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_HIGAI\AU _HIXDM^

\xdm~ai lm ladak ex`x mim dacmu laum phigadakai ~a}a ~heagam mi~|ux`|xu kx~m` lm ^KM$

lmkaia ~a}a ~hdadx khihkxm ehueagam kanak phuka~adacai $ }am|x laum kxuml ~x~ac

khkeana ij| eadj` ~akpam eagamkaia naua khkami`ai emjda)

@heai}a`ai juaig khigaiggap eacwa emjda ~h~xa|x }aig ~aiga| ~x~ac xi|x` lmphdafaum)

 Iakxi$ khdadxm ex`x mim lmcauap`ai aiggapai |hu~hex| a`ai ehu`xuaig ~hnaua ehu|acap

cmigga a`cmui}a ~hkxa juaig $ a`ai khi}mkpxd`ai eacwa ehdafau emjda |hui}a|a kxlac

 eac`ai khi}hiaig`ai)

Ehuaig`a| laum aiggapai lma|a~ lai ima| dxcxu ~a}a xi|x` m`x| khinhula~`ai eaig~a$ ka`a~a}a |xdm~`ai ex`x Rmjdmi bju Ehgmiihu Nda~~ }aig ala lmcalapai aila) Kxig`mi lhigai

alai}a ex`x mim em~a khkeai|x ~m~wa+~m~wa }aig eaux ehdafau kx~m` `cx~x~i}a emjda)

Ex`x mim kxig`mi ex`ai ~xkeaig~mc |hueam` lm lxima ~him kx~m` `cx~x~i}a$ iakxi

~h|mla`i}a em~a khiakeac ~hlm`m| wawa~ai la~au |hi|aig eagamkaia naua ehukami emjda lm

`adaigai phkxda)

^mljaufj$ Fxim 5?15

_xgxc ̂ ai|j~j

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LAB\AU M^M

_HIGAI\AU _HIXDM^

LAB\AU M^M

EAE 1 _HILACXDXAI

1) ^hfauac Emjda

5) Eagmai Emjda

>) Ex~xu Emjda

<) ^hiau Emjda

8) X`xuai Emjda

EAE 5 EHUKAMI EMJDA

1) \aigai @mum

. _j~m~m Faum

. _hkehuchi|mai Gaila

. Gh|auai

. Caukjim` 

5) \aigai @aiai

. _h|m`ai

. \h`im` Ex~xu Damii}a

. _hiadaai #Khi}h|hk- Emjda

>) _huhlak ^xaua

EAE > ADMUAI KX^M@ EMJDA

1) @da~m` 

5) Favv

>) _jp

<) Ua`}a|

EAE < J_HI ^\UMIG^

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1) _ua`|h` Ehumuaka

5)  Iala lai Imdam laum Exi}m lai M~|muaca|

>) Kh|hu ju \mkh ail \mkh ^mgia|xuh

<) A Kafju ^nadh

8) Khdjl} _uan|mnh

2) Lmiakm`a$ lai \hkpj

7) H`~puh~m

EAE 8 DA\MCAI XI\X@ _J^\XU ^HIAU ]AIG \H_A\

1) Khdjlm lai Caukjim

5) Annmlhi|ad * Ad|huanmjih~

>) Nujka|mn ^nadh

<) Hi~akedh

EAE 2 _MVVMNA\J

1) Khdjlm _uan|mnh

5) Khdjlm _da} * \jnau da Khdjlma

EAE 7 DA\MCAI XI\X@ FAUM @H+<

1) \jiadmva|mji

5) L Kafju ^nadh

>) Rauma|mji mi L Kafju 

<) G Kafju ^nadh

8) Khdjlm _uan|mnh

2) H Kmiju ^nadh

7) ^jdj _da} Rmjdmi

EAE 3 \M_^ DA\MCAI EMJDA _HKXDA

+ \chanhu Ij|

HRADXA^M

LAB\AU _X^\A@A

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EAE 1

_HILACXDXAI

Emjda aladac ~hexac ada| kx~m` lawam }aig lmkami`ai lhigai naua lmgh~h`) Emjda khkmdm`m

hkpa| ~hiau #G+L+A+H- }aig lm~h|hd ehuehla ~a|x ~aka dami lhigai mi|hurad ~hkpxuia

`hdmka) Iala }aig padmig uhilac aladac G) Lm ai|aua `hdxauga emjda$ }am|x lhigai

rmjda$ nhddj lai ljxedh ea~~ a|ax `ji|ua ea~~$ emjda khkmdm`m iala }aig |hu|miggm) Ada| kx~m` 

lawam }aig damii}a$ ea~$ ~hnaua |h`im~ ka~x` `h ladak `hdxauga rmjd) @hu|a~ kx~m` xi|x` 

 emjda cakpmu ~hdadx khiggxia`ai a|ax lm|xdm~ pala `xinm G)

Gakeau Emjda

^hexac iaka }aig davmk lmpa`am xi|x` emjda madac  bmlldh$ lai emjda ~humig`adm

lm~hex| bmlldh fm`a lmgxia`ai xi|x` khkami`ai dagx+dagx |ualm~mjiad)

Lm ladak eaca~a Miljih~ma$ juaig }aig khkami`ai emjda lm~hex| phkami emjda #phemjda-$

a|ax rmjdmim~ # eaca~a Miggum~6 Rmjdmim~| + ehla`ai lhigai rmjdm~ a|ax phkami rmjda-) Juaig

}aig khkexa| a|ax khkeh|xd`ai ada| kx~m` ehulawam lm~hex| dx|cmhu )

1) ^hfauac Emjda

Ada| kx~m` lawam }aig kxda+kxda ema~ai}a lmkami`ai lhigai naua lmph|m` #km~adi}a caupa

|aigai ]xiaim-) Ada| kx~m` gh~h` lmphu`mua`ai ehua~ad laum exla}a phixiggaig `xla lm

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`awa~ai A~ma \higac$ nji|jci}a ada| kx~m` eaig~a Kjigjdma) Ada| kx~m` gh~h` ehulawam

lxa eaig~a \xu`m` lai Kjigjdma lawami}a laum ~xuam `xla$ lmkami`ai lhigai ex~xu ~xuam

`xla$ lai khkmdm`m x`muai `hpada `xla lm eagmai `hpadai}a) Emjda$ rmjda$ lai nhddj }aig

 ex~xui}a ka~mc lmexa| laum ~xuam `xla$ aladac phimiggadai eaig~a ijkalhi |hu~hex|)

