subtansi genetik kromosom manusia
TRANSCRIPT
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_qds~fmsb Gama~bk \fnf Efmqsbf
6- Ktieisie eaedfwf sbcf~ bmnbbnqNfjfe saj ~atnf|f~ mqojaqs* nb nfjfe mqojaqs ~atnf|f~ ktieisie rfmg
eamgfmnqmg sqds~fmsb gama~bkf datq|f NMF (naiksbtbdimqojabn fobn f~fq fsfe
naiksbtbdimqkjaf~"- Bs~bjf` ktieisie (ktie 5 wftmf ; sief 5 ~qdq` " nb|i|qjatkfm ija`
Wfjnarat (6000"* sanfmg bs~bjf` Gam nb|i|qjatkfm ija` Ri`fmsam (62
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f" Qkqtfm nfm hqejf` ktieisie bmnbbnq
Eamqtq~ _qtri (620>"* ktieisie bfjf` damnf damnf `fjqs datdam~qk jqtqs
sa|at~b df~fmg f~fq damgkikrfmg ~atnbtb nftb xf~ rfmg eqnf` eamgbkf~ wftmf nb nfjfe
mqojaqs- Ktieisie rfmg ~atnf|f~ nbnfjfe saj ~bnfk |atmf` sfef qkqtfmmrf- \fmhfmg
ktieisie fm~ftf
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Hqejf` ktieisie efmqsbf >3 datft~b ktieisie sapmrf 4 nfm fq~isiemrf >> nfje ~bf|
mqojaqs saj ~qdq`-
6" Hbkf efmqsbf ~atsadq~ jfkbjfkb * efkf |amqjbsfm sredij ktieisiemrf 5 44 FF + pr
f~fq >> F + pr f~fq >3 pr* ft~bmrf saitfmg jfkb jfkb eaebjbkb 44 |fsfmg fq~isie nfm
sadqf` ktieisie saks P namgfm sadqf` ktieisie saks r f~fq >> dqf` fq~isie nfm
sadqf` ktieisie p nfm r-
4" _|atef~ixiimmrf fnf nqf efofe 8 44F + p f~fq 44 F + r* ft~bmrf s|atef~ixiim
efmqsbf eae|qmrfb 44 fq~isie + 6 ktieisie p f~fq 44 fq~isie +6 ktieisie r-
?" Qm~qk wfmb~f nb~qjbskfm 8 >3 pp f~fq 44 FF + pp f~fq >> F + pp* ft~bmrf 8 saitfmg
wfmb~f eae|qmrfb 44 |fsfmg fq~isie nfm 6 |fsfmg ktieisie p* f~fq >> dqf` fq~isie
nfm 4 dqf` ktieisie saks p-
>" Iqe (saj ~ajqt" efmqsbf `fmrf 6 efofe 8 44 F + p * ft~bmrf 8 44 fq~isie + 6
ktieisie p-
Jb`f~ oim~i` gfedft nb dfwf` bmb&
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d" _~tqk~qt nfm efofe ktieisie
_aoftf gftbs dasft ktieisie ~atnbtb f~fs sam~tieat nfm jamgfm- _am~tieat f~fq
kbma~ikit fnfjf` dfgbfm nftb ktieisie ~ae|f~ eajakf~mrf damfmg damfmg s|bmnaj
rfmg dat|atfm eamggatfkkfm ktieisie sajfef |tisas |aedajf`fm saj-
Datnfsftkfm hqejf` sam~tieat kieisie nb dfgb eamhfnb ?* rfb~q sadfgfb datbkq~8
6- Eimisam~tbs8 fnfjf` ktieisie rfmg `fmrf eaebjbkb sadqf` sam~tieat-
4- Nbsam~tbs8 fnfjf` ktieisie rfmg eaebjbkb nqf sam~tieat-
?- \ijbsam~tbs8 fnfjf` ktieisie rfmg eaebjbkb dfmrfk sam~tieat- Ktieisie rfmg ~bnfk
eaebjbkb sam~tieat nbsadq~ fsam~tbk-
