06 wps welderqual rev1

Kuliah Penyambungan Logam

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc. 1

CODE, STANDARD,CODE, STANDARD,

WELDING PROCEDURE &WELDING PROCEDURE &WELDER QUALIFICATIONWELDER QUALIFICATION

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc.

DEFINISIDEFINISI “Standard” adalah kumpulan dokumen“Standard” adalah kumpulan dokumen--dokumen berisikandokumen berisikan

kode (codes), spesifikasi (specification), Saran aplikasikode (codes), spesifikasi (specification), Saran aplikasi(recommended practice), klasifikasi, dan petunjuk (guide)(recommended practice), klasifikasi, dan petunjuk (guide)yangtelah dipersiapkan oleh suatu institusi organisasi dan diyangtelah dipersiapkan oleh suatu institusi organisasi dan disahkan (approved) sesuai dengan prosedur yang adasahkan (approved) sesuai dengan prosedur yang ada(berlaku).(berlaku).

“Codes” adalah suatu standard yang berisikan kondisi dan“Codes” adalah suatu standard yang berisikan kondisi danpersyaratan yangberhubungan dengan bidang khusus (apersyaratan yangberhubungan dengan bidang khusus (aparticularly subject) dan mengindikasikan bahwa prosedurparticularly subject) dan mengindikasikan bahwa prosedurygdigunakan telah sesuai dengan persyaratannya. Codes iniygdigunakan telah sesuai dengan persyaratannya. Codes iniHARUSdiikuti (mandatory) karena menyangkutHARUSdiikuti (mandatory) karena menyangkutkepentingan umum yang merefer kepada kebijakan otoritaskepentingan umum yang merefer kepada kebijakan otoritaspemerintahan. (pemerintahan. (Codes is a body of laws arrangedCodes is a body of laws arrangedsystimatically for easy reference)systimatically for easy reference)



DEFINISIDEFINISI “Specification” (spesifikasi) adalah suatu“Specification” (spesifikasi) adalah suatu

standard yang berisikan penjelasan yang rincistandard yang berisikan penjelasan yang rincidan akurat tentang persyaratan teknis daridan akurat tentang persyaratan teknis darimaterial, produk, sistim atau jasa.material, produk, sistim atau jasa.

Contoh Kode :Contoh Kode :–– Structural Welding CodeStructural Welding Code--Steel (AWS D1.1)Steel (AWS D1.1)

–– Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (ASME)Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (ASME)

–– Welded Pipeline & Vessel (API)Welded Pipeline & Vessel (API)

Contoh Specification :Contoh Specification :–– Filler Metal Specification (AWS A5.X)Filler Metal Specification (AWS A5.X)

–– Material & Consumable of Welding (ASME sec. IIC)Material & Consumable of Welding (ASME sec. IIC)

ASMEB31.3

ASME Sec VIII

AWS D1.1

CONTOH APLIKASICONTOH APLIKASI



ASME B31.8 Gas

API 1104 Oil

ASME B31.1 Steam (Geotermal)

API 6A Crismas Tree/ Well Head

Pipe line penyalur

Refinery / Kilang/Processing Plant

CONTOH APLIKASICONTOH APLIKASI

AWSAWS –– Structural Welding CodeStructural Welding Code

AWS D l.1, Structural Welding CodeAWS D l.1, Structural Welding Code——SteelSteel

AWS D l.2, Structural Welding CodeAWS D l.2, Structural Welding Code——AluminumAluminum

AWS D l.3, Structural Welding CodeAWS D l.3, Structural Welding Code——Sheet SteelSheet Steel

AWS D l.4, Structural Welding CodeAWS D l.4, Structural Welding Code——Reinforcing SteelReinforcing Steel

AWS D l.5, Bridge Welding CodeAWS D l.5, Bridge Welding Code

AWS D l.6, Structural Welding CodeAWS D l.6, Structural Welding Code——Stainless SteelStainless Steel



Welding Code – Steel (AWS D.1.1)