Lmphuna}am eacwa ada| kx~m` kxda+kxda |hu~hex| lmeawa `h A~ma \mkxu$ Milma$ Emvai|mxk lai

\mkxu \higac$ lm |hkpa|+|hkpa| |hu~hex| khuh`a khi}h~xam`ai lhigai dmig`xigaii}a lai

 ehu`hkeaig khifalm ada| kx~m` hucx$ h~ua$ caupa |aigai Emvai|mxk$ lai uheae) Emjda ladak

 ehi|x` kjlhui ehukxda laum M|adma X|aua pala awad aeal `h+12$ |hux|aka lm `j|a phdaexcai

Rhimnh lai Ghija }aig ehucxexigai dai~xig `h A~ma \higac dhwa| fadxu ~x|hua)

Emjda Hujpa kjlhui lmphigauxcm jdhc ehueagam ada| kx~m`$ |hux|aka laum \mkxu \higac lai

Emvai|mxk) \mga fhim~ ada| kx~m` kxda+kxda }aig ema~ai}a lm~hex| ~heagam nm`ad+ea`ad emjda

aladac uhehn #}aig lm|xuxi`ai laum caupa |aigai Emvai|mxk lai uheae-$ rmhddh #emjda aeal

Uhiam~ai~-$ lai dmua la euannmj #}aig fxga lm|xuxi`ai laum caupa |aigai Emvai|mxk-) ^adac

~a|x lh~`ump~m |huawad |hi|aig emjda$ |huka~x` naua phi}h|hdaii}a$ ala lm ladak Hpm|jkh

kx~mnad `au}a Fakeh lh Bhu$ }aig lm|huem|`ai lm D}ji pala 1882) _hudacai+dacai emjda kxdam

khi}heau `h ~hdxuxc Hujpa)

Emjda |hu|xa }aig phuiac lmna|a| }aig khkmdm`m hkpa| ~hiau ~hphu|m emjda kjlhui lmexa| jdhc

Ailuha Aka|m pala |acxi 1888$ wadaxpxi |acxi |hpa|i}a lm uagx`ai) #Emjda }aig dhemc awad

cai}a khkmdm`m |mga ~hiau$ lm~hex| rmjdh||a-) Emjda ~h`h|m`a khifalm pjpxdau$ eam` lm ai|aua

 paua phkx~m` fadaiai kaxpxi paua eaig~awai$ |huex`|m eacwa uafa _huainm~ Ncaudh~ MS

khi}xuxc Aka|m xi|x` khkexa| 5< emjda xi|x`i}a pala |acxi 182?) Emjda |hu|xa }aig ka~mc

ala ~aa| mim aladac ~adac ~a|x laum `h+5< emjda mim$ lai lmehum iaka –”Ncaudh~ MS””$ lmexa|

Nuhkjia pala |acxi 182?)

5) Eagmai Emjda

Eagmai+eagmai Emjda

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^hexac emjda lmeagm khifalm ehehuapa eagmai 6 ealai emjda$ dhchu emjda$ fhkea|ai emjda$

 papai faum$ ~hiau$ lai ehehuapa kanak phuaig`a| phkeai|x) _huaig`a| phkeai|x |hu~hex|

ai|aua dami pa~a` phi}h|hd xi|x` ~h|map ~hiau$ h`ju emjda xi|x` khiacai ~hiau$ pmi lai |adm

xi|x` khiacai h`ju emjda$ ehehuapa phi}h|hd |akeacai pala h`ju emjda emda lmphudx`ai$ lai

~hexac phi}aigga lagx) #_hi}aigga lagx |hu~hex| lapa| |hugaexig lhigai h`ju emjda

a|axpxi lmpa~aig lm ~hehdac `mumi}a)-

Ealai emjda |hulmum a|a~ lxa papai ~xaua }aig khdhig`xig }aig lm~a|x`ai jdhc `a}x }aiglm~hex| mga emjda }aig lmdhk khiggxia`ai dhk emia|aig$ dhk `xdm| emia|aig$ a|ax uh~mi) Mga

 emjda ema~a |hulmum laum eagmai a|a~$ `hhkpa| ~xlx|$ eagmai eawac$ lai gaum~ |mpm~ }aig lm~hex|

dapm~ai ladak$ }aig khkeai|x khkphu|acai`ai dh`x`ai pala mga emjda$ lai khkphudxa~

 phukx`aai xi|x` phighdhkai) Lmpailaig eam` laum lhpai kaxpxi laum ehda`aig$ ealai

 emjda khi}huxpam ehi|x`  fak pa~mu ) Lxa exac dh`x`ai khi}huxpam cxuxb N pala `hlxa ~m~m

~akpmig emjda khkehum`ai uxaig eagm  ex~xu emjda xi|x` ehughua`)

Xkxki}a phukx`aai a|a~ emjda lmexa| laum `a}x  ~puxnh$ ~hfhim~ `a}x nhkaua$ }aig lmpaca|

~hcmigga khkmdm`m ehi|x` }aig ~mkh|um~ lai lmehum lxa dxeaig ~xaua #a|ax dxeaig+B$ lmehum

iaka lhkm`mai `auhia ehi|x`i}a-) Dxeaig ~xaua |hu~hex| khkhigauxcm `hdhi|xuai ~xaua

 emjda$ lai fxga ~heagam %dxeaig iapa~% emjda pala ~aa| xlaua ehuh~jiai~m lm ladaki}a) _ala

 pmiggmu phukx`aai mim$ lmehi|x` ~xa|x dh`x`ai gaum~ }aig lm~hex| pxubdmig$ |xfxaii}a madac

khigcadaigm uh|a`ai }aig ehua~ad laum pmiggmu) _xubdmig pad~x }aig lmna| pala phukx`aai

 emjda ema~ai}a khiaila`ai `xadm|a~ emjda }aig uhilac) ^hexac eadj` `a}x `hnmd lmpa~aig lm

ladak phukx`aai a|a~ emjda$ ~hfafau lhigai fhkea|ai emjda lm a|a~i}a$ xi|x` khiakeac

ka~~a ~hu|a `h`hua~ai phukx`aai a|a~ emjda)

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\maig phi}aigga lm ladak emjda }aig |hudmca| khdadxm dxeaig B)

