tesis ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat...

Tesis ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Teknik (M.T.)

diInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Oleh :Arif Wahyu Kristianto

NRP : 3207205715

Tanggal Ujian : 07 Juni 2010Periode Wisuda : Oktober 2010

Disetujui oleh:

1. Ir. Sri Amiranti Sastrohoetomo, M.S (Pembimbing I)NIP : 194809241979012001

2. Ir. Heru Purwadio, M.S.P (Pembimbing II)NIP : 195004181978021002

3. Ir. Sardjito, M.T (Penguji)NIP : 195507151987011001

4. Ir. Putu Rudy Satiawan, M.Sc (Penguji)NIP : 196106181989031001

5. Ir. Hari Purnomo, MBdgSc. (Penguji)NIP : 195211191979031001

Direktur Program Pascasarjana,

Prof. Dr. Ir. Soeparno, MSIE NIP. 19480710 197603 1 002

i

PENINGKATAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN

(Studi Kasus : Pelaksanaan Program Pembangunan Infrastruktur Pedesaan (PPIP) di desa Campurejo, Kecamatan Panceng,

Kabupaten Gresik)

Nama Mahasiswa : Arif wahyu Kristianto NRP : 3207205715Pembimbing : Ir. Sri Amiranti Sastrohoetomo, M.SCo-Pembimbing : Ir. Heru Purwadio, M.S.P

ABSTRAK

Partisipasi masyarakat merupakan suatu proses teknis untuk memberikan kesempatan dan kewenangan yang lebih luas kepada masyarakat untuk secara bersama-sama memecahkan berbagai persoalan. Carter dalam Rustiningsih (2002) menyampaikan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat dalam upaya meningkatkan proses belajar masyarakat; mengarahkan masyarakat menuju masyarakat yang bertanggung jawab; mengeliminasi perasaan terasing sebagian masyarakat serta ; menimbulkan dukungan dan penerimaan dari pemerintah

Melalui hitungan indeks sosial-ekonomi dan spasial didapatkan antara sosial-ekonomi spasial memiliki hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi. nilai indeks sosial-ekonomi dan spasial didapatkan bahwa perkembangan antar Kabupaten/Kota di GKS Plus masih belum optimal. Terdapat Kabupaten/Kota yang tidak seimbang antara perkembangan sosial-ekonomi terhadap perkembangan spasialnya. Berdasarkan identifikasi didapatkan banyak kepentingan dan stakeholder dalam pembangunan GKS Plus. Dengan analisis stakeholder didapatkan critical player/nara sumber untuk perumusan pola pengendalian. Hasil akhir yang didapatkan adalah pola pengendalian perkembangan kawasan mega-urbanisasi yang terdiri dari aspek non-fisik yaitu kebijakan, proses perencanaan, dokumen tata ruang, perijinan dan mekanisme insentif serta disinsentif. Sedangkan pada aspek fisik mencakup prasarana dan investasi development generator.

Kata kunci : GKS Plus, Mega-Urbanisasi dan pengendalian

iii

THE INCREASING EFFORT COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN

ROAD INFRASTUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

(Case Study : Rural Infrastructure Development Program (PPIP) at Village Campurejo, Under Region Panceng, Region Gresik)

By : Arif Wahyu Kristianto Student Identity Number : 3207205715Supervisor : Ir. Sri Amiranti Sastrohoetomo, M.SCo-Supervisor : Ir. Heru Purwadio, M.S.P

ABSTRACT

Community involvement is a technically process to give wider change and outhority for community to solve the problem together. Carter inside Rustiningsih (2002) wrote that community involvement has the important role in society life as an effort to increase community studying process; to guide society become responsible community, to eliminate …………………..and to

Through the index count of socio-economic and spatial found between socio-economic spatial relationships of mutual influence. From the index value of socio-economic and spatial development is found that the development among districts and municipalities in GKS plus is still not optimal. There is a District that is not balanced between socio-economic developments of spatial development. Based on the identification obtained many interests and stakeholders in development GKS Plus. With a critical stakeholder analysis obtained player/ resource persons for the formulation of control patterns. The result showed that the development control patterns of mega-urbanization area are consisting of the non-physical aspects of policy, planning, spatial planning documents, licenses and mechanism of incentives and disincentives. Not only has that, the control patterns also included the physical aspects including infrastructure and development investments generator.

