tugas akhir fisika teknik

7/26/2019 Tugas Akhir Fisika Teknik

1/19

CARA KERJA DAN EFISIENSI

REFRIGERATOR, PENGONDISIAN UDARA, DAN

REFRIGERATOR CARNOT

TUGAS KULIAH

MATA KULIAH FISIKA TEKNIK

Oleh:

Nama : Amri Siddiq Pa!e"#$

NIM :%&'()*+%'TK'*(&+

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASIFAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

YOGYAKARTA

2016

I- Pedah$l$a

A- PENGERTIAN TERMODINAMIKA

Termodinamika berasal ar! ba"asa Y#$a$! !%a$a Thermos&a$' ar(!$&a )a$as a$

Dynamic &a$' ar(!$&a )er#ba"a$* Ter%+!$a%!,a %er#)a,a$ !l%# &a$'

%e$''a%bar,a$ #sa"a #$(#, %e$'#ba" ,al+r -)er)!$a"a$ e$er'! &a$' !sebab,a$

)erbeaa$ s#"#. %e$/a! e$er'! ser(a s!a(s!a( )e$#,#$'$&a* Ter%+!$a%!,a


2/19

ber"#b#$'a$ era( e$'a$ !s!,a e$er'! )a$as ,er/a e$(r+)! a$ ,es)+$(a$a$ )r+ses*

Ter%+!$a%!,a /#'a ber"#b#$'a$ e$'a$ %e,a$!,a s(a(!,* 3aba$' !l%# !s!,a !$!

%e%)ela/ar! )er(#,ara$ e$er'! ala% be$(#, ,al+r a$ ,er/a s!s(e% )e%ba(as a$

l!$',#$'a$* A)l!,as! a$ )e$era)a$ (er%+!$a%!,a a)a( (er/a! )aa (#b#" %a$#s!a

)er!s(!4a %e$!#) ,+)! )a$as )er,a,as ele,(r+$!, Rer!'era(+r %+b!l )e%ba$',!(

l!s(r!, a$ !$#s(r!*

.- PRINSIP TERMODINAMIKA

Pr!$s!) (er%+!$a%!,a sebe$ar$&a aala" "al ala%! &a$' (er/a! ala% ,e"!#)a$

se"ar!"ar!* De$'a$ ber,e%ba$'$&a !l%# )e$'e(a"#a$ a$ (e,$+l+'! (er%+!$a%!,a

!re,a&asa see%!,!a$ r#)a se"!$''a %e$/a! be$(#, %e,a$!s%e &a$' a)a( %e%ba$(#

%a$#s!a ala% ,e'!a(a$$&a* A)l!,as! (er%+!$a%!,a &a$' be'!(# l#as !%#$',!$,a$

,are$a )er,e%ba$'a$ !l%# (er%+!$a%!,a se/a, aba 15* Pe$'e%ba$'a$ !l%#(er%+!$a%!,a !%#la! e$'a$ )e$e,a(a$ %a,r+s,+)!, &a!(# )er!la,# #%#% )ar(!,el

a( &a$' %e$/a! %e!a )e%ba4a e$er'!*

C- HUKUM HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA

Ter%+!$a%!,a %e%!l!,! "#,#%"#,#% )e$#,#$'$&a* H#,#%"#,#% !$!

%e$/elas,a$ ba'a!%a$a a$ a)a sa/a ,+$se) &a$' "ar#s !)er"a(!,a$* Se)er(! )er!s(!4a

)er)!$a"a$ )a$as a$ ,er/a )aa )r+ses (er%+!$a%!,a* Se/a, )er#%#sa$$&a "#,#%

"#,#% !$! (ela" %e$/a! "#,#% )e$(!$' ala% #$!a !s!,a &a$' ber"#b#$'a$ e$'a$

(er%+!$a%!,a* Pe$era)a$ "#,#%"#,#% !$! /#'a !)erl#,a$ ala% berba'a! b!a$'

se)er(! b!a$' !l%# l!$',#$'a$ +(+%+(! !l%# )a$'a$ !l%# ,!%a!a a$ la!$la!$*

7er!,#( "#,#%"#,#% (er%+!$a%!,a 8

Hukum I termodinamika (Kekekalan Energi dalam Sistem)