ASME STANDARD

API - STANDARD

API 1104, Standard for Welding PipelineAPI 1104, Standard for Welding Pipelineand Related Facilitiesand Related Facilities

API 620, Recommended Rules for DesignAPI 620, Recommended Rules for Designand Construction of Large Welded Lowand Construction of Large Welded Low--Pressure Storage TanksPressure Storage Tanks

API 650, Standard for Welded Steel TankAPI 650, Standard for Welded Steel Tankfor Oil Storagefor Oil Storage



Persyaratan Dasar dalam MenentukanPersyaratan Dasar dalam MenentukanKualitas dalam PengelasanKualitas dalam Pengelasan

Standar Eropa dan AmerikaStandar Eropa dan Amerikadalam mendukung Kualitas Lasandalam mendukung Kualitas Lasan

ASME (American Society of MechanicalASME (American Society of MechanicalEngineers)Engineers)

EN (European Norm) / European StandardEN (European Norm) / European Standard

AWS (American Welding Society )AWS (American Welding Society )



ASME Standard untuk WeldingASME Standard untuk Welding

ASME Sec IX (Qualification Standard forASME Sec IX (Qualification Standard forWelding and Brazing Procedure, Welder,Welding and Brazing Procedure, Welder,and Welding & Braze Operator.and Welding & Braze Operator.

ASME Sec II C Standard for Material andASME Sec II C Standard for Material andConsumable of Welding.Consumable of Welding.

STANDARD KUALITAS LAS dari ASMESTANDARD KUALITAS LAS dari ASME

Quality ofWelds

Basic Construction Code / Standard :

•ASME Sec I, ASME B31.1 , ASME B31.3

•ASME Sec VIII Div I & 2

Welding PersonnelAnd Welding

Procedure

• ASME IX

Welding Material

• ASME II C

Examination andTesting

• ASME V



European Standard For WeldingEuropean Standard For Welding

EN 288 (Standard & Qualification WeldingEN 288 (Standard & Qualification WeldingProcedure)Procedure)

EN 287 ( Standard & Qualification ofEN 287 ( Standard & Qualification ofWelder)Welder)

EN 1418 ( Standard & Qualification ofEN 1418 ( Standard & Qualification ofWelding Operator )Welding Operator )

STANDARD KUALITAS LAS dari ENSTANDARD KUALITAS LAS dari EN



PROSEDUR LASPROSEDUR LAS -- EN 288EN 288

EN 288EN 288 -- 1 . General rules fusion welding.1 . General rules fusion welding. EN 288EN 288 -- 2. WPS for Arc Welding2. WPS for Arc Welding EN 288EN 288 -- 3. Welding procedure test for Arc welding of3. Welding procedure test for Arc welding of

steel.steel. EN 288EN 288 -- 4. Welding Procedure Test for Arc welding4. Welding Procedure Test for Arc welding

of Aluminum and It’s alloysof Aluminum and It’s alloys EN 288EN 288 -- 5. Approval by using approved welding5. Approval by using approved welding

consumables for arc weldingconsumables for arc welding EN 288EN 288 -- 6. Approval related to previous experience6. Approval related to previous experience EN 288EN 288 -- 7. Approval by a standard welding procedure7. Approval by a standard welding procedure

for arc weldingfor arc welding EN 288EN 288 -- 8. Approval by a pre8. Approval by a pre--production welding test.production welding test.

KUALIFIKASI WELDERKUALIFIKASI WELDER -- EN 287EN 287

EN 287EN 287 -- 1 . Approval testing of welders1 . Approval testing of welders –– Fusion weldingFusion weldingpart 1 : Steels.part 1 : Steels.

EN 287EN 287 -- 2. Approval testingof welders2. Approval testingof welders –– Fusion weldingFusion weldingpart 2 : Aluminumand aluminumAlloys.part 2 : Aluminumand aluminumAlloys.

