmt

km shfaafk bks okrdks bu ghmha (Zemk ?) hfmsf quk aks vkstfdks bum hppemtkikmt


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sur pfaetfs km oefs (Zemk 2) befvkmt meus fmgftkr gemsfbrkr \ktft-Ghmha geiikum ksphgk bk rkbfstrfoutfem bks èiiks kt bks ihrg`hmbfsks ag`kaak bu DrhmbGua-bk-Whg Ihrfm.

Ah prskmgk bk ieofafkr hrgèaedfquk km drhmbk quhmtft bhms teutk ah zemkfmbfquk umk crqukmthtfem fiperthmtk kt quef qufa km seft umk zemk bfmtkrchgkgemeifquk.

Ak ieofafkr hrgèaedfquk

9789088902918 - berard & losier 2014 (eds) - taboui 2 - archeologie caraibe - ebook

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