Datnfsftkfm ja~fk sam~tieat ktieisie ~atdfgb eamhfnb >* rfb~q 8
6- ^ajisam~tbk8 hbkf sam~tieat ~atja~fk nb qhqmg jamgfm ktieisie-
4- Fktisam~tbk8 hbkf sam~tieat ~atja~fk nb nakf~ qhqmg jamgfm ktieisie-
?- Ea~fsam~tbk8 hbkf sam~tieat ~atja~fk nb ~amgf`~amgf` fm~ftf kanqf jamgfm ktieisie-
>- _qdea~fsam~tbk8 hbkf sam~tieat ~atja~fk fgfk nb ~amgf` sa`bmggf kanqf jamgfm ~bnfk
sfef |fmhfmg-
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Jamgfm f~fq dfnfm ktieisie fnfjf` dfgbfm ktieisie rfmg eamgfmnqmg
ktieimaef (|b~f datdam~qk s|btfj nbnfjfe ktieisie"- _ajqdqmg |aedqmgkqs
ktieimaef nbsadq~ ef~tbks-
Dfgbfm ktieimaef rfmg eamgfjfeb |aedajf`fm nbsadq~ ktieieat ( gtfmqjf
dasft"* ktieieat datcqmgsb eaedfwf sbcf~ ka~qtqmfm sa`bmggf nbsadq~ sadfgfb jikqs
gam - gtfmqjf (dq~btdq~bt kaobj " nbsadq~ ktiebij-
Dfgbfm qhqmg ktieisie rfmg eamg`fjfmgb datsfedqmgmrf ktieisie rfmg sf~q
namgfm jfbmmrf nbsadq~ ^ajieat* sanfmg dfgbfm rfmg eatq|fkfm ~fedf`fm |fnf qhqmg
ktieisie nbsadq~ sf~ajb~-
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4- Gam sadfgfb sqds~fmsb `atanb~fs eajb|q~b samrfwfkbebf |amam~q sbcf~ bmnbbnq
Gam fnfjf` _qds~fmsb nfsft `atanb~fs rfmg eamgfmnmqmg bmcitefsb gama~bk*
~atsqsqm nftb fsfe mqkjaf~ (mqkjai |ti~abm" nfm ~atnf|f~ nbjikqs gam nfjfe ktieisie-
f" Cqmgsb \ikik Gam
6- Eamgf~qt |atkaedfmgfm nfm ea~fdijbsea bmnbbnq
4- Eamrfe|fbkfm bmcitefsb gama~bo ka|fnf gamatfsb datbkq~mrf (\fnf xfefm gtagit
eamnaj * gam satbmg nbsadq~ namgfm bs~bjf` cfo~it |amam~q f~fq ajaeam f~fq na~atebmfm"
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^`iefs @qm~ Eitgfm ( 6033 62>1"* saitfmg f`jb gama~bkf nfm aedtbijigb
featbkf satbkf~* eamgaeqkfkfm |amnf|f~mrf df`wf gam fnfjf` sqds~fmsb `atanb~fs rfb~q
sqf~q kasf~qfm kbeb rfmg eaebjbkb sbcf~sbcf~ sadfgfb datbkq~8
6" Gam eatq|fkfm xftf` ~atsamnbtb rfmg kie|fk nb nfjfe ktieisie-
4" Gam eamgfmnqmg bmcitefsb gama~bo-
?" Gam nf|f~f eamnq|jbkfsb nbtb |fnf |atbs~bwf eb~isbs nfm eabisbs; ft~bmrf gam
nf|f~f eaedajf` eamhfnb nqf rfmg sfef |atsbs sa`bmggf nf|f~ eamrfe|fbkfm bmcitefsb
gama~bo ka|fnf gamatfsb saj datbkq~mrf-
>" _a~bf| gam eamnqnqkb ~ae|f~ ~at~am~q nfjfe ktieisie* jikfsb k`qsqs rfmg
nb~ae|f~b gam nfjfe ktieisie nbsadq~ jikqs gam-
_a|fsfmg ktieisie eatq|fkfm `ieijig sasfefmrf* datft~b nfjfe ktieisie`|e|jig hqgf ~atnf|f~ jikqs gam gam rfmg datsasqfbfm- Gam gam rfmg datsasqfbfm