E$er'! (!a, a)a( !9!)(a,a$ %a#)#$ !%#s$a",a$* Ma$#s!a "a$&a a)a( %e$'#ba"

be$(#, e$er'! ar! be$(#, e$er'! sa(# ,e e$er'! la!$$&a* Dala% (er%+!$a%!,a a)ab!la

ses#a(# !ber!,a$ ,al+r %a,a ,al+r (erseb#( a,a$ ber'#$a #$(#,#sa"a l#ar a$

%e$'#ba" e$er'! ala%*

7#$&! H#,#% I Ter%+!$a%!,a untuk setiap proses apabila kalor Q diberikan

kepada sistem dan sistem melakukan usaha W, maka akan terjadi perubahan

energi dalam U = Q W!

D!%a$a U %e$#$/#,,a$ s!a( ar! seb#a" s!s(e% sea$',a$ : a$ ; (!a,* : a$ ;

b#,a$ #$'s! Var!abel ,eaaa$ (e(a)! (er%as#, ala% )r+ses (er%+!$a%!,a &a$' a)a(

%er#ba" ,eaaa$* U %er#)a,a$ #$'s!


3/19

HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA 1

; ber(a$a )+s!(! /!,a s!s(e% %e$er!%a ,al+r ar! l!$',#$'a$ a$ $e'a(! /!,a %ele)as

,al+r )aa l!$',#$'a$*

Per#ba"a$ e$er'! ar! seb#a" s!s(e% "a$&a (er'a$(#$' )aa (ra$ser )a$as ,e ala%

s!s(e% a$ ,er/a &a$' !la,#,a$ +le" s!s(e% a$ (!a, ber'a$(#$' )aa )r+ses &a$'

(er/a!* Paa "#,#% !$! (!a, aa )e(#$/#, aa$&a ara" )er#ba"a$ a$ ba(asa$ba(asa$

la!$*

Hukum II termodinamika (Arah reaksi sistem dan batasan)

H#,#% ,e#a !$! %e%ba(as! )er#ba"a$ e$er'! %a$a &a$' a)a( (er/a! a$ &a$' (!a,*Pe%ba(asa$ !$! !$&a(a,a$ e$'a$ berba'! 9ara &a!(# 8

H#,#% II (er%+!$a%!,a ala% %e$&a(a,a$ al!ra$ ,al+r"alor mengalir secara

spontan dari benda bersuhu tinggi ke benda bersuhu rendah dan tidak mengalir

secara spontan dalam arah kebalikannya!

H#,#% II (er%+!$a%!,a ala% )er$&a(aa$ (e$(a$' %es!$ ,al+r

Tidak mungkin membuat suatu mesin kalor yang bekerja dalam suatu siklus yang

semata#mata menyerap kalor dari sebuah reser$oir dan mengubah seluruhnya menjadi

usaha luar!


4/19

H#,#% II (er%+!$a%!,a ala% )er$&a(aa$ e$(r+)! -besara$ (er%+!$a%!,a &a$'

%e$&er(a! )er#b"a$ se(!a) ,eaaa$ ar! a4al sa%)a! a,"!r s!s(e% a$ %e$&a(a,a$

,e(!a,(era(#ra$ s#a(# s!s(e%.

Total entropi semesta tidak berubah ketika proses re$ersibel terjadi dan bertambah

ketia proses irre$ersible terjadi!

Hukum III termodinamika

H#,#% ,e(!'a (er%+!$a%!,a (er,a!( e$'a$ (e%)era(#r $+l abs+l#(* H#,#% !$!

