tugas pengling kompos

8/8/2019 TUGAS PENGLING KOMPOS

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EXPERIMENT

RESULTBY:

YUDIT YULIANINDA (093194005)

LUTHFI FAZA A.R.W. (093194016)


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Chapter I

A. BackgroundCompost is the result of decomposition of partial / incomplete from a mixture of

organic materials that can be artificially accelerated by a variety of microbial populations in

environmental conditions of warm, humid, and aerobic or anaerobic (Modified from JH

Crawford, 2003). While composting is a process in which organic materials decomposition ofbiological experience, particularly by microbes that use organic materials as an energy source.

Making compost is to regulate and control the natural process so that the compost can be

formed more quickly. This process includes making a balanced mix of materials, provision of

adequate water, regulated aeration, composting and the addition of activator. Garbage

consists of two parts, namely organic and inorganic parts. Average percentage of organic

waste materials reach 80%, so that composting is a suitable alternative treatment.

Naturally organic materials decompose in nature will experience with the help of

microbes and other soil biota. But the composting process occurs naturally long and slow. To

speed up the composting process is being developed composting technologies. Both

composting technology with simple, moderate, or high technology. In principle the

development of composting technology is based on the process of decomposition of organic

material that occurs naturally. Decomposition process is optimized so that composting can runmore quickly and efficiently. Composting technology has become very important, especially

to overcome the problems of organic waste, such as to overcome the problem of garbage in

large cities, industrial organic waste and agricultural waste and crops.

Waste composting technology is very diverse, both aerobically and anaerobically,

with or without activator composting. Composting activator that has been circulating among

many others compromise (Promoting Microbes), OrgaDec, SuperDec, ActiComp, Biopos,

EM4, Organic Green Phoskko decomposer and SUPERFARM (Effective Microorganism) or

using worms to get the compost (vermicompost). Each activator has its own advantages.

Aerobic composting is the most widely used, because it is easy and cheap to do, and

do not require control processes that are too difficult. Decomposition by microorganisms in

the material itself with the help of air. While composting is anaerobic microorganisms that donot require use of air in degrading organic material.

The end result of composting is a very necessary ingredient for the benefit of land-

land agriculture in Indonesia, in an effort to improve the properties of chemical, physical and

biological soil, thereby producing more crops to be high. Compost produced from waste

composting can be used to strengthen the structure of critical land, agricultural land back

friable, matter relating to planting back ground, as the garbage in the landfill cover material,

post-mining eklamasi coast, and as a medium of plants, as well as reduce the use of chemical

fertilizers.


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Composting raw materials are all organic material containing carbon and nitrogen,

such as animal feces, garbage, forage, urban waste, industrial waste slurry and agricultural.

B. Problems1. How the process of composting organic waste (from fish bones)?

2. What influences the process of making compost of fish bones?

3. What are the benefits of organic compost of fish bones?

C. Purposes1. To know the process of composting organic waste (from fish bones).

2. To find out what factors affect the composting of fish bones.

3. To know the benefits of making compost with fish bones.


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Chapter II

Supporting Theory

Definition of composts

Compost is the result of decomposition of partial / incomplete from a mixture of organic

materials that can be artificially accelerated by a variety of microbial populations in environmental

conditions of warm, humid, and aerobic or anaerobic (Modified from JH Crawford, 2003).

Composting Process

The composting process lasted immediately after the raw materials are mixed. The

composting process can be simply divided into two stages, namely the active phase and maturation

phase. During the early stages of the process, oxygen and the compounds are easily degraded will

soon be utilized by mesophilic microbes. Compost pile temperature will increase rapidly. Similarly,

will be followed by increasing the pH of compost. Temperatures will rise to above 50o - 70o C.