Eagmai ehda`aig lai ~akpmig emjda lmexa| laum `a}x kaphd$ ema~a lmpmdmc }aig khkmdm`m adxu 

}aig ~aka) Eagmai ehda`aig emjda xkxki}a lmexa| laum `a}x x|xc }aig lmpaca| ~hnaua

~mkh|um~) Eagmai mim ~humig pxda lmehi|x`  pxubdmig wadaxpxi ladak cad mim |mla` ~hehuapa

 ehuphigauxc |hucalap emjda m|x ~hilmum) Ehehuapa emjda ai|m` lmexexcm |xdm~ai |aigai a|ax

lmehum dapm~ai na| ~heagam gai|m pxubdmig pala eagmai ehda`aig emjda) ^hexac |jifjdai

~h|higac dmig`auai `hnmd }aig |hulapa| pala eagmai }aig lh`a| lhigai dhchu emjda

khkehum`ai phukx`aai |akeacai pala ~aa| phighdhkai) \jifjdai |hu~hex| phi|mig xi|x` 

~akexigai ai|aua dhchu lai ealai emjda$ iakxi pala ~aa| khigx`xu paifaig emjda eagmai mim

|mla` lmcmuax`ai)

Dhchu emjda ema~ai}a |huexa| laum `a}x kaphd }aig ~h|mph lhigai eagmai ehda`aig lai

~akpmig ealai emjda) _ala dhchu emjda |hulapa| papai faum }aig lmexa| laum `a}x hejim a|ax

`a}x dami }aig lmna| cm|ak) @a}x hejim ~humig lmpmdmc jdhc phiguafmi emjda `auhia ~mba|i}a

}aig `hua~$ khiawai$ lai |acai daka) Ehehuapa emjda }aig ~aiga| |xa khiggxia`ai `a}x

kaphd xi|x` papai faumi}a$ lai lmphuim~ lhigai `a}x hejim) _ala xfxig papai faum }aig a|a~

|hulapa| ~hgaum~ `a}x }aig khijifjd$ ema~a `a}x hejim a|ax galmig$ }aig lm~hex| ~alhd a|a~)

\jifjdai mim lmgxia`ai xi|x` khiacai ~hiau$ ~aka ~hphu|m fhkea|ai emjda lmgxia`ai xi|x` 

cad }aig ~aka lm eagmai ealai emjda)

Fhkea|ai  emjda lmpaca| lhigai ca|m+ca|m laum `a}x kaphd lai khkmdm`m ehehuapa `hgxiaai6

dhig`xigai a|a~i}a khiacai ~hiau pala `h|miggmai |hu|hi|x laum papai faum ladak ehi|x` khdhig`xig ~xpa}a lapa| lmgh~h` ~hilmum+~hilmum #a|ax ehu~akaai- lai khigcai|au`ai

gh|auai ~xaua laum ~hiau `h ealai emjda) Fhkea|ai mim ~h|hdac lmpa~aig fxga lapa| lmghua``ai

xi|x` khi}h|hd exi}m emjda)

Fhkea|ai eaux lai fhkea|ai }aig ~xlac falm

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Eagmai H`ju emjda aladac |hkpa| khiakea|`ai xfxig eawac ~hiau }aig lm~hdmp`ai `h ladak

ka~mig+ka~mig laum hkpa| dxeaigi}a) ^humig`adm xi|x` ~hiau H fxga lmehum phi}h|hd

|akeacai xi|x` khkphukxlac phi}h|hdai$ iakxi xi|x` ~hiau+~hiau }aig dami fxga lapa|

lmpa~aigm phi}h|hd |akeacai mim) #Ehehuapa phkami |mla` kax khiakeacm phi}h|hd

|akeacai `auhia lapa| khkphuehua| emjda lai khigxeac `xadm|a~ ~xaua }aig lmca~md`ai)-

Hkpa| exac phi}h|hd |akeacai pala ka~mig+ka~mig ~hiau)

Gakeau h`ju emjda)

>) Ex~xu Emjda

Ex~xu emjda |hulmum laum ~hea|aig `a}x lai ehuchdam+chdam uakex| `xla }aig lmpa~aig laum

~a|x xfxig |jig`a| `h xfxig }aig dami) _ala xfxig eawaci}a |hulapa| ~hkanak ~h`uxp

}aig lmgxia`ai xi|x` khighinaig`ai #~aa| a`ai lmkami`ai- a|ax khighilxu`ai #~aa|a`ai lm~mkpai- uakex| |hu~hex|) Lm lh`a| ~h`uxp |hu~hex| fxga |hulapa| phgaigai fhkpjd

~hu|a faum+faum }aig dami)

Lh|amd ex~xu emjda

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Uakex| }aig lmgxia`ai xi|x` ex~xu emjda mim ema~ai}a lmakemd laum uakex| h`ju `xla px|mc

 fai|ai #uakex|i}a fxga ~hdadx ehwauia px|mc `hhka~ai-$ kh~`mpxi ex~xu+ex~xu }aig dhemc

kxuac khiggxia`ai ~hua| ~mi|h|m~) Fm`a ex~xu emjda uafmi lmgj~j` lhigai gada #Eaca~a

Miggum~6 uj~mi- a`ai khkexa| 'nhig`huakai' ex~xu `h ~hiau khifalm dhemc ~|aemd lai|hu`ji|ujd #|mla` gakpaig dhpa~-$ lai lapa| khkeai|x |h`im` gh|auai) Ea|aig `a}x }aig

lmgxia`ai ema~ai}a lmexa| laum `a}x phuiakexnj xi|x` ca~md }aig |hueam` a|ax laum `a}x

 eua~md }aig dhemc kxuac$ lai ex~xu }aig kxuac ema~ai}a khiggxia`ai ~hua| ghda~) Mijra~m

|hua`cmu |hdac khkxig`mi`ai ~hua| `aueji xi|x` lmgxia`ai ~heagam ka|hum phkexa|ai ea|aig

`a}x ex~xu emjda)

<) ^hiau Emjda

^hiau lmexa| laum x~x~ ljkea$ lmuhi|aig`ai$ lm`humig`ai$ dadx lmphdmi|mu) _ala ~xa|x `h|m`a

lm|hkx`ai eacwa ~hiau x~x~ mim lapa| lm`hkeaig`ai lhigai naua lmnakpxum djgak) Ca~md