%e$&a(a,a$ ba"4a )aa saa( s#a(# s!s(e% %e$9a)a! (e%)era(#r $+l abs+l#( -(e%)era(#r

Kel

ala% real!sas!real!sas! (er%+!$a%!,a*

Te(a)! ala% ,eaaa$ $&a(a ,ese(!%ba$'a$ (er%+!$a%!,a aala" "al &a$' %#s(a"!l

(er/a!* Hal !$! !,are$a,a$ seb#a" be$a (!a, a,a$ le)as ar! !$(era,s!$&a e$'a$

l!$',#$'a$ &a$' %e%)e$'ar#"! ,eaaa$ be$a se"!$''a )er#ba"a$ a)a( (er/a! be'!(#

9e)a(* Pe$'e9#al!a$ /!,a ,+$!s! be$a %e$e,a(! ,ese(!%ba$'a$ (er%+!$a%!,a

real!sas! (er%+!$a%!,a a)a( !(rera),a$* Seba'a! 9+$(+" "#,#% ra!as! be$a "!(a%

a)a( !(era),a$ )aa %a(a"ar! a$ b!$(a$' 4ala# (!a, be$arbe$ar ala% ,eaaa$

se(!%ba$'* Se"!$''a a$al!sa s)e,(r#% 'el+%ba$' a)a( !la,#,a$*

%- Ke"e#im/a!a Termal

Pe$9a)a!a$ ,ese(!%ba$'a$ (er%al (er/a! a)ab!la ala% ,+$!s! aa$&a ,e%#$',!$a$!$(era,s! a$(ara )ar(!,el ,e#a s!s(e% (!a, aa (+(al )er)!$a"a$ e$er'! )a$as a$(ara

,e#a$&a -(!a, aa la'!)er#ba"a$ %a,r+.* Relas! ,ese(!%ba$'a$ (er%al aala" s#a(#

relas!e,#!


5/19

:ala#)#$ seb#a" be$a (!a, se9ara ,esel#r#"a$ beraa ala% ,ese(!%ba$'a$ (er%al

ba'!a$ba'!a$ ar! be$a (erseb#( %#$',!$ beraa ala% ,eaaa$ ,ese(!%ba$'a$ (er%al

l+,al*

0- Ke"e#im/a!a Me1ai1

J!,a !ala% seb#a" s!s(e% (era)a( ,ese(!%ba$'a$ see%!,!a$ se"!$''a (!a, (er/a!

)er#ba"a$ -%a,r+.


6/19

II- ISI

a- Cara Ker2a

i- Re3ri!era#4r

Dala% %e$/ala$! (#/#a$ "!#)$&a #$(#, %e$!$'!$,a$ bara$'bara$'

&a$' beraa ! ala% !r!$&a ,#l,as %e%!l!,! 2 )r!$s!) -s!s(e%. ,er/a

&a$' #(a%a &a!(#8

1* Ker/a %e$!$'!$,a$ -cooling.*

2* Ker/a %e$9a!r,a$ es ! e. %a,a !a


7/19

%e%erl#,a$ ,al+r la(e$ &a$' besar )#la a$ ,al+r -)a$as. !$! !a%b!l$&a

ar! se,el!l!$' e$aporato r&a!(# !s! ,#l,as* Ker/a !$! !)er,#a( +le" aa$&a

a&a "!sa) ,+%)res+r &a$' %e$&ebab,a$ %+le,#l%+le,#l 'as rer!'era$

%e$a)a( )er9e)a(a$ se"!$''a ber'era, %elesa( ! se)a$/a$' l+r+$'

)a$/a$' e


8/19

Ke(!,a s(e,er ,#l,as !9+l+, )aa s(+) ,+$(a, s#%ber l!s(r!, -(e'a$'a$

PLN. %a,a ar#s l!s(r!, se'era %e$'al!r ,e control thermo-9er!(a$&a !$!