EN 287EN 287 -- 3. Approval testingof welders3. Approval testingof welders –– Fusion weldingFusion weldingpart 3 : Copper and Copper Alloys.part 3 : Copper and Copper Alloys.

EN 287EN 287 -- 4. Approval testingof welders4. Approval testingof welders –– Fusion weldingFusion weldingpart 4 : Nickel and Nickels alloyspart 4 : Nickel and Nickels alloys

EN 287EN 287 -- 5. Approval testingof welders5. Approval testingof welders –– Fusion weldingFusion weldingpart 5 : Titaniumand Titanium, Zirconiumand Zirconiumpart 5 : Titaniumand Titanium, Zirconiumand Zirconiumalloysalloys

EN 288EN 288 -- 6. Approval related to previous experience6. Approval related to previous experience EN 288EN 288 -- 7. Approvalby a standard weldingprocedure for arc7. Approvalby a standard weldingprocedure for arc

weldingwelding EN 288EN 288 -- 8. Approvalby a pre8. Approvalby a pre--production welding test.production welding test.



POSISI LASPOSISI LAS -- ASME IXASME IX

POSISI LASPOSISI LAS -- EN 288EN 288



POSISI LASPOSISI LAS -- AWSAWS

Table 1 Examples of application codes and standards and related welding procedure and welder approval standards

ApplicationApplication

code/standard

Welding Standard

Procedureapproval

Welderapproval

PressureVessels

BS 5500ASME VIII

BS EN 288ASME IX

BS EN 287ASME IX

ProcessPipe-work

BS 2633BS 4677

ANSI/ASME B311ANSI/ASME

B31.3BS 2971

BS EN 288 (Part 3)BS EN 288 (Part 4)

ASME IXASME IX

BS EN 288 (Part 3)(if required)


ASME IXASME IX

BS 4872/BS EN 287

StructuralFabrication

AWS D1.1AWS D1.2BS 5135BS 8118

AWS D1.1AWS D1.2


AWS D1.1AWS D1.2BS EN 287BS EN 287

BS 4872

StorageTanks

BS 2654BS 2594

API 620/650

BS EN 288 (Parts 3 & 4)BS EN 288 (Parts 3 & 4)

ASME IX

BS EN 287BS EN 287ASME IX



pWPS

WPAR

WAR

WPS

PRODUCTION

Preliminary

Approval of welding procedure

Welders approval

Welding Procedure Specification


RequiredApprovalsAvailable? Yes

Approved consumables

Ex perience

Standard procedure

Pre-production tests

TestweldingTesting

Repor ting

pWPS

WPAR

WAR

WPS

PRODUCTION

Preliminary

Approval of welding procedure

Welders approval


Welding Procedure Specif ication

RequiredApprovalsAvailable? Yes

Approved consumables

Ex perience

Standard procedure

Pre-production tests

TestweldingTesting

Reporting



A weld cannot be checked to the full extent!

strength, ductility and corrosion resistance canonly be checked by destructive techniques.

properties can only be guaranteed for the

actual product when manufactured to

exactly the same written procedure,

and carefully controlled.

Why a WPSWhy a WPS

Why a WPSWhy a WPS

The main objective of aWPS is to make awelding operation

reproducable



Methods of approvalMethods of approval

welding procedure tests - EN 288 part 3 or 4

approved welding consumables - EN 288 part 5

previous welding experience - EN 288 part 6

standard welding procedure - EN 288 part 7

pre-production welding tests - EN 288 part 8

Acceptance criteriaAcceptance criteria

Strengthaccording to parent metal

Impact requirements(temperature, energy)

according to the design requirements(and application standard)



EN 288EN 288 -- ISO 9956ISO 9956Specification and approval of welding proceduresfor metallic materials

Part 1 General rules for fusion welding

Part 2 Welding procedure specification for arc welding

Part 3 Welding proc. tests for the arc welding of steelsPart 4 Welding proc. tests for the arc welding of

aluminium and its alloysPart 5 Approval by using approved welding consumables

for arc welding

Part 6 Approval related to previous experience

Part 7 Appr. by a stardard welding proc. for arc welding

Part 8 Approval by pre-production welding test

Additional testsAdditional tests

Such tests may include:

longitudinal weld tensile test all weld metal bend test Charpy V-notch impact test yield strength or 0,2 % proof stress elongation chemical analysis micro examination delta ferrite determination

in austenitic stainless steels



Material groupsMaterial groups

The use of particular method of approvalof a WPS is often a mandatory require-ment of an application standard.