}aig lmphujdhc laum puj~h~ mim aladac ~hiau }aig dhemc `xa| lai dhemc ~hmkeaig$ lai `auhia

dhemc pala| lapa| lm~h|hd lhigai |h`aiai }aig dhemc eh~au$ khigca~md`ai rjdxkh }aig dhemc

 eh~au pxda) Lmeailmig lhigai ~hiau ~mi|h|m~ }aig eai}a` lmgxia`ai ~h`auaig$ ~hiau x~x~

khkmdm`m exi}m }aig dhemc caiga|$ ~hphu|m ~xaua i}ai}mai)

Gakeau }aig khkphudmca|`ai fhkea|ai lai ~hiau emjda)

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^hiau kjlhui khiggxia`ai eafa pala|$ eafa xi|migai$ a|ax ehueagam eacai ~mi|h|m~) ^hkxa~hiau xi|migai lai ehehuapa ~hiau pala| lmdapm~m lhigai ehukanak+kanak djgak xi|x` 

khi}h~xam`ai ka~~ai}a$ lmakh|hui}a$ lai `alau amui}a ) ^hiau |hu|miggm H ema~ai}a laum eafa

 pala|$ }aig `alaig lmnakpxu adxkmimxk xi|x` khinhgac %~mxdai%) Dapm~ai hka~ khinhgac

`aua| pala ~hiau lai fxga khigxuaigm %~mxdai%) Eafa |acai `aua| khigca~md`ai ~xaua }aig

~hlm`m| ehuehla) ^hiau ehumi|m ~mi|h|m~ khiggaexig`ai `xadm|a~ }aig lmca~md`ai ~hiau x~x~

lhigai `h|acai+dakaai lai ~|aemdm|a~ phi}h|hdai) ^hiau mim dhemc ~hi~m|mb `hpala phuxeacai

`hdhkeaeai laumpala ~hiau x~x~$ lai |mla` ehgm|x ~hi~m|mb |hucalap phuxeacai |hkphua|xu 

laumpala ~hiau djgak)

8) X`xuai Emjda

Aia`+aia` }aig kxdam ehdafau emjda pala ~aa| ehdxk ehu|xkexc ka`~mkad ema~ai}a

khiggxia`ai emjda }aig ehux`xuai dhemc `hnmd }aig lmkxdam laum }aig |hu`hnmd 1*12$ 1*1?$

1*3$ 1*<$ 5*< #1*5-$ >*<$ lai emjda xi|x` lhwa~a <*<) @alaig `alaig emjda ehux`xuai 1*>5 fxga

lmgxia`ai #x`xuaii}a ~aiga| `hnmd-)

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_aifaig ealai #|mla` |huka~x` dhchu- emjda 'phixc' a|ax x`xuai <*< aladac ~h`m|au >2 nk #a|ax

dhemc `hnmd khixux| ehehuapa kjlhd laum aeal `h+17-) Emjda >*< ~hpaifaig >> nk$ 1*5

~hpaifaig >? nk) ^heagam phueailmigaii}a$ rmjda 'phixc' ehux`xuai ~h`m|au <? nk)

Xi|x` khihi|x`ai x`xuai emjda }aig njnj` lmgxia`ai jdhc ~hjuaig aia`$ ema~ai}a ~aigaia` lm~xuxc khkhgaig ~hexac emjda lai |aigaii}a caux~ ~akpam khifaig`ax cmigga `h

gxdxigai `hpada emjda) Ehehuapa gxux fxga khigaifxu`ai x`xuai }aig dhemc `hnmd ~hka`mi

 eam`)

_hkxda ema~ai}a khiggxia`ai phiaila lm papai faum xi|x` khiailam pj~m~m faum |aigai `mum$

iakxi ehgm|x |huema~a ka`a a`ai lmdhpa~`ai) Naua }aig dami aladac lhigai khkehum ~h|m|m` 

'|mp+hs' px|mc ~heagam phiaila pj~m~m faum }aig daka+daka a`ai cmdaig fm`a |hux~ ehuda|mc)

Emjda ema~ai}a lmgxia`ai lhigai |aigai `aiai khkhgaig ex~xu lai |aigai `mum khih`ai

~hiau$ kh~`mpxi juaig |hu~hex| aladac `mlad$ iakxi ladak ehehuapa `a~x~ `alaig+`alaig

~h~hjuaig fxga lapa| khkami`aii}a ~hnaua `headm`ai)

EAE 5

EHUKAMI EMJDA

Wadaxpxi ala ehehuapa phkami emjda }aig khkami`ai lhigai `mlad$ iakxi ka}jum|a~

 phkami emjda$ `mlad kaxpxi |mla` `mlad$ ehukami lhigai emjda lm |aigai `mum lai ex~xu lm

|aigai `aiai) Naua }aig ehiau xi|x` ehukami emjda aladac lhigai khkhgaig emjda lhigai

|aigai `mum$ lai phi}aigga lagx pala emjda lmapm| lhigai lagx lai  pxila` `mum$ lapa|

lmeai|x lhigai phi}aigga eacx$ iakxi eai}a` phkami }aig khkmdmc |mla` 

khiggxia`aii}a) Ehukami emjda lapa| lmda`x`ai lhigai ehulmum kaxpxi lxlx` lm `xu~m$

~h~xam ~hdhua phkami)

Gakeau _hi}aigga eacx

Wadaxpxi ala ehehuapa phkami emjda }aig khkami`ai lhigai `mlad$ iakxi ka}jum|a~

 phkami emjda$ `mlad kaxpxi |mla` `mlad$ ehukami lhigai emjda lm |aigai `mum lai ex~xu lm

|aigai `aiai) Naua }aig ehiau xi|x` ehukami emjda aladac lhigai khkhgaig emjda lhigai

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|aigai `mum$ lai phi}aigga lagx pala emjda lmapm| lhigai lagx lai  pxila` `mum$ lapa|

lmeai|x lhigai phi}aigga eacx$ iakxi eai}a` phkami }aig khkmdmc |mla` 

khiggxia`aii}a) Ehukami emjda lapa| lmda`x`ai lhigai ehulmum kaxpxi lxlx` lm `xu~m$

~h~xam ~hdhua phkami)