Key words: GKS Plus, Mega-Urbanization and controlling

v

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur Alhamdulilah kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan

Rahmat, Hidayah, Kesabaran, Kekuatan dan Kesempatan-Nya sehingga penulis

dapat menyelesaikan tesis dengan judul “Pola Pengendalian Perkembangan

Kawasan Mega-Urbanisasi GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus”. Dalam penelitian

ini penulis mencoba merumuskan pola pengendalian kawasan perkotaan yang

sedang mengalami fenomena urbanisasi dalam perkembangannya.

Penulis sangat menyadari tanpa adanya dukungan baik material maupun

spiritual dari berbagai pihak, tentunya tesis ini tidak dapat terselesaikan dengan

baik. Oleh karena itu dengan segala kerendahan hati maka pada kesempatan ini

penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada :

1. Bapak Prof. Ir Johan Silas dan Dr. Ing. Ir Bambang Soemardiono., selaku

dosen pembimbing.

2. Bapak Ir. Ispurwono S. M.Arch, Ph.D, Bapak Dr. Ir. Sekartejo MSc., Ibu Ir.

Purwanita S. MSc. Ph.D., selaku penguji.

3. Seluruh keluargaku; Suamiku Adang Prianto Teknis Fisika, orang tua, mertua,

kakak dan adikku, terimakasih atas doa, kasih sayang dan dukungannya.

4. Seluruh pengajar dan staff Pasca sarjana Arsitektur ITS.

5. Dan semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu, khususnya pihak

BAPPEDA Kabupaten/Kota se-GKS Plus, BAPPEPROV, PU Tata Ruang

Jawa Timur, KADIN Jawa Timur, Surveyor dan teman-teman yang telah

membantu dalam penyusunan tesis ini.

Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa pada tesis ini terdapat beberapa

kekurangan. Oleh karenanya, kritik dan saran yang membangun dari semua pihak

sangat penulis harapkan demi kesempurnaan laporan ini khususnya dan

perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan pada umumnya. Penulis berharap semoga tesis

ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi semua pihak.

Surabaya, Juli 2010

Penulis

vii

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

Lembar Pengesahan............................................................................................ i

Abstrak................................................................................................................ iii

Absract................................................................................................................ v

Kata Pengantar.................................................................................................... vii

Daftar Isi.............................................................................................................. ix

Daftar Tabel........................................................................................................ xii

Daftar Gambar..................................................................................................... xv

Glossary............................................................................................................... xvi

Bab 1 Pendahuluan.............................................................................................. 1

viii

1.1 Latar Belakang.............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Permasalahan................................................................................................. 7

1.3 Tujuan........................................................................................................... 8

1.4 Hipotesis........................................................................................................ 9

1.5 Ruang Lingkup.............................................................................................. 9

1.5.1 Ruang Lingkup Materi............................................................................. 9

1.5.2 Ruang Lingkup Wilayah.......................................................................... 10

1.6 Manfaat Penelitian....................................................................................... 10

Bab 2 Kajian Pustaka Dan Teori......................................................................... 11

2.1 Pengendalian Perkembangan Perkotaan....................................................... 11

2.1.1 Paradigma Pembangunan dan Pengendalian Wilayah Perkotaan............ 11

2.1.2 Konsep Pengendalian Dalam Pemanfaatan Ruang.................................. 14

2.1.3 Pengendalian Pemanfaatan Ruang Menurut UU No. 26 tahun 2007 dan

Operasionalisasi PP No. 26 tahun 2008..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

15

2.1.4 Best Practices Pengendalian Kawasan Perkotaan yang Mengalami

Mega-Urbanisasi..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

20

2.1.4.1 Manajemen Pengendalian Megacity di Eropa................................... 20

2.1.4.2 Manajemen Pengendalian Megacity di Asia..................................... 21

2.1.5 Sintesis Kriteria Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Perkotaan..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

23

2.2 Urbanisasi dan Globalisasi............................................................................ 25

2.2.1 Proses Urbanisasi Kawasan Perkotaan.................................................... 25

2.2.2 Pengaruh Globalisasi Pada Proses Urbanisasi Kawasan Perkotaan dan

Fenomena Mega-Urbanisasi

ix

.................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................