|fnf jikqs rfmg datsasqfbfm |fnf ktieisie `ieijig nbsadq~ fjaj (|fsfmgfm gam"- Hfnb
gam fnfjf` qmb~ ~atkaobj df`fm sbcf~ ka~qtqmfm (sqds~fmsb `atanb~fs" rfmg datqkqtfm
sakb~ft >1< ebjbebktim-
d" @atanb~fs Eamqtq~ Eamnaj
@atanb~fs datft~b |amqtqmfm sbcf~ sbcf~ gama~bo nftb itfmg ~qf ka|fnf fmfkmrf-
Bjeq rfmg eae|ajfhftb ~am~fmg `atanb~fs nbsadq~ gama~bkf-
Gtagit hi`fm eamnaj * eaedqk~bkfm kadamftfm |amajb~bfmmrf namgfm eaedfs~ftkfm
~fmfefm ~fmfefm rfmg eaebjbkb sbcf~ datdanf- ^fmfefm rfmg nb|bjb` fnfjf` kfofmg
atobs(|bsqe sf~bqe"* kftamf eaebjbkb kajadb`fmkajadb`fm sadfgfb datbkq~8
6- Eqnf` eajfkqkfm |amratdqkfm sbjfmg
4- Eqnf` nbnf|f~
?- Eqnf` `bnq| f~fq nb|ajb`ftf>- Oa|f~ datdqf` f~fq datqeqt |amnak
1- Nf|f~ ~athfnb |amratdqkfm samnbtb
3- ^atnf|f~ hambshambs rfmg eaebjbkb sbcf~sbcf~ rfmg danf nfm eamrijik-
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Namgfm datnfsftkfm ~aitb eamnaj* hbkf kb~f dfs~ftkfm hambs efmggf datgfjqt
eqtmb rfmg sbcf~ dqf`mrf dasft ~a~f|b tfsfmrf efsfe* namgfm hambs efmggf jfbm datgfjqt
eqtmb nfm sbcf~ dqf`mrf kaobj mfeqm efmbs* fkfm kb~f |atija` hambs efmggf `bdtbnf(`fsbj
|aedfs~ftfm" namgfm sbcf~ dqf` rfmg dasft nfm tfsfmrf efmbs* namgfm srftf~8 sbcf~ dasft
niebmfm ~at`fnf| sbcf~ kaobj * nfm sbcf~ efmbs niebmfm ~at`fnf| sbcf~ efsfe-
Gami~b| fnfjf` sbcf~ rfmg ~bnfk ~fe|fk rfmg nb~am~qkfm ija` |fsfmgfm gam f~fq sqsqmfm
gam nfjfe bmnbbnq rfmg eamam~qkfm sbcf~ rfmg ~fe|fk- _bcf~ rfmg ~fe|fk nftb jqft f~fq
sbcf~ ka~qtqmfm nf|f~ rfmg nf|f~ kb~f fef~b nbsadq~ cami~b|a-
Oim~i` 8
6" _bcf~ wftmf dqjq dbtq |fnf frfe fnfjf` cami~b|a; nbsbedijkfm DD; efkf DD fnfjf`
gami~r|a-
4" _bcf~ |aeftf` fnfjf` cami~b|a; nbsbedijkfm TT; efkf TT fnfjf` gami~r|a-
Eamqtq~_~atm (62?
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rfmg sfef nbsadq~ `ieixbgi~- \atjq nb|f`feb df`wf `qtqc`qtqc DD* dd* TT* tt nfm
sadfgfbmrf rfmg kb~f sadq~ gamii~b|a nfm cami~b|a mrf eatq|fkfm sqf~q kasa|fkf~fm
datsfef (sf~q kimatsb"-
Dadatf|f kimamsb jfbm rfmg |atjq nbkamfj nbsbmb fm~ftf jfbm8
f- _bcf~ gamgam niebmfm (rfmg datsbcf~ kqf~ sa`bmggf eamq~q|b |amgftq` gam fjajmrf"
nbsbedijkfm `qtqc dasft sanfmgkfm gam rfmg ~at~q~q| (fjajmrf< nbsadq~ tasasbc nfm
nbsbedijkfm namgfm `qtqc rfmg sfef namgfm gam niebmfm * ~a~f|b nagfm `qtqc kaobj-
Oim~i` 8
% Dasft (D f~fq T" niebmfm ~at`fnf| kaobj (d f~fq t" nf|f~ nb~qjbs namgfm sredij sadfgfb