_mvvmna|j

Naua khkexi}m`ai emjda lapa| lhigai lmgh~h` lhigai ex~xu kaxpxi lmph|m` lhigai faum

|aigai `aiai #|h`im` mim lm~hex| lhigai  pmvvmna|j-) Wadaxpxi xi|x` phkami ema~a khkh|m` 

~hiau emjda lhigai |h`im`  pmvvmna|j ~hdadx lmda`x`ai lhigai faum |aigai `aiai$ iakxi ala

 pxda phkami }aig khkh|m` lhigai |aigai m̀um lai dagx+dagx `cx~x~ }aig khkhudx`ai

`hnhpa|ai |miggm ai|aua khiggh~h` lhigai ex~xu lai khkh|m` lhigai faum ~hcmigga faum

|aigai `mum }aig lmgxia`ai)

1) \aigai `mum

@auhia emjda |mla` khkmdm`m buh| ~hphu|m gm|au ~heagam phiaila faum$ ~hjuaig phkami emjda

caux~ ehiau+ehiau |acx lm kaia dh|a` ~xa|x iala lhigai khiggxia`ai phua~aai) Cad mim

cai}a lapa| lmda`x`ai lhigai ehuda|mc |hux~ khihux~ ~hcmigga faum+faum |aigai lapa| ~hnaua

j|jka|m~ khih`ai iala }aig lmmigmi`ai lhigai |hpa| #miga|ai j|j|-) ^hdami khda|mc faum$

 phkami emjda fxga caux~ khda|mc |hdmiga ~hcmigga lapa| khkehla`ai iala+iala ~xkeaig$

wadaxpxi cai}a ~hlm`m| ~afa)

\h`im` }aig lmgxia`ai jdhc paua phkxda xi|x` khiailam dh|a` iala pala emjda ai|aua dami

lhigai ~hdj|mp }aig lm|hkphd`ai pala dhchu emjda$ a|ax lhigai khiggxia`ai \mp S px|mc

xi|x` khiailam pj~m~m faum) ^h|hdac da|mcai lhigai uafmi$ ~hjuaig phkxda lmcauap`ai a`ailapa| khigmiga|+miga| lai khimiggad`ai kh|jlh+kh|jlh lm a|a~ lai khigailad`ai uhbdh`~

~afa)

7/23/2019 Violin for Beginner Class

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Kh|jlh mim lmaiggap `xuaig ehgm|x eam` `auhia khigailad`ai milua phigdmca|ai$ ex`ai

 philhigauai$ ~hlaig`ai ladak ehukami emjda khigh|acxm pj~m~m faum ex`ai khdadxm

 phigdmca|ai$ `auhia phkami fxga caux~ khkeana ij| kx~m`$ khdami`ai caux~ khdadxm

 philhigauai)

Da|mcai philhigauai xi|x` phkxda ~heam`i}a lmda`x`ai ~hfa` lmim agau bjila~mi}a `j`jc)

^adac ~a|x |h`im` }aig ~humig lmgxia`ai aladac lhigai khda|mc exi}m }aig ~aka) @hhkpa|

~hiau emjda khkmdm`m hkpa| 'iala |huex`a' a|ax '~hiau |huex`a'$ }am|x G+L+A+H #lmehum wauia

cm|ak pala gakeau-$ iala }aig ehuexi}m fm`a ~hiau lmgh~h` |aipa lm|h`ai jdhc faum) @hhkpa|

iala |huex`a mim a`ai |xux| ehu~xaua fm`a iala ~huxpa pala ~hiau dami lmexi}m`ai$

7/23/2019 Violin for Beginner Class

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#`auhia phu~akaai buh`xhi~m-$ km~adi}a ~hiau L a`ai ehuexi}m fm`a iala L #`mum eawac pala

gakeau- pala ~hiau G lmexi}m`ai) _ala pj~m~m phu|aka ala ~hkemdai 'iala |hu|x|xp' #a|ax

'~hiau |hu|x|xp'$ }am|x iala }aig ehuexi}m fm`a lm|h`ai jdhc faum- }aig khkmdm`m uh~jiai~m

a`x~|m` lhigai `hhkpa| iala |huex`a lm a|a~)

. _j~m~m faum

Faum |aigai ema~ai}a lmehum ijkju 1 #|hdxifx` - cmigga < #`hdmig`mig-$ lai ij|+ij| kx~m`$

|hux|aka xi|x` paua phkxda$ lmehum phijkjuai lhkm`mai xi|x` khiailam faum kaia }aig

caux~ lmgxia`ai) Ijkju ? ehuau|m iala |huex`a #faum |mla` khih`ai ~hiau-) Eagai lm ~akpmig

khixifx``ai pj~m~m phu|aka pala emjda$ }am|x iala+iala }aig lapa| lm|h`ai jdhc faum |aipa

caux~ khiggh~hu pj~m~m |aigai) ]aig |mla` |hudmca| pala gakeau lm ~akpmig aladac faua` 

ai|aua iala+iala |hu~hex| }aig ~hka`mi |miggm ~hka`mi `hnmd faua`i}a) Gaum~ emux

khiaila`ai pj~m~m ~hdj|mp xi|x` faum 1+5+> }aig ema~a lmgxia`ai jdhc phkxda)

_j~m~m faum$ ~hphu|m }aig |hdac lm~miggxig lm a|a~$ khuxpa`ai m~|mdac xi|x` khiggakeau`ai

dh|a` |aigai uhda|mb |hucalap dhchu emjda) _j~m~m ia|xuad #}am|x pj~m~m la~au- lm~hex| _j~m~m 10

 pala pj~m~m mim |aigai `mum khkhgaig dhchu emjda ~hnaua ia|xuad$ faum+faum |aigai lapa|

lmgxia`ai xi|x` khkami`ai ~hdxuxc |aigga iala G kxdam laum ~hiau G lhigai iala |hu|miggm

iala E pala ~hiau H) _ala emjda kaxpxi ada|+ada| kx~m` gh~h` damii}a pj~m~m mim khuxpa`ai

 pj~m~m }aig padmig ~humig lmgxia`ai)

Lhigai khiggh~hu pj~m~m |aigai `mum |xuxi `h auac ealai emjda ka`a lm`a|a`ai pj~m~mi}a

|hdac ehuxeac) _j~m~m 5 lmnapam lhigai khkpj~m~m`ai faum |hdxifx` #faum 1- pala faum 5 lm pj~m~m