27

2.2.3 Definsi dan Parameter Urbanisasi........................................................... 30

2.2.4 Kasus Mega-Urbanisasi di Indonesia...................................................... 32

2.2.4.1 Mega-Urbanisasi JABODETABEK................................................... 33

2.2.4.2 Mega-Urbanisasi Metropolitan Bandung........................................... 35

2.2.4.3 Mega-Urbanisasi GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus......................... 36

2.3 Morfologi Penggunaan Lahan Wilayah Perkotaan dan Konsep “Regional

City”............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

39

2.4 Teori Regionalisasi Kawasan Perkotaan............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

43

2.4.1 Teori Network Cities (Sistem Jaringan)................................................... 43

2.4.2 Teori Polycentris Urban Region (PUR).................................................. 47

2.5 Sintesis Konseptual Pustaka dan Teori Pengendalian Perkembangan

Mega-Urbanisasi............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

50

Bab 3 Metode Penelitian..................................................................................... 55

3.1 Pendekatan Penelitian................................................................................... 55

3.2 Teknik Penelitian.......................................................................................... 55

3.2.1 Jenis Data................................................................................................. 55

3.2.2 Variabel dan Definisi variabel Penelitian................................................. 56

3.2.3 Metode dan Instrumen yang Digunakan.................................................. 57

3.2.3.1 Teknik Pencarian/Pengumpulan data................................................. 57

3.2.3.2 Mapping analysis............................................................................... 57

3.2.3.3 Teknik identifikasi narasumber.......................................................... 59

3.2.3.3 Teknik formulasi pola........................................................................ 59

x

3.3 Pengujian Statistik......................................................................................... 60

3.4 Tahapan Penelitian........................................................................................ 61

Bab 4 Kondisi Eksisting Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus............... 65

4.1 Satuan Pengembangan Wilayah GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus............ 65

4.2 Pertumbuhan Penduduk dan Urbanisasi........................................................ 69

4.3 Kondisi Perkembangan Ekonomi.................................................................. 75

4.4 Kondisi Urban Centre Kabupaten/Kota GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

85

4.5 Pemanfaatan Lahan............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

90

4.6 Penyediaan Infrastruktur Jalan dan Aktifitas Komuting............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

96

4.7 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

101

Bab 5 Analisis Dan Pembahasan............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

105

5.1 Analisis Optimasi Hubungan Sosial-Ekonomi Terhadap Pembangunan

Spasial GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

105

5.2 Identifikasi Kekuatan/Peluang dan Kelemahan/Tantangan............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

111

5.2.1 Kekuatan/potensi...................................................................................... 111

xi

5.2.2 Kelemahan/tantangan............................................................................... 112

5.3 Perbandingan Kasus Mega-Urbanisasi di Indonesia............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

115

5.4 Analisis Perbandingan Perencanaan Pola Pembangunan GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

118

5.4.1 RTRW Propinsi Jawa Timur 2020........................................................... 119

5.4.2 Studi Penelitian dan Penyiapan Rencana Tata Ruang GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

121

5.4.3 The Study on Formulation of Spatial Planning for GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA (GKS) Zone in East Java Province, the Republic of

Indonesia..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

123

5.5 Analisis Stakeholder yang Berperan dalam Pembangunan Kawasan

GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

128

5.6 Review Kriteria Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Mega-Urbanisasi............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

133

5.7 Analisis Kesepakatan Nara Sumber Mengenai Kriteria Pengendalian

Perkembangan Kawasan Mega-Urbanisasi GKS Plus............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