datbkq~8 D = d f~fq T = t-
% Dbtq ( E f~fq D "niebmfm ~at`fnf| |q~b` ( e f~fq d "nf|f~ nb~qjbskfm namgfm sredij
sadfgfb datbkq~8 E = e f~fq D = d
d- \amqjbsfm gami~r|a bmnbbnq `a~atixbgi~ sadfgfb datbkq~8kanqf `qtqc sredij fjajmrf
nb~qjbskfm namgfm sbcf~ niebmfm (`qtqc dasft" nb na|fm namgfm sbcf~ niebmfm ( `qtqc
dasft" nbna|fm nfm sbcf~ tasasbc (`qtqc kaobj " nb dajfkfmg-
Oim~i` 8
Dd dqkfm dD
Tt dqkfm tT
_bcf~ niebmfm nftb nqf gami~b|a rfmg datdanf nf|f~ eae|qmrfb cami~b|a rfmg sfef-
Oim~i` 8
TT* cami~b|amrf |aeftf`
Tt* cami~b|amrf hqgf |aeftf`
Fkfm ~a~f|b qm~qk gami~b|a |amrfdft sajfjq tt* hfnb cami~b|a sbcf~ tasasbcamrf
sajfjq datgami~b|a `ieixbgi~-
6- Eimi`bdtbn
Bfjf` sqf~q |atsbjfmgfm |aedfs~ftfm namgfm sf~q sbcf~ danf-\at`f~bkfm nbfgtfe eimi`rdtbn fm~ftf atobs df~fmg ~bmggb namgfm atobs df~fmg |amnak
datbkq~ bmb 8
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Ka~atfmgfm8
^ 8 eatq|fkfm sredij qm~qk gam rfmg eamam~qkfm df~fmg ~bmggb^ 8 eatq|fkfm sredij qm~qk gam rfmg eamam~qkfm df~fmg |amnak
Namgfm eaedqf~ ~fdja sa|at~b nbdfwf` bmb * nf|f~ kb~f ka~f`qb df`wf sbcf~ df~fmg ~bmggb
(^" niebmfm ~at`fnf| sbcf~ |amnak (~"-
4- Nb`bdtbn
Bfjf` sqf~q |atsbjfmgfm (|aedfs~ftfm" namgfm nqf sbcf~ danf- Qm~qk eaedqk~bkfm
`qkqe eamnaj BB rfmg ~atkamfj namgfm |tbmsb| dat|fsfmgfm saoftf dadfs* eamnaj
eajfkqkfm aks|atbeam namgfm |aedfs~ftfm ~fmfefm |bsqe sf~bqe datgfjqt eqtmb
namgfm eae|at`f~bkfm nqf sbcf~ danf* rfb~q dbhb dqjf~ datwftmf kqmbmg namgfm gfjqt
eqtmb datdbhb kbsq~* datwftmf `bhfq- Gam D (dqjf~" niebmfm ~at`fnf| d (kbsq~"* nfm K
(kqmbmg " niebmfm ~at`fnf| k (`bhfq"- Qm~qk jadb` hajfsmrf jb`f~ skaef ~fdja nbdfwf` bmb8
_kaef |atsbjfmgfm\6 8 DDKK =: ddkk
(dqjf~* kqmbmg" (kbsq~* `bhfq"
Gfea~ 8 DK dk
C6 8 DdKk (cami~b|a datdbhb dqjf~* datamnis|atef kqmbmg"
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Gfea~ C6 8 DK * Dk* dK nfm dk
C6 =: C6
\4 8 DdKk DdKk
C48
DK Dk dK dk
DK DDKK (6" DDKk (4" DdKk (?" DdKk (>"Dk DDKk (1" DDkk (3" DdKk (7" Ddkk (0"
dK DdKK (2" DdKk (6" Ddkk (61" ddkk (63"
Cami~b|a |fnf C4 8f- Dqjf~* kqmbmg 8 6*4*?*>*1*7*2*6
o- Kbsq~ kqmbmg 8 66* 64* 61n- Kbsq~* `bhfq 8 63
Tfsbi Gami~b|a8
DDKK 8 DDKk 8 DdKK 8 DdKk 8 DDkk 8 Ddkk 8 ddKK 8 ddKk 8 ddkk
(2 gami~b|a"6 8 4 8 4 8 > 8 6 8 4 8 6 8 4 8 6
Tfsbi cami~b|a8Dqjf~ kqmbmg 8 dqjf~ `bhfq 8 kbsq~ kqmbmg 8 kbsq~ `bhfq
