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Pertemuan 14Strong Slot-and-Filler Structures

Matakuliah : T0264/Inteligensia Semu

Tahun : Juli 2006

Versi : 2/1

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Learning Outcomes

Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa

akan mampu :

• << TIK-99 >>

• << TIK-99>>

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Outline Materi

• Materi 1

• Materi 2

• Materi 3

• Materi 4

• Materi 5

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10.1 Conceptual Dependency

• Conceptual Dependency is a theory of how to represent the kind of knowledge about events that is usually contained in natural language sentences.

• The goal is to represent the knowledge in way that

- Facilitates drawing inferences from the sentences.

- Is independent of the language in which the sentences were originally stated.

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Conceptual Dependency

A Simple Conceptual Dependency Representation

“I gave the man a book.”

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Conceptual Dependency

Where the symbol have the following meanings :• Arrows indicate direction of dependency.• Double arrow indicates two way link between

actor and action.• p indicates past tense.• ATRANS is one of the primitive acts used by the

theory. It indicates transfer of possession.• o indicates the object case relation.• R indicates the recipient case relation.

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Conceptual Dependency

CD Primitive Actions

ATRANS Transfer of an abstract relationship (e.g., give)

PTRANS Transfer of the physical location of an object (e.g.,go)

PROPEL Application of physical force to an object (e.g.,push)

MOVE Movement of a body part by its owner (e.g.,kick)

GRASP Grasping of an object by an actor (e.g.,clutch)

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Conceptual Dependency

INGEST Ingestion of an object by an animal (e.g.,eat)

EXPEL Explusion of something from the body of an animal (e.g.,cry)

MTRANS Transfer of mental information (e.g.,tell)

MBUILD Building new information out of old (e.g.,decide)

SPEAK Production of sounds (e.g.,say)

ATTEND Focusing of a sense organ toward a stimulus (e.g.,listen)

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Conceptual Dependency

CD Primitive Conceptual Categories

ACTs Actions

PPS Objects (picture producers)

AAs Modifiers of actions (action aiders)

AAsPAs Modifiers of PPs (picture aiders)

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Conceptual Dependency

The Dependencies of CD

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Conceptual Dependency

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Conceptual Dependency

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Conceptual Dependency

CD Conceptual Tensep Pastf Futuret Transitionts Start transition

tf Finished transitionk Continuing? Interrogative/ Negativenil Presentdelta Timelessc Conditional

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Conceptual Dependency

Using Conceptual Tenses

“Since smoking can kill you, I stopped.”

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Conceptual Dependency

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Conceptual Dependency

The CD Representation of a Threat

“Bill threatened John with a broken nose.”

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Conceptual Dependency

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10.2 Scripts

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The Restaurant Script

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The Restaurant Script

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The Restaurant Script

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The Component of a Script

Entry conditions Conditions that must, in general, be satisfied before the events described in the script can occur.

Result Conditions that will, in general, be true after the events described in the script have occurred.

Props Slots representing objects that are involved in the event described in the script.

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The Component of a Script

Roles Slots representing people who are involved in the events described in the script.

Track The specific variation on a more general pattern that is represented by the particular script.

Scenes The actual sequences of events that occur.

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Triggering and Using Scripts

Susan passed her favorite restaurant on her way to the museum. She really enjoyed the new Picasso exhibit.

John went out to a restaurant last night. He ordered steak. When he paid for it, he noticed that he was running out of money. He hurried home since it had started to rain.

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Triggering and Using Scripts

Susan went out to lunch. She sat down at a table and called the waitress. The waitress brought her a menu and she ordered a hamburger.

John went to a restaurant. He was shown to his table. He ordered a large steak. He sat there and waited for a long time. He got mad and left.

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10.3. CYC

• CYC represent a specific theory of how to describe the world, and it can be used for AI tasks such as Natural Language Understanding

• CYC is more comprehensive

• CYC contain representations of event, objects, attitudes, and so forth.

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CYC

MotivationsReason to build large knowledge bases• Brittleness Specialized knowledge based

system are brittle• Form an Content The technical we have seen

so far for representing and using knowledge may or may not be sufficient for the purpose of AI.

• Shared Knowledge Small knowledge based system must make simplifying assumptions about how to represent thing like space, time, motion and structure.

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CYC

• CYCL is CYC for representation language. CYCL is a frame-base system that incorporates most of the techniques described multiple inheritance.

• Control and Meta-Knowledge, where we saw how to take information about control out of a production system interpreter and represent in declaratively using rules.

• Global Ontology, that specifies at a very high level what kind of thing exist and what their general properties are.

• Tools, user’s modifications to the knowledge base are transmitted to a central server, where they are checked and then propagated to other users.

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<< CLOSING>>

End of Pertemuan 14

Good Luck