1$ lhigai `a|a dami pj~m~m faumi}a ehugh~hu ~a|x0 _j~m~m 5 khkmdm`m faig`axai kxdam laum iala

7/23/2019 Violin for Beginner Class

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|huhilac E lm G lai iala |hu|miggm N. lm H) _j~m~m `h|mga laum N lm G cmigga L. lai

~h|hux~i}a) ^h|hdac _j~m~m 8 ema~ai}a cai}a phkami }aig kacmu }aig khiggxia`aii}a xi|x` 

lapa| khkami`ai iala+iala |miggm lm ~hiau H$ lai ema~ai}a ~xlac |mla` lmehum iaka dagm

#km~) wadaxpxi ~hnaua |hjum ala _j~m~m 18$ pj~m~m }aig lmaiggap |hu|miggm$ iakxi cad |hu~hex|

|mla` phuiac lmafau`ai ~hnaua dm~ai-) Ea|a~ a|a~ iala emjda |hugai|xig pala |mig`a| `hkacmuai

 phkami ~hjuaig phkami emjda$ }aig lapa| lhigai kxlac ehukami lxa |aigga iala pala ~a|x

~hiau$ a|ax ka`~mkad hkpa| |aigga iala pala `hhkpa| ~hiau) _j~m~m |huhilac ema~ai}a

lm~hex| _j~m~m »$ }am|x lm ai|aua iala |huex`a lai _j~m~m 1$ wadaxpxi pj~m~m mim fauaig

lmgxia`ai)

^hiau }aig lmgxia`ai xi|x` khkami`ai ~xa|x iala ema~ai}a khkhigauxcm `xadm|a~ iala$

a|ax }aig lm~hex| lhigai |mkeuh$ }aig lmca~md`ai) Nji|jci}a$ wadaxpxi iala H uhilac lapa|

lmkami`ai lm ~hiau G #_j~m~m 5 + _j~m~m 8- lai lm ~hiau L #_j~m~m 1-$ iakxi `alaig+`alaig

 phixdm~ kx~m` khigmigmi`ai iala |hu~hex| lmkami`ai lm ~hiau |hu|hi|x$ nji|jci}a lhigai

kau`ac ~xd G }aig ehuau|m 'lmkami`ai lm ~hiau G' lai ~h|hux~i}a) Fm`a |mla` lm~hex|`ai ~hnaua

h`~pdm~m|$ ka`a ~hjuaig phkami lapa| ~hnaua ehea~ khiggxia`ai ~hiau }aig lmpmdmci}a)

. ^hiau |huex`a

Khiggh~h` a|axpxi khkh|m` iala |huex`a #~hiau |huex`a- “ }a`im iala }aig lmexi}m`ai

|aipa khih`ai ~hiau lhigai faum “ khkmdm`m ~xaua }aig `ca~ lai ehuehla lhigai iala }aig~aka }aig lmexi}m`ai ~hnaua |hu|x|xp #lm|h`ai jdhc faum-$ km~adi}a iala |huex`a L #lm ~hiau 

L- lai iala L pala ~hiau G) Cad mim lm`auhia`ai gh|auai ~hiau }aig dhemc dhdxa~a pala ~alhd

a|a~ fm`a |mla` lmcadaigm jdhc faum |aigai) ^hdami laum iala G uhilac$ }aig cai}a khkmdm`m

~a|x naua xi|x` khkami`aii}a$ ema~ai}a phkami kx~m` emjda `da~m`  nhilhuxig khigcmilaum

 exi}m iala |huex`a$ `auhia `xadm|a~ ialai}a }aig dhemc '`a~au' “ |hux|aka iala |huex`a H “ 

lmeailmig iala+iala |hu|x|xp damii}a$ lai phkami |mla` lapa| khiggxia`ai |h`im` gh|auai

#rmeua|j- pala iala |huex`a$ wadaxpxi eagm phkami }aig kacmu cad mim lapa| lma`adm lhigai

naua khda`x`ai |h`im` rmeua|j pala iala }aig ~a|x j`|ab dhemc |miggm laum iala |huex`a

|hu~hex|)

 Iala la~au lawam emjda)

Ehehuapa phixdm~ kx~m` lapa| khkexexc`ai |aila lm kx~m`i}a fm`a ~hexac iala phudx

lmkami`ai lhigai khiggxia`ai ~hiau |huex`a$ ~hphu|m pala `au}a+`au}a awad `jkpjim~

7/23/2019 Violin for Beginner Class

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7/23/2019 Violin for Beginner Class

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/violin-for-beginner-class 17/34

\aigai `aiai ~heagam phkhgaig ex~xu khkmdm`m phuaiai phi|mig ladak khinmp|a`ai ~xaua)

\aigai `aiai ehu|aiggxig fawae ladak cad `xadm|a~ iala$um|kh$ lmiakm` $ au|m`xda~m$

lai |mkeuh) Lhigai khigh|acxm |h`im`+|h`im` khiggh~h` ex~xu }aig eam`$ ka`a ~hjuaig

 phkami lapa| khiga|xu ~xaua }aig lmca~md`ai jdhc emjda)

\h`im` }aig |huphi|mig ladak khiggh~h` emjda aladac naua khkhgaig ex~xu) Ema~ai}a ex~xu 

lmphgaig lhigai fhkpjd }aig lmka~x``ai lm ~hda+~hda xfxig eawac ex~xu) Faum+faum }aig dami

lmdh|a``ai lm ~hehdac a|a~ ex~xu)

^xaua }aig lmca~md`ai a`ai dhemc `hua~ fm`a ex~xu lmgh~h` lhigai `hnhpa|ai |miggm a|axlhigai khkehum |h`aiai pala ~hiau emjda) @xadm|a~ ~xaua }aig lmca~md`ai ehuehla$ fm`a ~hiau 

~hka`mi lm|h`ai jdhc ex~xu$ ka`a ~xaua }aig lmca~md`ai a`ai ~hka`mi `a~au)

_j~m~m ~hiau }aig lmgh~h` fxga khkhigauxcm ~xaua }aig lmca~md`ai) ^hiau }aig lmgh~h` lm

lh`a| fhkea|ai emjda # ~xd pji|mnhddj- a`ai dhemc eh~au ~xauai}a laumpala fm`a lmgh~h` faxc

laum fhkea|ai emjda) Ala eai}a` |h`im` khiggh~h` emjda }aig khkxig`mi`ai ehueagam

kanak phkami xi|x` khigca~md`ai ehueagam kanak ~xaua$ |huka~x` lm ai|auai}a aladac

dhga|j$ njddí$ umnjnch|$ ~ax|mddí$ kau|hdí$ ~pmnna|j$ lai ~|anna|j)