Temperatures will remain high for a certain time. Microbes active in this condition is a microbial

Hemophilic, namely active microbes at higher temperatures. At the time this happens decomposition /

decomposition of organic materials which are very active. Microbes in the compost with the use of

oxygen will describe the organic matter into CO2, water vapor and heat. After most of the material

has decomposed, the temperature will gradually decrease. At the time this happens compost

maturation advanced, namely the formation of clay humus complex. During the composting process

will happen shrinkage in volume and biomass materials. This reduction could reach 30 - 40% of the

volume / weight of initial material.

The composting process can occur aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen).

Processes described earlier are aerobic processes, which use oxygen in the process of microbial

decomposition of organic material. Decomposition process can also occur without the use of oxygen,

called anaerobic digestion process. However, this process is not desirable, because during the

composting process will produce this smell. Anaerobic processes will produce compounds that smellsunpleasant, such as organic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, acid valerat, puttrecine), ammonia, and

H2S.

The composting process depends on:

1. Characteristics of the composted material

2. Composting activator used

3. Composting methods performed.


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Factors affecting the composting process :

Any organisms that degrade organic matter and environmental conditions require different

materials. If conditions are suitable, then decomposers will work diligently to decompose the organic

solid waste. When conditions are less suitable or unsuitable, then the organism will be dormant,

moved to another place, or even death. Creating optimum conditions for composting process will

determine the success of the composting process itself.

Factors that hamper the process of composting, among others:

Ratio C / N: ratio of C / N for an effective composting process ranged from 30: 1 to 40:1. Microbes

break down the compound C as an energy source and use of N for protein synthesis. At C / N ratio of

30 s / d 40 C for the microbes to get enough energy and N for protein synthesis. If the C / N ratio is

too high, will the lack of N for microbial protein synthesis so that decomposition is slow.

Particle size of microbial activity in between the surface area and air. A larger surface area will

increase the contact between the microbial decomposition of the materials and processes will run

faster. Particle size also determines the amount of space between the material (porosity). To increase

the surface area can be done by minimizing the particle size of the material.

Rapid Composting aeration can occur under conditions sufficient oxygen (aerobic). Aeration will

naturally occur when there increase in temperature causes the warm air out and cooler air into the

compost pile. Aeration determined by posiritas and water content materials (moisture). When aeration

is blocked, then there will be an anaerobic process that will produce this smell. Aeration can be

enhanced by the reversal or the air flow inside the compost pile.

Porosity : Porosity is a space between particles in the compost pile. Porosity is calculated by

measuring the volume of voids divided by total volume. These cavities will be filled by water and air.

Oxygen will air supplied to the composting process. If the cavity dijenuhi by water, the oxygen supply

is reduced and the process of composting will also be disrupted.

Humidity (Moisture content) : Humidity plays a very important role in the process of microbial

metabolism and indirectly affect the supply of oxygen. Mikrooranisme can use organic ingredients

when organic materials are soluble in water. Humidity 40 to 60% is the optimum range for microbial

metabolism. If the humidity below 40%, microbial activity will decrease and will lower again at 15%

humidity. If the humidity is greater than 60%, will be leached of nutrients, air volume is reduced,

resulting in microbial activity will decrease and anaerobic fermentation will occur that cause odor.

Temperature heat generated from microbial activity. There is a direct relationship between oxygen

consumption increased with temperature. The higher the temperature the more oxygen consumption

and the sooner the process of decomposition. Temperature increase can occur rapidly in the compost

pile. Temperatures ranging from 30 - 60oC showed rapid composting activities. Temperature higher

than 60oC will kill most microbes and microbial thermofilik only course that will survive. High

temperatures will also kill the pathogenic microbes of plants and weed seeds.

pH of the composting process can occur in a wide pH range. The optimum pH for composting process

ranged from 6.5 to 7.5. manure pH generally ranges from 6.8 to 7.4. Composting process itself will

lead to changes in organic matter and pH of the material itself. For example, the process of release of

acid, temporarily or locally, will cause a decrease in pH (acidification), whereas the production of


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ammonia from compounds containing nitrogen will increase the pH in the early phases of composting.