In the absence of such a requirement themethod of approval shall be agreed bet-ween the contracting parties at theenquiry or at the order stage.

Approval of WPSApproval of WPS

Preliminary welding procedurespecification

( pWPS )

Approval on the pWPS by a methodacc. to EN 288 part 3/4, 5, 6, 7 or 8

Approved welding procedurespecification

( WPS )



WeldingWelding procedure teststests

Tests shall be carried out in accordance

with this standard unless more severe

tests are specified by the relevant

application standard or contract

when these shall apply.

Welding procedure testsWelding procedure tests

All new

welding procedure approvals

are to be in accordance with this

standard from the date of its issue

(first issue april 1992)



Welders approval

The welder who undertakes the

welding procedure test satisfactory,

is approved for the appropriate

range of approval given in the

relevant part of EN 287

Re - testing

If the test piece fails to comply with any of therequirements for visual examinaton or NDE,one further test piece shall be weldedand subjected to the same examination.

If this additional test piece does not comply withthe relevant requirements, the pWPS shall beregarded as not capable of complying with therequirements of this standard withoutmodification.



Re - testing

If any test specimen fails to comply with therelevant requirements only due to geometricweld imperfections, two further test speci-mens shall be obtained for each one that failed.

These can be taken from the same test pieceif there is sufficient material available or froma news test piece, and shall be subjected to thesame test.

Re - testing

If either of these additional test specimens

does not comply with the relevant require-

ments, the pWPS shall be regarded as

not capable of complying with the require-

ments of this standard without modification.



Range of approval

An approval of a WPS obtained by a

manufacturer is valid for welding in

workshops or sites under the same

technical and quality control of

that manufacturer.

Essential variables

Process: 111; 114; 131; 135; 136; 137; 141

Material: group 1, 9 (EN 288-3)

group 21, 22a, 22b (EN 288-4)

Parent metal thickness: 3 - 40 mm

Size of fillet weld: 3 mm

Pipe diameter: > 25 mm



Approved welding consumables

Some material do not deteriorate significantlyin the heat affected zones, provided heatinputs are kept within specified limits.

For such materials, a pWPS shall be con-sidered approved on the condition that thewelding consumables are approved and thatall essential variables are within the rangefor which the approval is valid

Previous experience

A manufacturer may have a pWPS appro-

ved by referring to previous experience on

condition that he can prove by appropi-

ate documentation of an independant

nature that he has previously satisfactorily

welded the type of joint and materials in

question



Previous experience

Previous experience shall involve:

Satisfactory documentation of tests (e.g. non-destructive, destructive, leak or pressuretests) in all cases.

AND

A summary of welding manufacturing of atleast one year during an appropriate period(5 years)

OR

Suitability of welds in service for an appropri-ate period (5 years)

Standard welding procedure

A standard welding procedure shall beissued as a specification in the format ofa WPS or WPAR based on an approvalto the relevant part of EN 288 for weldingprocedure testing.

Application of a standard welding proce-dure is also subject to be satisfied bythe user.



Essential variables

Process: 111; 114; 131; 135; 136; 137; 141

Material: group 1, 9 (EN 288-3)

group 21, 22a, 22b (EN 288-4)

Parent metal thickness: 3 - 40 mm

Size of fillet weld: 3 mm

Pipe diameter: > 25 mm

Standard welding procedure

The use of a standard weldingprocedure requires welding coordi-nation in accordance with EN 719.