(> gami~b|a"
2 8 ? 8 ? 8 6
Nfjfe eaedqf~ |at`b~qmgfm b~q Eamnaj eamgfmggf| df`wf gamgam |aedfwf
kanqf sbcf~ b~q dat|bsf` saoftf dadfs ~at`fnf| sasfefmrf sawfk~q ~athfnb |aedam~qkfm
gfea~- @qkqe eamnaj BB bmb nbsadq~ hqgf @QKQE \AMGAJIE\IKFM GAM
_AOFTF DADF_- Hfnb |fnf nb`bdtbn DdKk* ebsfjmrf
Gam D eamgajie|ik namgfm K %%%%%% gfea~ DK
Gam D eamgajie|ik namgfm k %%%%%% gfea~ Dk
Gam d eamgajie|ik namgfm K %%%%% gfea~ dK
Gam d eamgajie|ik namgfm k %%%%% gfea~ dk
Fmgkf fmgkf |atdfmnbmgfm cami~b|a C4 eimi`bdtbn 5 ? 86* sanfmgkfm
|atdfmnbmgfm cami~b|a C4 nb`bdtbn 5 2 8 ? 8 ? 8 6* fkfm ~a~f|b nfjfe kamrf~ffmmrf
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|atdfmnbmgfm rfmg nb|atija` ~bnfk sfef |atsbs sa|at~b fmgkf |atdfmnbmgfm nbf~fs*
eajfbmkfm eamnakf~b |atdfmnbmgfm ? 8 6 f~fq 2 ; ? 8 ? 8 6
Ebsfjmrf 8
\fnf eimi `rdtbn nb|atija` |atdfmnbmgfmDf~fmg ~bmggb 8 df~fmg |amnak
707 8 4774*0> 8 6
? 8 6
Nb`bdtbn nb|atija` |atdfmnbmgfm
Dqjf~ kqmbmg 5 ?61 ~fmfefm
Dqjf~ `bhfq 5 6
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\tbmsb| |tbmsb| eamnaj ~atsadq~ nbf~fs eqnf` nbdqk~bkfm dbjf nbfnfkfm |atkfwbmfm
(|amrbjfmgfm " tasb|tik-
\amrbjfmgfm tasb|tik fnfjf` |amrbjfmgfm gfea~ hfm~fm nfm gfea~ da~bmf nb|at~qkftkfm
sa`bmggf eamg`fsbjkfm ka~qtqmfm rfmg sfef
>- Dfokotiss nfm ^as~otiss
Dfokotiss fnfjf` |atkfwbmfm fm~ftf bmnbbnq C6 namgfm sfjf` sf~q bmnqkmrf (bmnqk
niebmfm nfm tasasbc"- ^qhqfm dfokotiss fnfjf` qm~qk eamoftb gami~b| itfmg ~qf-
^as~otiss fnfjf` |atkfwbmfm fm~ftf C6 namgfm sfjf` sf~q bmnqk rfmg tasasbc- ^as~otiss
nbsadq~ hqgf |atkfwbmfm |amgqhbfm (qhb sbjfmg" kftamf dat~qhqfm qm~qk eamga~f`qb
f|fkf` sqf~q bmnbbnq datgami~b|a `ieixbgi~ (datgfjqt eqtmb" f~fq `a~atixbgi~- Hbkf`fsbj ~as~otiss eamqmhqkkfm |atdfmnbmgfm cami~b|a ka~qtqmfm rfmg eaebsf` 6 8 6* efkf
nf|f~ nbsbe|qjkfm df`wf bmnbbnq rfmg nbqhb ~atsadq~ fnfjf` dqkfm gfjqt eqtmb * datft~b
`a~atixbgi~- _anfmgkfm hbkf `fsbj ~as~otiss 6Jb`f~ nbfgtfe |atsbjfmgfm nbdfwf` bmb8
?- Fjaj eamofkq| Gam Gam Rfmg ^atja~fk \fnf
Jikqs Rfmg _fef \fnf Ktieisie @ieijig-
Eamqtq~ ja~fkmrf* gam rfmg ~atja~fk |fnf ktieisie nb sadq~ ktieigam nfm gam
rfmg ~atja~fk |fnf |jfsef saj nbsadq~ |jfsefgam (ebssfj rfmg dat|amgftq` |fnf wftmf
nfqm"-
f- Fjaj
Fjaj fnfjf` Gam gam rfmg ~atja~fk |fnf jikqs rfmg sfef (datsasqfbfm " nfjfe