The mature compost pH is usually near neutral.

Nutrient Content of P and K are also important in the composting process and usually contained in

compost, compost from the farm. These nutrients will be utilized by microbes during composting

process.

Some hazardous materials content of organic material may contain ingredients that are harmful to

microbial life. Heavy metals such as Mg, Cu, Zn, Nickel, Cr are some of the materials included in this

category. Heavy metals immobilization will experience during the composting process.

composting time depends on the characteristics composed materials, composting method used, and

with or without the addition of compost activator. Naturally composting will take place within a few

weeks to 2 years to really mature cooked.

Compost Benefits

Compost is like a multi-vitamin for agricultural land. Compost will improve soil fertility and

stimulates healthy root compost improve soil structure by increasing soil organic matter content and

will enhance the ability of soil to maintain soil water content. Soil microbial activity are beneficial for

the plant will increase with the addition of compost. Microbial activity helps the plants to absorb

nutrients from the soil and produce compounds that can stimulate plant growth. Soil microbial activity

are also known to help plants deal with disease. Plants are fertilized with compost also tend to be

better quality than plants fertilized with chemical fertilizers, eg more resistant crops stored, heavier,

fresher, and better.

Compost has many benefits that are reviewed from several aspects:

Economic aspects:

1. Save costs for transportation and disposal of waste.2. Reduce the volume / size of waste.3. Has a higher sale value than the original material.Environmental Aspects:

1. Reducing air pollution due to burning of waste.2. Reduce the need for land for landfill.Aspects of soil / plant:

1. Improving soil fertility.2. Improving soil structure and characteristics.3. Increasing soil water sorption capacity.4. Enhance soil microbial activity.5. Improving the quality of the crop (taste, nutritional value, and number of harvests).


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6. Provide hormones and vitamins for plants.7. Suppress the growth / plant disease.8. Enhance retention / availability of nutrients in the soil.

.


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CHAPTER III

a. Toolsand Materials1. Carton2. Plastic3. Wasteoffish bone 2kilograms4. Glove5. Measuringtools (pHmeter,thermometer, balance,humidity)6. Compost 2kilograms7. Scissor

b. Procedures1. Cutthe plasticsothatthe widened.2. Putthe plasticiscutoffasalayerofcardboard.3. Incorporatecompostintoready-made plastic-coveredcardboard.4. Cutat 5cmtrashfish.5. Consideringtheamountof2 pounds.6. Incorporate wastethathas beencutintothecardboard.7. Stiruntil blended withcompost.8. Thenthe boxisclosed.


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CHAPTER IV

A. DATANO DATE TEMPERATURE pH HUMIDITY TEXTURE COLOR ODOR

1. 19-03-

2010

36C 7.2 75% o Thereisfungiintheboneonsurface

Grey

rather

dark

brown

Rotten

2. 22-03-

2010

32.5C 7.05 60% o Thereisfungiintheboneonsurface

o The bonestill wholeGrey

rather

dark

brown

Rotten,

but

decreas

ed

3. 24-03-

2010

30C 7 32.5% o Thereisfew fungionsurface

o Therubbishmixedwithsoil

Brown

rather

black

Not

Rotten

4. 26-03-

2010

26.4C 7.14 48% o Thereisnofungionsurface


o Thesoilis wet

Black Not

rotten

5. 29-03-

2010

28.8C 7.2 64% o Thereisnofungionsurface


o Thesoilis wet

Black Rotten

6. 31-03-

2010

27C 7.14 71% o Thesoilis weto Thesoilismixed with

rubbish

Black Rotten

7. 05-04-

2010

30C 7 33% o Thesoilis wet Black Notrotten

8. 07-04-

2010

27C 7.2 58% o Thesoilis weto Therearelittle

animals

Black

rather

brown

Rotten

9. 09-04-

2010

29C 7.2 62% o Thesoilis weto Therearelittle

animals

Black Rotten

10. 12-04-

2010

30C 7 60% o Thesoilis weto Therubbishmixed

withsoil

Black Rotten

11. 14-04-2010

31C 7 70%o

Thesoilis weto Therubbishmixed

withsoil

Black Rotten

12. 16-04-

2010

29C 7.2 71% o Thesoilis weto Therubbishmixed

withsoil

o Thereisafew water

Black Rotten


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B. ANALYSISGarbageconsistsoforganic wasteandinorganic waste. Organic wastesuchas waste,from