,#l,as bar# se"!$''a s#"# ,#l,as %as!" )a$as a$ ,+$(a, control

thermosea$' (er"#b#$'. lal# %e$#/# de%rost timer-,ebe(#la$ )#la

(er%!$al 3 a$ 7 sea$' (er"#b#$'. a$ %e$&e(r#% ,+%)res+r* Ar#s

l!s(r!, PLN %e$'al!r %elal#! ,#%)ara$ #(a%a ,+%)res+r o$erload motor

protector ,e%bal! ,e s#%ber$&a -PLN.* Ar#s l!s(r!, PLN /#'a

%e$'al!r!starter capacitor ,a,!,a,!starter relay,,#%)ara$ )e%ba$(#

,+%)res+r o$erload motor protector a$ ,e%bal! ,e s#%ber$&a*

K#%)ara$ )e%ba$(# %e%ba$(# %e%ber!,a$ )#(ara$ a4al )aa

,+%)res+r* Se'era ,+%)res+r %#la! be,er/a a$ sa)sa) (ere$'arla"

es!r 'e(ara$ r+(+r$&a &a$' sea$' ber)#(ar* K!)as ! ala% ,#l,as/#'a ber)#(ar* 7+& ,+%)res+r se%a,!$ )a$as )er(a$a !a be,er/a ba!,

b+& ba'!a$ bela,a$' ,#l,as b!la !raba /#'a (erasa "a$'a( )er(a$a

,+$e$s+r be,er/a ba!,* 7!la )r+ses )e$!$'!$a$ e$aporatorber/ala$ ba!,

!s! ,#l,as se%a,!$ ber(a%ba" !$'!$* 7!la beba$ ,#l,as besar ,are$a !s!$&a

ba$&a, %a,a ,+%)res+r se%a,!$ la%a ber)#(ar* A)ab!la ,#l,as (ela"

!$'!$ a$ s#"# cut#o%%)e$'a(#r s#"# (ela" (er9a)a! %a,a ,+$(a,$&a

%e%b#,a a$ ar#s l!s(r!, (er)#(#s -o%%. se"!$''a ,+%)res+r ber"e$(!

-ber!s(!ra"a(. /#'a ,!)as a$ timer motorber"e$(!* 7!la s#"# cut#on control

thermo(er9a)a! %a,a ,+$(a,$&a %e$#(#) a$ ,+%)res+r ,!)as a$ timer

motorbe,er/a ,e%bal!*

Ole" ,er/a timer motor %a,a )aa s#a(# saa( ,+$(a, 37 (erb#,a a$

,+$(a, 3D (er"#b#$' se"!$''a ,+%)res+r a$ ,!)as ber"e$(! be,er/a

a$ de%rost heater-)e%a$as l!s(r!,. %e$a)a( al!ra$ l!s(r!, a$ %#la!

)a$as %e%a$as,a$ e$aporatorse"!$''a b#$'a es ! e$aporator%e$9a!r

a!r$&a !al!r,a$ ,e ba'!a$ )e%b#a$'a$ ! ba'!a$ bela,a$' ba4a"

,#l,as* Timer motora)a( (e(a) be,er/a ,are$a %e$a)a( ar#s l!s(r!, ar!

s#%ber$&a -(e'a$'a$ PLN. %elal#! control thermo-sea$' cut#on. 3

A thermo %use a$ ,e%bal! ,e s#%ber l!s(r!, PLN*

Se(ela" b#$'ab#$'a es ! e$aporator%e$9a!r sel#r#"$&a %e$/a! a!r

)erla"a$la"a$ (e%)era(#r ! e


9/19

%e$9a!r,a$ es ! e$aporator* Paa saa( !$! ,+%)res+r bel#% be,er/a

,are$a timer motor-T%. %as!" "ar#s %e$#$(as,a$ ,er/a$&a "!$''a @ 1?

0 %e$!( -4a,(# &a$' !b#(#",a$ #$(#, ,+$(a, 3 a$ D ber"#b#$'a$.*

Mas!" aa s!sa 4a,(# bebera)a %e$!( %e$/ela$' ,+%)res+r be,er/a

,e%bal! s!sa 4a,(# !$! !%a$aa(,a$ seba!,ba!,$&a #$(#, %e$'al!r,a$

sel#r#" a!r ,e (e%)a( )e%b#a$'a$$&a ! ba'!a$ bela,a$' ,#l,as*

Se(ela" !(# ,+$(a, 3D %e%b#,a a$ ,+$(a, 37 ber"#b#$'a$ ,e%bal!