. _h|m`ai

_h|m`ai a|ax pmvvmna|j #lm~mig`a| pmvv)- khiaila`ai |h`im` khkh|m` ~hiau emjda lhigai faum

|aigai `aiai) 

. \h`im` ex~xu damii}a

Njd dhgij

# eaca~a M|adma6 njd dhgij + lhigai `a}x- + khkexi}m`ai ~hiau lhigai eagmai

`a}x  ex~xu $ ex`ai ~xuami}a)

^pmnan|j

khkai|xd+kai|xd`ai ex~xu pala ~hiau lhigai `hnhpa|ai ~hlaig$ ema~ai}a lmda`x`ai

lhigai phukamiai faum }aig nhpa|)

\uhkjdailj

 phigxdaigai }aig ~aiga| nhpa| #ema~ai}a ~a|x iala ~afa$ iakxi `alaig+`alaig dhemc

laum ~a|x- }aig lmda`x`ai lhigai pxina` ex~xu)

. _hiadaai #khi}h|hk- Emjda

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+ Emjda lapa| lm |ada #lm~|hk- lhigai eai|xai `h}ejul p~u 51?? #a|ax |mph damii}a-

+  Iala G #~hiau G- pala emjda exi}mi}a caux~ |hulhigau ~aka lhigai iala G ~hphu|m }aig lm|xifx``ai

 pala `h}ejul) Cad mim ehuda`x `h|mga ~hiau damii}a #L$ A lai H-)

>) _huhlak ~xaua

^hexac phuhlak ~xaua lapa| lmpa~aig`ai pala  fhkea|ai emjda xi|x` khigca~md`ai iala

}aig dhemc phdai) _muai|m mim lapa| ehuxpa fhpm|ai ~hphu|m phifhpm| eafx laum pda~|m` kaxpxi

~hexac phiggaifad laum `auh| a|ax eh~m)

 

_huhlak emjda

^hdami xi|x` da|mcai lm |hkpa| }aig |mla` khkxig`mi`ai xi|x` ehu~xaua `hua~$ ehehuapa

kx~m` fxga ~hnaua `cx~x~ lm|xdm~`ai nji ~julmij #~humig lm~mig`a| nji ~jul $ ~jul $ ~julmij-

}aig ehuau|m %lmak% ladak eaca~a M|adma) _hkami dadx khka~aig`ai phuhlak ~xaua |hu~hex|)Fm`a pala kx~m` |hu|xdm~ ~hiva ~julmij #a|ax ~hiva ~jul - ka`a ada| |hu~hex| lmdhpa~)

Ladak kx~m` eaca~a Miggum~$ m~|mdac }aig lmgxia`ai aladac kx|h lai xikx|h) H`xmradhi~mi}a

ladak eaca~a Fhukai lai _huainm~a ladac km| Lìkpbhu # Lìkpbhu axb -“ jcih

 Lìkpbhu # Lìkpbhu ae*whg - lai ~jxulmih

Fm`a eaca~a khifalm `hilada$ ka`a ~hjuaig phkami emjda lapa| khkexexc`ai |aila

}aig ehuau|m %lmak% lai phuhlak ~xaua lmpa~aig lai }aig ehuau|m phuhlak ~xaua lmdhpa~

 pala `hu|a~ kx~m` khuh`a) Nji|jci}a aladac pala `au}a ~hphu|m ^mkbjim Ij)<

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#Kacdhu- ladak eaca~a Fhukai }aig ehuxdaig+xdaig |hulapa| ph|xifx` xi|x` khka~aig lai

khdhpa~ phuhlak ~xaua)

EAE >

ADMUAI KX^M@ EMJDA

1)@da~m` 

^hfa` vakai Eauj` lai Ujnjnj emjda |hdac khifalm ada| kx~m` }aig rm|ad ladak ~him kx~m` 

Eaua| `auhia ehehuapa ~heae) Iala }aig lmca~md`ai emjda |hulhigau lhigai dhemc fhda~ laum

ada| kx~m` `da~m` }aig dami$ khifalm`aii}a njnj` xi|x` khkami`ai eagmai khdjlm kx~m`)

Fm`a lmkami`ai jdhc juaig }aig acdm$ ka`a emjda khuxpa`ai ada| kx~m` }aig ~aiga| nhpa| lai

lapa| khkami`ai uhi|h|ai iala }aig nhpa| lai ~x`au)

Ladak ju`h~|ua$ emjda khuxpa`ai ~heagmai eh~au laum kx~m` }aig lmkami`ai) _hkami emjda

lmeagm khifalm lxa eagmai$ ema~a lm~hex| lhigai phkami emjda phu|aka lai

`hlxa)@jkpj~hu ema~ai}a khkehum`ai eagmai iala khdjlm `hpala phkami phu|aka$

~hlaig`ai phkami `hlxa khkami`ai iala caukjim a|ax iala khdjlm ~a|x j`|ab lm eawac

 phkami phu|aka) _hkami `hlxa fxga ema~ai}a lxlx` lm eagmai ladak lai ehu|xga~ xi|x` 

khkeadm` `hu|a~ ij| `h|m`a lxlx` ehulakpmigai lm ~akpmig phkami phu|aka }aig lxlx` lm

 eagmai dxau dhemc lh`a| `h paua pmu~awai)

@xau|h| gh~h`   ema~ai}a |hulmum laum lxa phkami emjda + ~a|x phkami phu|aka lai ~a|x phkami

`hlxa +$ ~hjuaig phkami rmjda$ lai ~hjuaig phkami nhddj)

@auhia pj|hi~m emjda fm`a lmkami`ai jdhc kah~|uj emjda lapa| khigca~md`ai dagx }aig ~aiga|

milac$ ka`a emjda }aig ehu`xadm|a~ |miggm lapa| khinapam cauga }aig ~aiga| kacad)

5) Favv

_higgxiaai emjda ladak kx~m`  favv ~xlac |huna|a| ~hfa` awad aeal `h+5?) ^adac ~a|x

 pmjimui}a }aig |hu`hiad aladac Fjh Rhix|m) _hkami emjda favv |huiaka Miljih~ma ai|aua dami