The user has to fullfill quality requi-rements in accordance with the ap-propriate part of EN 729.



Pre - production welding tests

At least the following tests are to beperformed:

a) visual inspection (100 %)

b) surface crack detection

c) hardness tests (for Re 275 N/mm²)

d) macrographic examination

Pre - production welding tests

Pre-production welding test are used where theshape and dimension of standardized test pie-ces do not adequately represent the joint to bewelded.

One or more special test pieces shall be madeto simulate the production joint in all essentialfeatures e.g. dimensions, restraint, heat sinkeffects.



Content of a WPs

preparation of the components to be welded

assembling of components for welding

welding process

post work of the welded connections(e.g.grinding)

heat treatment (during fabrication/finalizing)

Material groups

a procedure test with one steel of a group co-vers the lower alloyed steels of the samegroup or the steels with equal or lower speci-fied yield strength of this groupas long as the welding consumables used forthe test can also be used for the steels of thisgroup

group 2 covers group 1



WPAR

Welding Procedure Approval Record

(WPAR)

The welding procedure approval record WPAR)is a statement of results of assessing each testpiece including re-tests.It shall be signed by the examiner or test body

Pressure vessel

The welding procedure tests for pressure vesselsare detailed in the AD-Merkblatt HP 2/1.

Welding and testing must be witnessed by theauthorised Inspector.

The results of the procedure qualification testingshall be available prior to the production.

The qualification is based on

EN 288-3EN 288-4



Pressure vessel

Additional requirements are given for:

material groups

welding positions

amount of testing

approval requirements for testing

Production testsThe number of the test pieces and the type of de-

structive and non-destructive testing depends on:

type of joint (round seam, long seam)

design stress level of the welded joint(85 %, 100 %)

the base material

number of shell rings

post heat treatment (U, W)

thickness of base material



Summary Which possibilities of approval of welding

procedures are available ?

What are the limits of these possibilities ?

Which important essential variables are

included in the WPS ?

What type of test pieces are standard types

according to EN 288-3 ?

Which tests (non destructive or destructive)

are necessary for EN 288-3 ?

Summary W h at a re th e a cc e pta nc e c riter ia fo r the

w elde d jo in t o f th e p ro du c tio n te s t ?

W h at e a s e g ive s th e g rou p in g sys tem fo rste e l a cco rding to EN 2 8 8-3 ?

W h at a re th e ra n ge s of ap pr ov a l for th ick -ne ss a n d d ia m ete r ?

W hic h ch a n ge s to EN 2 88 -3 are m a d e in th eG er m a n s ta nd ar d s a n d re g ula tio n s ?

W ha t is th e s e ns e of a pr od uc t ion te s t ?



Production tests

The requirements ofproduction tests in the field of

steel structuresare given in guideline

DVS 1702.

For aluminium and aluminiumalloys the DIBt guideline is

applicable

Steel structuresB ased on the req u ir em en ts o f D IN 18 800 T e i l 7 ,w e ld ing p roc edur e tests fo r s tee l st ruc tu r es a rerequ ir ed if :

a ) fully m e c ha nize d p roc e ss e s a re us e d

b) f ine gra in s te e ls w ith a yie ld s tr e ngh t(R e ) > 36 0 N/m m

2ar e u se d

W eld ing and tes ting has to be perfo rm ed under thew itness o f a rep r esen ta t ive o f the ac cred e ted in spe c -t io n au tho ra ty fo r the c om prehen sive fo rm o f v e rific a -t io n .



Steel structures

For the fully mec hanized processes and for

fine grain steels with (Re) > 360 N/mm2 ,the

requirements of E N 288-3 are applicable.

Exceptions:

Fillet w elds are not covered by butt welds.

Welding and testing of fillet welds has to be do-ne in accordance w ith Guideline DV S 1702(cruziform test).