se"!$''a %+(+r ,+%)res+r %e$a)a( ar#s l!s(r!, (ere$'ar s#ara B,l!,B

!s#s#l s#ara beres!r &a$' berasal ar! ,+%)res+r (a$a ,+%)res+r (ela"

C"!#)C a$ ,!)as /#'a "!#) ,e%bal!* Pr+ses )e$!$'!$a$ ,#l,as -cooling

cycles. !%#la! ,e%bal!*

ii- Re3ri!era#4r Car4#

Si1l$" 5ar4#%er#)a,a$ s#a(# s!,l#s (er%+!$a%!,a &a$' %el!ba(,a$

)r+ses !s+(er%al !s+bar!, a$ !s+,+r!,* S!,l#s aala" s#a(# ra$',a!a$

see%!,!a$ r#)a se"!$''a a,"!r$&a ,e%bal! ,e)aa ,eaaa$ se%#la*

M!sal$&a (era)a( s#a(# s!,l#s (er%+!$a%!,a &a$' %el!ba(,a$ )r+ses

!s+(er%al !s+bar!, a$ !s+,+r!,* S!s(e% %e$/ala$! )r+ses !s+(er%al ar!

,eaaa$ A sa%)a! 7 ,e%#!a$ %e$/ala$! )r+ses !s+bar!, #$(#, %e$'#ba"

s!s(e% ar! ,eaaa$ 7 ,e ,eaaa$ 3* A,"!r$&a )r+ses !s+,+r!, %e%b#a(

s!s(e% ,e%bal! ,e ,eaaa$ a4al$&a -A.* Pr+ses ar! A ,e ,eaaa$ 7

,e%#!a$ ,e ,eaaa$ 3 a$ a,"!r$&a ,e%bal! ,e ,eaaa$ A %e$&a(a,a$

s#a(# s!,l#s*


10/19

A)ab!la s!,l#s (erseb#( berla$'s#$' (er#s %e$er#s ,al+r &a$' !ber!,a$

a)a( !#ba" %e$/a! #sa"a %e,a$!,* Te(a)! (!a, se%#a ,al+r a)a(

!#ba" %e$/a! #sa"a* Kal+r &a$' a)a( !#ba" %e$/a! #sa"a "a$&a )aa

ba'!a$ &a$' !ars!r -!ras(er. sa/a* 7erasar,a$ !a(as besar #sa"a &a$'

ber%a$aa( aala" l#as aera" A73A* Se9ara %a(e%a(!s a)a( !(#l!s

se)er(! ber!,#(*

Usa"a ber$!la! )+s!(! /!,a ara" )r+ses ala% s!,l#s seara" )#(ara$ /a% a$

ber$!la! $e'a(! /!,a berla4a$a$ ara" )#(ara$ /ar#% /a%* Per#ba"a$ e$er'!

ala% U #$(#, sa(# s!,l#s sa%a e$'a$ $+l - U 0. ,are$a ,eaaa$

a4al sa%a e$'a$ ,eaaa$ a,"!r*

Si1l$" Car4#

7erasar,a$ )er9+baa$ /+#le !,e(a"#! ba"4a (e$a'a %e,a$!, a)a(

sel#r#"$&a !#ba" %e$/a! e$er'! ,al+r* Na%#$ a)a,a" e$er'! ,al+r a)a(

sel#r#"$&a !#ba" %e$/a! e$er'! %e,a$!, Aa,a" %es!$ &a$' a)a(%e$'#ba" ,al+r sel#r#"$&a %e$/a! #sa"a Paa (a"#$ 12 se+ra$'

!$s!$r ber,eba$'saa$ Pra$9!s N!9+las Le+$ar! Sa! 3ar$+(

%e%)er,e$al,a$ %e(+e bar# #$(#, %e$!$',a(,a$ e!s!e$s! s#a(# %es!$

berasar,a$ s!,l#s #sa"a* Me(+e e!s!e$s! Sa! 3ar$+( !$! sela$/#($&a

!,e$al seba'a! s!,l#s 3ar$+(* S!,l#s 3ar$+( (er!r! a(as e%)a( )r+ses &a!(#

#a )r+ses !s+(er%al a$ #a )r+ses a!aba(!,*

.e#$1 Si1l$" Car4#


11/19

Pr4"e" Pada Si1l$" Car4#

7erasar,a$ 'a%bar !a(as a)a( !/elas,a$ s!,l#s 3ar$+( seba'a! ber!,#(*

1* Pr+ses A7 aala" )e%#a!a$ !s+(er%al )aa s#"# T1* Paa )r+ses !$!