136

xii

Bab 6 Penutup..................................................................................................... 157

6.1 Kesimpulan................................................................................................... 157

6.2 Kelemahan Penelitian.................................................................................... 158

6.3 Saran.............................................................................................................. 159

Daftar Pustaka..................................................................................................... 161

Lampiran 1.......................................................................................................... 167

Lampiran 2.......................................................................................................... 176

Lampiran 3.......................................................................................................... 181

DAFTAR TABEL

Halaman

Tabel 2.1 Matrik Proses Urbanisasi dari Sisi Ekonomi...................................... 27

Tabel 2.2 Klasifikasi Kota Atas Dasar Jumlah Penduduk.................................. 32

Tabel 2.3 Sistem Tempat Pusat Versus Sistem Jaringan.................................... 45

Tabel 2.4 Pendekatan Pengembangan Ekonomi dan Transportasi..................... 49

Tabel 2.5 Ringkasan Pustaka dan Teori sebagai Variabel dalam Penelitian...... 51

Tabel 2.6 Matrik Kriteria dalam Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

52

Tabel 3.1 Variabel dan Definisi Variabel........................................................... 56

Tabel 3.2 Metode dan Instrumen yang Digunakan............................................. 60

Tabel 4.1 Jumlah Penduduk di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus

tahun 1971-2005 (dalam jiwa)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

71

Tabel 4.2 Kepadatan Penduduk di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA

Plus tahun 1971-2005 (dalam jiwa/km2)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

71

Tabel 4.3 Jumlah Penduduk Perkotaan dan Perdesaan GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus tiap Kabupaten/Kota tahun 1971-2005

xiii

............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................

73

Tabel 4.4 Proporsi Penduduk Perkotaan di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus

tahun 1971-2005 (dalam %)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

74

Tabel 4.5 Rata-rata PDRB Perkapita Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2003-2008 (dalam rupiah)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

77

Tabel 4.6 Kontribusi PDRB Kabupaten/Kota GERBANGKERTASUSILA

Plus terhadap PDRB Jawa Timur (dalam %)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

78

Tabel 4.7 Kontribusi Masing-masing Sektor dalam PDRB Kabupaten/Kota di

GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2004-2008 (dalam %)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

79............................................................................................................

Tabel 4.8 Matrik Urbanisasi dari Sisi Ekonomi GERBANGKERTASUSILA

Plus........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

84

Tabel 4.9 Proporsi Tenaga Kerja Produktif terhadap Jumlah Penduduk di

GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1980-2000........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

85

Tabel 4.10 Kepadatan Tenaga Kerja per Km2 di GERBANGKERTASUSILA

Plus tahun 1980-2000

xiv

...........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................

86

Tabel 4.11 Nilai LQ Pada Kabupaten/Kota GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus

tahun 2008......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

88

Tabel 4.12 Jarak Antara Pusat Kegiatan Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

89

Tabel 4.13 Pemanfaatan Lahan di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus

tahun 2008 (dalam Ha)......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

92

Tabel 4.14 Prosentase Lahan Terbangun di Kawasan GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2007-2008 (dalam %)......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

93

Tabel 4.15 Luas dan Penurunan Lahan Pertanian di Kabupaten Sidoarjo dan

Gresik (dalam Ha)......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

95

Tabel 4.16 Panjang Ruas Jalan di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus

berdasarkan Kelas Jalan Pada Kabupaten/Kota 2006 (dalam Km)......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

99

Tabel 4.17 Jumlah Penumpang yang Datang di Bandara Juanda dan

Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak tahun 2003-2007 (dalam jiwa)

xv

...........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................

101

Tabel 4.18 Kadar pH, DO, BOD dan COD di Kabupaten/Kota GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus pengukuran April 2008......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

102

Tabel 4.19 Kualitas Udara di Sidoarjo, Gresik dan Surabaya tahun 2007......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

103

Tabel 5.1 Angka Indeks Sosial-Ekonomi di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

105

Tabel 5.2 Angka Indeks Spasial di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

106

Tabel 5.3 Indeks Komposit Sosial-Ekonomi dan Spasial Kabupaten/Kota di

GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

106

Tabel 5.4 Karakater Perkembangan Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

113............................................................................................................