ktieisie `ieijig- Dbjf nbjb`f~ nftb |amgftq` gam |fnf cami~b|a * fjaj bfjf` fmggi~f nftb
sa|fsfmg gam rfmg eaebjbkb |amgftq` datjfwfmfm-* hfnb fjaj fnfjf` gam gam rfmg
~atja~fk |fnf jikqs rfmg sfef nfm eaebjbkb |akathffm rfmg sfef f~fq `fe|at sfef-
\fnf bmnbbnq `ieixbgi~* |fsfmgfm kanqf fjaj eae|qmrfb sredij rfmg sfef
|atsbs; ebsfjmrf DD* EE- sanfmgkfm gami~b|a `a~atixbgi~ |fsfmgfm kanqf fjaj
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eae|qmrfb sredij rfmg ~bnfk sfef ebssfj Dd* Ee- mfeqm De nfm dE dqkfm fjajmrf-
Qm~qk eae|atjb`f~kfm fjaj nfjfe ktieisie satbmg nbgfedft sadfgfb datbkq~8
d- Fjaj Gfmnf (Eqj~b|ja Fjaieitcb"
Dbjf nfjfe sf~q jikqs ~atnf|f~ jadb` nftb sf~q |fsfmg fjaj efkf nbsadq~ fjaj
gfmnf* ebsfjmrf wftmf dqjq |fnf kajbmob nfm gijimgfm nftf` sbs~ae F D I |fnf
efmqsbf-
6" Fjaj gfmnf |fnf kajbmob-
Fjaj gfmnf |fnf dqjq kajbmob fnfjf` fnfmrf > fjaj rfmg sfef sfef eae|amgftq`bwftmf dqjq* nfm datfnf |fnf jikqs rfmg sfef- Wftmf dqjq kajbmob namgfm gam W
eaebjbkb dadatf|f fjaj rfmg dat~qtq~~qtq~ nftb rfmg niebmfm8
W = WK = W` = W
Gam W 8 cami~b|a kajfdq
Gam Wk 8 cami~b|a kajfdq eqnf (o`bmo`bjbf"
Gam W` 8 datcami~b|a `befjfrf* rfb~q datwftmf |q~b` namgfm qhqmg `bnqmg* qhqmg~ajbmgf* akit nfm kfkb datwftmf kajfdq gajf|-
Gam W 8 datcamitb|a fjdbmi (~fk dat|bgeam"
Ka~atfmgfm 8
Kajfdq niebmfm ~at`fnf| ka~bgf wftmf rfmg jfbm (kajfdq eqnf* @befjfrf* nfmfjdbmi"*
kajfdq eqnf niebmfm ~at`fnf| @befjfrf nfm fjdbmi- @befjfrf niebmfm ~at`fnf| fjdbmi Fjdbmi fnfjf` gam tasasbc
Kaeqmgkbmfm gami~b|amrf sadfgfb datbkq~8
Cami~b|a Kaeqmgkbmfmf Gami~b|a
Kajfdq WW* WWk** WW
`* WW
(mitefj"
Kajfdq eqnf WkWk* WkW`* WkW
(o`bmo`bjjf"
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@befjfrf W`W
`* W
`W
Fjdbmi WW
Oim~i` 8
_aakit kajbmob o`bmo`bjjf `a~atixbgi~ rfmg nbsbjfmgkfm namgfm kajbmob @befjfrf
`a~atixbgi~ fkfm eae|atija` ka~qtqmfm fjdbmi* jb`f~ |atsbjfmgfm datbkq~8
\ WkW =: W`W
(o`bmo`bjjf" (`befjfrf"
G Wk W`
W W
C WkW` 5 kajfdq eqnf (o`bmo`bjjf"WkW 5 kajfdq eqnf (o`bmo`bjjf"
W`W 5 @befjfrf
WW 5 Fjdbmi
4" Fjaj gfmnf |fnf gijimgfm nftf` sbs~ae FD- Mqkjaisie Eajb|q~b _amrfwf Rfmg ^atnbtb F~fs
\ti~abm nfm Fsfe Mqkjaf~
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Fsfe mqkjaf~ bmb ~atnf|f~ nbnfjfe mqkjaisie* sanfmgkfm mqkjaisie ~atnf|f~
nbnfjfe mqojaqs (bm~b saj"- Mqkjaisie eamgfmnqmg datefofe efofe df`fm kbebf*