leaves, fruits, kitchen garbage, trash fish bones, garbage and other vegetables. While inorganic

wasteconsistingofplastic,glass,metalsandothers.Currentlyour group did theexperiment turn

organic waste (fish waste) intocompost.In thisexperiment weget thedataas listed in the table

above.Average temperatureof29,725 C, theaverage pH of7.1, theaveragehumidity is 58.7%.

compostthat wemakeleadtostrongsmelling, butdiminishedovertime,thereisasmallanimal.The

soilisverymoist,that becomes wet.Cow boneisdifficultto break downintotheground becauseit

wastoohard.

C. DISCUSSIONIn this experiment, we obtained data with the average temperature is 29.725 C, the

average pH is 7.1, theaveragehumidity is 58.7% ofourcompostderived from the remaining fish

bones. Ourresults,onthecompostsmellthere,foundalotofsmallanimals,cattle bonesthathave

notdecomposed,ormixed withcompost,andcompostarealsoverydamp conditions.So wedidnot

getagoodcompostandcorrect.Thisiscausedduetorain whichcausedthetemperature,humidity,acidity become permanentandthusaffectsthe processofcomposting.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

1. Wastefromtheremainingfish bonescan beutilizedasacompost withasimple wayasintheexperiments we'vedone.

2.

Many factors that affect the manufacturing process waste, as follows;-ParticleSizemicrobialactivityin betweenthesurfaceareaandair.Alargersurfacearea will

increasethecontact betweenthemicrobialdecompositionofthematerialsand processes

willrunfaster.

- Humidity (Moisture content) Humidity plays a very important role in the process of

microbial metabolism and indirectly affect the supply of oxygen. Microorganism can use

organicingredients whenorganicmaterialsaresolublein water. Humidity 40to 60% isthe

optimumrangeformicrobialmetabolism.

- Temperature / temperature heat generated frommicrobial activity. There is a direct

relationship between oxygen consumption increased with temperature. The higher the

temperaturethemoreoxygenconsumptionandthesoonerthe processofdecomposition.

Temperatureincreasecanoccurrapidlyinthecompost pile.

- PH of the composting process can occur in a wide pH range. The optimum pH for

composting process ranged from 6.5 to 7.5.manure pH generally ranges from 6.8 to 7.4.

Composting processitselfwillleadtochangesinorganicmatterand pH ofthematerialitself.

3. BenefitsoforganiccompostEconomicaspects:

1. Savecostsfortransportationanddisposalofwaste.2. Reducethevolume / sizeofwaste.3. Hasahighersalevaluethantheoriginalmaterial.EnvironmentalAspects:

1. Reducingair pollutiondueto burningofwaste.2. ReducetheneedforlandforlandfillAspectsofsoil / plant:

1. Improvingsoilfertility.2. Improvingsoilstructureandcharacteristics.3. Increasingsoil watersorptioncapacity.4. Enhancesoilmicrobialactivity.5. Improvingthe qualityofthecrop (taste,nutritionalvalue,andnumberofharvests).6. Providehormonesandvitaminsfor plants.7. Suppressthegrowth / plantdisease.8. Enhanceretention / availabilityofnutrientsinthesoil


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REFERENCES

Isroi. 2008.KOMPOS. Makalah. BalaiPenelitian BioteknologiPerkebunanIndonesia, Bogor.

www.wikipedia.com

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