Aluminium structures

Welding procedure tests for aluminiumstructures must be performed in accor-dance with the guideline of the GermanInstitute of Structural Engineering (DIBt)

For butt welds the guideline is based onEN 288-4



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CONTOH TAHAPAN PROSESCONTOH TAHAPAN PROSES

PENGELASAN PIPAPENGELASAN PIPA

..

Welding ApplicationWelding Application

WPSWPS

WPQRWPQR

InspectionInspection

OperationRequiremen

t

OperationRequiremen

t

MaterialSelectionMaterial

Selection

Fabricationof Pipes

Fabricationof Pipes

Science

Standard

Technology

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WELDING PROCEDURESWELDING PROCEDURESWPQR AND WPSWPQR AND WPS

KualifikasiKualifikasi ProsedurProsedur (Procedure(Procedure Qualification)Qualification)

Sebelum mengelas komponen (pipa atau lainnya) umumnya

prosedur pengelasan (welding procedure) harus dibuat dan

dikualifikasi.

DokumentasiDokumentasi (Record)(Record)

Detail mengenai prosedur harus didokumentasi (record) yang berisi

hasil lengkap tentang “procedure qualification test”.

KualifikasiKualifikasi OperatorOperator LasLas (Qualification(Qualification ofof Welders)Welders)

Setiap welde r atau operator las ha rus dikualifikasi menurut

prosedur baku sebelum melakukan pengelasan komponen (pipa

atau lainnya). Tujuannya adalah untuk menentukan kemampuan

operator las (welde r) dalam menghasilkan lasan yang baik tanpa

cacat dengan menggunakan prosedur sebelumnya yang telah lulus

qualifikasi.



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GISI WELDING PROSEDURISI WELDING PROSEDUR

WPQR AND WPSWPQR AND WPS

Process Manual, Semi-orautomatic welding process

Pipe and Fitting Materia l API

5L or ASTM

Diameter and Wall Thickness

Joint Design

Filler Meta l and Number of Bed

The size and classificationnumber of the filler metal and

minimum number and sequenceof bead

Electrical Characte ristics Therange of voltage and amperage

Position Roll or fix

Direction of Welding Uphill or

downhill

Time Between Passes Maxtime between completion of the

root bed and start of the second

and other bed

Type and Remove of Lineup

Clamp

Cleaning and or Grinding

Pre and Post-Heat Treatment Methods, Temp. temp-control

methods

Shielding Gas and Flow Rate

Composition and range of f lowrate

Shielding Flux

Speed of Travel in inch per

minute

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CONTOH PENGELASAN PIPACONTOH PENGELASAN PIPANUMBER OF WELD METAL-LAYER

The number of we ld metal-layer (pass) in we lding of pipe depend onpipe wall thickness. Recommended number of layer as shown below.

5/8 to 7/8 in 3 1

2

3 1 = Root pass2 = Hott pass3 = Cover pass

3/8 to 5/8 in 2 1

2 1 = Rott pass2 = Cover pass

Range of PipeWall Thickness Cross Section of Weld

Number

of LayersRemark

7/8 to 1 1/8in

41

2

3

4 1 = Root pass2 = Hott pass3 = Filler pass

4 = Cover pass



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GPIPE WELDING PROCEDURESPIPE WELDING PROCEDURES

TYPE OF PASS

..

Root/Stringer Bead5/32 Electrode

135 - 175 A DC +

Hot Pass5/32 Electrode

170 - 200 A DC +

Filler Pass3/16 Electrode

180 - 190 A DC +

Cover Pass3/16 Electrode

160 - 190 A DC +

Base Metal

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PIPE WELDING PROCEDURESPIPE WELDING PROCEDURESSPEED OF TRAVEL

.

LayerTrav el Speed,

Cm/Minute

Root Pass

Hot Pass

Filler Pass

Cov er Pass

7.5 - 20

7.5 - 20

12.5 - 25

12.5 - 25



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PIPE WELDING PROCEDURESPIPE WELDING PROCEDURESFILLER METAL

..