sa|at~b jftq~fm ciscf~* gqjf tbdisa* |ti~abm* mqkjai~bnf efq|qm fsfe mqkjaf~ nfm gftfe
gftfe ebmatfj * sajfbm xf~xf~ ~atsadq~ ~ajf` kb~f ka~f`qb |qjf df`wf df`fm nfsft bm~b saj
(mqojaqs" fnfjf` sqf~q |ti~abm rfmg k`fs rfmg nbsadq~ |ti~abm bm~b f~fq mqojai|ti~abm-
Mqojai|ti~abm nbdfmgqm ija` samrfwf |ti~abm nfm fsfe mqkjaf~- Fsfe mqkjaf~ rfmg fnf
sfmgkq~ |fq~mrf namgfm `atanb~fs fnfjf` NMF nfm TMF - NMF (fsfe naiksbtbdi
mqkjaf~"* kanqfmrf dat~fmggqmg hfwfd eaedam~qk |ti~abm sat~f eamgim~tij sbcf~ sbcf~
ka~qtqmfm-
1- NMF ^atnbtb Nftb \fsfmgfm Tfmgkfbfm Mqkjai~bnf
Rfmg ^at|bjbm
Gamgam rfmg datnata~ |fnf ktieisie efsbmg efsbmg eae|qmrfb ~qgfs k`fs
samnbtb samnbtb namgfm wfk~q datafksb rfmg k`qsq |qjf-cfk~it rfmg nbsadq~ |amam~q
|fnf xfefm eamnaj fk`btmrf nbka~f`qb s~tqk~qt kbebfmrf rfmg nbsadq~ NMF-
\atoidffm ~tfmscitefsb nfjfe dfk~atb nb|jioiooqs |maqeimbf (|maqeioiooqs" rfmg
nbjfkqkfm ija` Gtbccb~` |fnf ~f`qm 6240 ~ajf` eaedatbkfm karfkbmfm df`wf NMF damft
damft eatq|fkfm df`fm gama~bo-
f" _~tqk~qt NMF
\amaeq NMF nfm TMF fnfj` saitfmg f`jb kbebf datkadfmgsffm hatefm* Ctanatbo`
Ebaso`at (6032"* rfmg eamrajbnbkb sqsqmfm kbebf nftb mqojaqs* xf~ rfmg eamgfmnqmg
ciscit sfmgf~ ~bmggb nfjfe mqojaqs ~atsadq~ eqjf eqjf nbsadq~ mqkjaf~-
Namgfm |amajb~bfm jadb` jfmhq~ nbka~f`qb df`wf fsfe mqkjaf~ ~atsqsqm f~fs mqkjai~bnf
mqkjai~bnf sa`bmggf eatq|fkfm |ijbmqkjai~bnf- _f~q mqkjai~bnf ~atnbtb nftb mqkjaisbnf
nfm ciscf~ (\I> % " - sanfmgkfm mqkjaisbnf ~atnbtb nftb sadqf` gqjf |am~isa nfm sadqf`
dfsf mb~tigam (|qtbm ) |btbebnbm"- Hfnb mqkjaisbnf fnfjf` mqkjai~bnf rfmg ~fm|f ciscf~*
sanfmg mqkjai~bnf fnfjf` mqkjaisbnf + ciscf~ + dfsf mb~tigam-
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Fsfe Naiksbtbdi Mqkjaf~ eatq|fkfm eijakqj kie|jaks rfmg nbdam~qk ija` ~bgf efofe
eijakqj* rfb~q8
6- Gqjf |am~isa (naiksbtbdisf"
4- Ciscf~ (\I>%"
?- Dfsf mb~tigam * rfb~q8
f- \qtbm 8 gqfmbma (G" nfm fnambma (F"
d- \btbebnbm 8 ^bebm (^" nfm sb~isbm (_"
Tqeqs Dfmgqm Dfsf Mb~tigam
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Hfnb sf~q eijakqj mqkjai~bnf rfmg ~atnbtb nftb bkf~fm gqjf dfsf nfm ciscf~ rfmg eamrqsqm
NMF nf|f~ datdam~qk8
6- Fnambm mqkjaisbnf 5 fnambma naiksbtbdisf ciscf~
4- Gqfmbma mqkjaisbnf 5 gqfmbma naiksbtbdisf ciscf~
?- _b~isbm mqkjaisbnf 5 sb~isbm naiksbtbdisf ciscf~
>- ^bebm mqkjaisbnf 5 ~bebm naiksbtbdisf ciscf~