Dxdx` _xuwai|j)

>) _jp

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Ehehuapa nji|jc kx~m` pjp }aig khkalx`ai xi~xu emjda `h ladak kx~m` khuh`a ai|aua

dami6 \ch Njuu~$ }aig khkalx`ai kx~m` ua`}a| Mudailma }aig ~humig khiggxia`ai

 emjda$Lmsmh Ncmn`~ }aig ehughiuh njxi|u}$ lai Hdhn|umn Dmgc| Junch~|ua }aig

 ehuadmuai nala~$ Raih~~a Kah$ Ejil$  Imghd @hiihl}$ ]hddjwnaul$ Larh Ka||chw~ Eail$ lai

dami+dami)

 

Ju`h~ `hujinjig `jkxim|a~ Milmh~ lm Ea|arma

<) Ua`}a|

Ehehuapa nji|jc kx~m` ua`}a| # bjd` - }aig eai}a` khka`am emjda6 kx~m` ua`}a|

Mudailma$  edxhgua~~ #Akhum`a ^hum`a|-$ `hujinjig #_ju|xgad lai Miljih~ma-$ lai

kx~m`  Khda}x)

+ Gakeau lmeawac mim aladac uxa~+uxa~ }aig khkeagm `admka| dagx `hladak x`xuai+

x`xuai }aig ~aka)

EAE <

J_HI ̂ \UMIG^

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1) _ua`|h` Ehumuaka

5) Iaka lai imdam laum exi}m lai m~|muaca|

Ehum`x| `h|huaigai iaka$ |aila m~|muaca| lai imdam laum ka~mig+ka~mig ehi|x` ij| 6

>) Kh|hu ju \mkh ail \mkh ^mgia|xuh

a) Kh|hu ju \mkh 6

Kx~m` lmx`xu jdhc kh|hu * paifaig a|ax wa`|x$ mim khuxpa`ai x`xuai uhgxdau 

}aig lm `jkpj~m~m`ai laum |hgaigai a|ax |h`aiai }aig lm m`x|m jdhc |m|m` 

 phighiljuai a|ax |aipa |h`aiai

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+ \aila lmiakm`a ehum`x| mim khixifx``ai xi|x` khighua~`ai ~xaua lai khdhkex|`ai

~xaua)

+ \aila \hkpj aladac |aila }aig lmgxia`ai xi|x` khixifx``ai nhpa| a|ax dakea|i}a

~hexac dagx }aig caux~ lmi}ai}m`ai)

\aila \hkpj Nhpa| 6

1) Addhguj ; nhpa|

5) Addhguh||j ; aga` nhpa|

>) Addhgum~~mkj ; dhemc nhpa|

<) _uh~|j ; nhpa| ~h`adm

8) _uh~~|m~mkj ; ~hnhpa|+nhpa|i}a

2) Rmra~h ; nhpa| lai umaig

\aila \hkpj ̂ hlaig 6

1) Kjlhua|j ; ~hlaig

5) Addhguj kjlhua|j ; nhpa|i}a ~hlaig

>) Ailai|h ; phudacai+dacai

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5) Annmlhi|ad~ * Ad|huanmjih~

1

1) @uh~ #~caup- 6 Khiam``ai iala lhigai ~h|higac daig`ac)

5) Kjd #bda|- 6 Khixuxi`ai iala lhigai ~h|higac daig`ac)

>) _xgau #ia|xuad- 6 \aila xi|x` khkphupam`m iala pala ̀ xinm a~dmi}a)

>) Nujka|mn ̂ nadh

<) Hi~akedh

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Da`x`ai da|mcai mim lhigai 1 `h|x` * Ejw

8) Khdjlm _uan|mnh

2) H Kmiju ^nadh

7) ^jdj _da} Rmjdmi

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+ \chanchu Ij|

1) Da|mcdac lhigai naua khiggh~h` ~hiau A ~hnaua ehuxdaig+xdaig

5) Da|mcdac ladak lxua~m awad+awad 18 khim| ~h|map caum #Da|mcai mim lapa| lm|akeaclxua~mi}a ~h~xam lhigai `hkakpxai ka~mig+ka~mig pumealm-

>) Da`x`ai da|mcai mim lhigai `h|x`ai 6

O < `h|x`*Ejw

O 5 `h|x`*Ejw

O 1 `h|x`*Ejw

O » `h|x`*Ejw

@h|huaigai 6 phu Ejw ; phu ~a|x gh~h`ai phixc)

<) Da`x`ai da|mcai ~hnaua ehuxdaig+xdaig cmigga ejw bj`x~ khighiam ~hiau A ~afa

8) ^h|hdac ejw cai}a bj`x~ khighiam ~hiau A ~afa$ kxig`mi `akx a`ai fhixc

lhigai da|mcai mim$ `akx lapa| khinjea da|mcai gh~h` mim `h ~hiau L$ G lai H

Emda `akx |hdac khda`x`ai da|mcai mim$ kxig`mi `akx a`ai emigxig$ apa |xfxai laum da|mcai

mim :

\xfxai laum da|mcai khiggh~h` mim aladac ~heagam ehum`x| 6

1) Khda|mc a`xua~m ejw pala ~hiau 

Khigapa pala awad Da|mcai caux~ lm ~hiau A :

_ala awad da|mcai caux~ lm ~hiau A ̀ auhia ~hiau A khuxpa`ai ~hiau }aig pj~m~mi}a

 padmig ehulh`a|ai lhigai ~hiau L lai H)

5) Khiga~ac lai khighiadm `hkakpxai khiggh~h` awad)

_ala awad khiggh~h` emjda pa~|mi}a |mla` a`ai ~hcadx~ paua phkami emjda ~himju) \hi|xi}a

ala puj~h~ phkehdafauai laum caum `h caum) \xfxai mim ehugxia xi|x` khiga~ac `hkakpxai

la~au lai khighiadm gh~h`ai pala awad ehdafau emjda)

_ala awadi}a phughdaigai |aigai `akx ka~mc `a`x ladak ehukami emjda) Xi|x` 

khighbh`|mb`ai phkehdafauai mim ~aiga| lm~auai`ai xi|x` khda|mc `hdhi|xuai phughdaigai

|aigai) mim pa~|m a`ai |hua~a ~aiga| ehugxia ladak puj~h~ phkehdafauai)

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