Tabel 5.5 Perbandingan Kasus JABODETABEK, Metropolitan Bandung dan

GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

116

Tabel 5.6 Fungsi dari Urban Centers di GKS

xvi

............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................

125

Tabel 5.7 Perbandingan Rencana Pengembangan di kawasan GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

127............................................................................................................

Tabel 5.8 Matrik Stakeholder Analisis........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

131

Tabel 5.9 Pemetaan Stakeholder kunci terkait kepentingan dan pengaruh........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

132

Tabel 5.10 Hasil Iterasi Delphi Tahap 1........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

137

Tabel 5.11 Hasil Iterasi Delphi Tahap 2........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

143

Tabel 5.12 Pola Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Berdasarkan Pendapat

Nara Sumber........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

148

Tabel 5.13 Tipe Pola Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Tabel 5.14 Pola Pengendalian Berdasarkan Karakter Kabupaten/Kota........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

157

xvii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Halaman

Gambar 1.1 Surabaya Extended Metropolitan Region........................................ 10

Gambar 2.1 Segitiga Penggunaan Lahan Desa-Kota.......................................... 40

Gambar 2.2 Segitiga Penggunaan Lahan Desa-Kota yang Dilengkapi............... 42

Gambar 2.3 Model Struktur Keruangan Regional City ...................................... 43

Gambar 2.4 Konseptualisasi Pustaka dan Teori Pengendalian Perkembangan

Mega-Urbanisasi..............................................................................................................................................................................................................

55

Gambar 3.1 Alur Penelitian Mega-urbanisasi..................................................... 63

Gambar 4.1 Arah Perkembangan GERBANGKERTASUSILA........................ 66

xviii

Gambar 4.2 Perwilayahan di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus....................... 68

Gambar 4.3 Proporsi Penduduk Perdesaan dan Perkotaan Jawa Timur tahun

2000 (dalam %)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

69

Gambar 4.4 Rata-rata Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk

GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1971-2005 (dalam %)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

70

Gambar 4.5 Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus

tahun 2004-2008..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

76

Gambar 4.6 Prosentase Penduduk yang Bekerja sebagai Karyawan/Buruh di

GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2005 (dalam %)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

81

Gambar 4.7 Jalur Perdagangan Jawa Timur..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

83

Gambar 4.8 Penggunaan Lahan Eksisting GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

91

Gambar 4.9 GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus dalam Konteks Regional City..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

94

Gambar 4.10 Jaringan Jalan Utama GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

97

xix

Gambar 4.11 Grafik Pertambahan Jaringan Jalan Utama GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus............................................................................................................................................................................................................

100

Gambar 5.1 Hubungan Sosial-Ekonomi dan Spasial di Kawasan GERBANG-

KERTASUSILA Plus..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

109

Gambar 5.2 Pola Struktur Tata Ruang Wilayah GKS Plus..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

122

Gambar 5.3 Konsep Struktur Kawasan GKS...................................................... 126

GLOSSARY

ADHB : Atas Dasar Harga BerlakuADHK : Atas Dasar Harga KonstanBAPPEDA : Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan DaerahCAD : Computer Aided DesignEMR : Extended Metropolitan Region GKS Plus : GERBANGKERTASUSILA PLUSLQ : Locational QuotientMUR : Mega Urban RegionPAD : Pendapatan Asli DaerahPDRB : Produk Domestik Regional BrutoPerda : Peraturan DaerahRPJMD : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menegah DaerahRPJPD : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang DaerahPP : Peraturan PemerintahRTR : Rencana Tata Ruang RTRW : Rencana Tata Ruang WilayahSPSS : Statistical Program for Social ScienceSWP : Satuan wilayah pembangunanTPA : Tempat Pembuangan AkhirUU : Undang-undang

xx

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