s!s(e% %e$&era) ,al+r ;1 ar! reser


12/19

iii- Air C4di#i4er

K!(a )as(! s#a" sa$'a( a,rab e$'a$ a!r 9+$!(!+$er* Ke"!#)a$ %+er$

a)ala'! ! )er,+(aa$ "a%)!r (!a, b!sa le)as ar! )e%a$aa(a$ (e,$+l+'!

!$!* Na%#$ a)a,a" ba$&a, ar! ,!(a &a$' (a"# ba'a!%a$a 9ara ,er/a a9

se"!$''a b!sa %e$'"as!l,a$ #ara &a$' $&a%a$ -ba9a8 !$'!$. ba'!

,e"!#)a$ ,!(a

Uara !$'!$ (erseb#( sebe$ar$&a %er#)a,a$ +#()#( ar! s!s(e% &a$'

(er!r! ar! bebera)a ,+%)+$e$ &a!(# 9+%)ress+r A3 ,+$e$s+r +r!!9e

(#be e


13/19

Ka#$6 e1"6a"i

Ka(#) e,s)a$s! %er#)a,a$ ,+%)+$e$ )e$(!$' ala% s!s(e% a!r

9+$!(!+$er* Ka(#) !$! !ra$9a$' #$(#, %e$'+$(r+l al!ra$ 9a!ra$ )e$!$'!$

%elal#! ,a(#) +r!!9e &a$' %er#ba" 4#/# 9a!ra$ %e$/a! #a) ,e(!,a a(

)e$!$'!$ %e$!$''al,a$ ,a(#) )e%#a!a$ a$ %e%as#,!

e


14/19

3+%)ress+r A3 &a$' aa )aa s!s(e% )e$!$'!$ !)er'#$a,a$ seba'a! ala(

#$(#, %e%a%)a(,a$ l#!a ,er/a -rer!'e$(. /a! rer!'e$( &a$' %as#, ,e

ala% 9+%)ress+r A3 !al!r,a$ ,e 9+$e$ser &a$' ,e%#!a$ !%a%)a(,a$

! ,+$e$ser*

D! ba'!a$ ,+$e$ser !$! rer!'e$( &a$' !%a%)a(,a$ a,a$ ber#ba" ase

ar! rer!'e$( ase #a) %e$/a! rer!'e$( ase 9a!r %a,a rer!'e$(

%e$'el#ar,a$ ,al+r &a!(# ,al+r )e$'#a)a$ &a$' (er,a$#$' ! ala%

rer!'e$(* Aa)#$ besar$&a ,al+r &a$' !le)as,a$ +le" ,+$e$ser aala"

/#%la"a$ ar! e$er'! 9+%)ress+r &a$' !)erl#,a$ a$ e$er'! ,al+r &a$'

!a%b!l e


15/19

rer!'e$( !b#a( see%!,!a$ r#)a se"!$''a rer!'e$( se(ela" %ele4a(! ,a(#)

e,s)a$s! a$ %elal#! e


16/19

%e$/a! 9a!ra$ &a$' (ers!r,#las! ,e%bal! ,e 9++l!$' 9+!l* Seb#a"

("er%+s(a( A3 %e$'+$(r+l %+(+r 9+%)ress+r A3 #$(#, %e$'a(#r

s#"# r#a$'a$*

E$(al)"! aala" !s(!la" ala% (er%+!$a%!,a &a$' %e$&a(a,a$ /#%la"

e$er'! !$(er$al ar! s#a(# s!s(e% (er%+!$a%!,a !(a%ba" e$er'! &a$'

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