Group ElectrodeAWS

Specificatio

n

1

A5.1 E6010, E6011

A5.5 E7010, E7011

2 A5.5 E8010, E8011

3A5.1 or 5.5 E7015, E7016, E7018

A5.5 E8015, E8016, E8018

4

EL8, EL8K, EL12, EM5KA5.17

EM12K, EM13K, EM15K

Electrode

Dia, In

Votage,

Arc Volt

Current

A

40 - 80

75 - 125

110 - 170

140 - 215

170 - 250

210 - 320

275 - 425

3/32

1/8

5/32

3/16

7/32

1/4

5/16

23 - 25

24 -

26

24 - 26

26 - 30

26 - 30

28 - 34

28 - 34

Filler Metal Group AW S E6010 AND E6011

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PIPE WELDING PROCEDURESPIPE WELDING PROCEDURESPRE HEATING AND STRESS RELIEF

Preheating shall be performing when:

Carbon steel having a carbon content in

excess of 0.32 % (ladle analysis) or a

carbon equivalent (C + 1/4 ( Mn + Si ))

in excess of 0.65 % (ladle analysis).

Steel having lower carbon content or CE

when the welding procedure indicates

that chemical composition, ambient/or

metal temperature, material thickness

or weld geometry require such

treatment to produce satisfactory welds

(Source ASME B31.8)

Preheating Method

Furnace Heat Treatment

Induction Heating

Torch Heating

Resistance Heating

Exothermal Heating

..

CE% Preheating Reaquired

Up to 0.45

0.45 to 0.60

Over 0.60

Preheat optional

Preheat to 93 - 205 deg C

Preheat to 205 to 370 deg C

Preheating Requirement Based on CE

C Content, % Preheating Temperatur, oC

Below 0.2

0.20 - 0.30

0.30 - 0.45

0.45 - 0.80

Up to 93

93 - 150

150 - 260

260 - 425

Preheating Requirement Based on C Content



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GPIPE WELDING PROCEDURESPIPE WELDING PROCEDURESPRE HEATING AND STRESS RELIEFING

Stress - Reliefing

To eliminat e or great ly reduce built

up stress caused by welding.

Required when

Following a welding operation on a big

work piece (wall thickness >)

On that is likely to have large built up

stress in it,

Having trouble with work-piece

warping out of shape.

Methods of Stress Relieving

Heat the complete structure as a unit

Heat a complete section containing the

weld to be stress relief

Heat a part of work by slowly heating a

circumferential band containing the

weld at the center.

Branch or other welded attachment

Equipment

Electric induction

Electric resistance

Fuel-fired ring burner

Fuel-fired torch

Temperature Controller

Thermocouple pyrometer

Metal Temp.oC

Time per Inch of SectionThickness, h

593

565

538

510

482

1

2

3

5

10

Stress-Relief Time & Temperature for CarbonSteel

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PIPE WELDING INSPECTIONMETHODS OF INSPECTION

NDT

Visual

Radiographic Testing

Magnetic Particle Testing

Liquid Penetrant Testing

Ultrasonic Testing

The method used shall produce

indications of defects that can be

accurately interpreted and evaluated.

Qualification of Inspection Personnel

Welding inspection personnel shall

be qualified by experience and

training for the specified

inspection task they performed.

Radiographic testing performed at

least by Level I

Only Level II or III personnel shall

interprete test results.

Percentages of each day’s field butt

weld, at randomly by operators

Class 1 location, except offshore,

at least 10 %

Class 2 location, at least 15 %

Class 3, and class 4 location, at

crossing or navigable river,

offshore and rail road or public

highway right of way, including

tunnels, bridges and over head

road crossing, 100 %, unless

impracticable, at least 90 %.

Pipelines tie-in, 100 %



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PIPE WELDING INSPECTION

BASIC CONCEPT

Preparation

eAcceptance

Interpretationand Evaluation

RadiographicTest

Welding is Perfect Repair

Yes No

WE

LD

ING

AN

DJO

ININ

G

Terima Kasih

..

06 wps welderqual rev1

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