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Datnfsftkfm `fsbj |amajb~bfm Ctfmkjbm nfm E-@-C wbjkbms |fnf NMF namgfmeamggqmfkfm sbmft P * H-N Wf~sim nfm C-@-O Otbok (621?" eamgaeqkfkfm sqf~q einaj
gam* rfmg ~atkamfj namgfm mfef niqdja `ajbp(qkbt tfmgkf| ) ~fmggf dat|bjbm"- Eatakf
fk`btmrf eamnf|f~kfm `fnbf` midaj |fnf ~f`qm 6234-
_~tqk~qt kbebf gam (NMF" eamqtq~ Wf~sim otbok rfmg datq|f ~fmggf dat|bjbm )qjbt
tfmgkf| ~atsqsqsm f~fs8
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6- Gqjf nfm ciscf~ sadfgfb bmnqk ~fmggf
4- Dfsf mb~tigam* namgfm |fsfmgfm ~a~f|mrf sadfgfb fmfk ~fmggf8
G namgfm _ nb`qdqmgkfm ija` bkf~fm jaef` ? f~ie @ (@bntigam"-
^ namgfm F nb`qdqmgkfm ija` bkf~fm jaef` 4 f~ie @ (`rntigam"-
(f" _~tqk~qt qjbt tfmgkf|(~fmggf dat|bjbm" (d" sqsqmfm |fsfmgfm dfsf NMF (o" _~tqk~qt
NMF hbkf ~bnfk eamgqjbt (dat|bjbm"
d" Ta|jbkfsb NMF
Kaefe|qfm NMF qm~qk eaedam~qk NMF dftq rfmg sfef |atsbs namgfm NMF
fsfj (ta|jbkfsb" nbsadq~ kaefe|qfm fq~ikf~fjbk- _anfmgkfm kaefe|qfm NMF
eaedam~qk eijakqj kbebf jfbm nftb sfjf` sf~q f~fq sadfgfbfm tfm~fbmrf nbsadq~
kaefe|qfm `a~atikf~fjb~bk-
\atbs~bwf taijbkfsb NMF |at~fef ~fef nbsajbnbkb|fnf ~f`qm 6217 ija` ~frjit
nfm kfwfm kfwfm namgfm eamggqmfkfm mb~tigam tfnbifk~bc M61 rfmg
nbjaedfgfkfmnfjfe ~bebnbm-
^bebnbm bfjf` samrfwf fm~ftf ~bebm nfm naiksbtbdisf* |atoidffm ~frjit nfm kfwfm
kfwfm bmb nb|atkqf~ ija` |amajb~bfm easajsim nfm s~f`j (6210" namgfm eaedatbkfm M
njfe dam~qk M61I? |fnf dfk~atb Aso`atbo`bf oijb* rfmg `fsbjmrf ~atmrf~f saj saj
fmfkfm rfmg ~athfnb eamgfmnqmg df`fm tfnbifk~bc b~q |qjf- Oftf ta|jbkfsb NMF
datnfsftkfm |atoidffm easajsim nfm s~`fj bmb nbsadq~ namgfm oftf saebkimsatf~bc rfmg
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dfmrfk nb~atbef ija` sadfgbfm dasft f`jb dbijigb- ^bgf `b|i~asbs ~am~fmg ~athfnbmrf
ta|jbkfsb NMF fnfjf` sadfgfb datbkq~-
6" ^aitb kimsatf~bc 8 eamrf~fkfm df`wf qjbt tfmgkf| (niqdja `ajbp" rfmg jfef
~a~f| (~bnfk datqdf`"* nfm jfmgsqmg ~atdam~qk qjbt tfmgkf| dftq-
4" ^aitb nbs|atsba 8 eamrf~fkfm df`wf qjbt tfmgkf| ~at|q~qs |q~qs- Jfjq
|i~imgfm|i~imgfm ~atsadq~ eaebsf` nfm eaedam~qk |i~imgfm |i~imgfm dftq rfmg
fkfm datsfedqmg namgfm |i~imgfm |i~imgfm jfef; sa`bmggf kaedfjb eamhfnb 4 NMF
rfmg sfef |atsbs-
?" ^aitb saeb kimsatf~bc ; eamrf~fkfm df`wf nqf |b~f nftb qjbt tfmgkf||
eaebsf`kfm nbtb nfm ~bf| ~bf| |b~f rfmg jfef eamnf|f~kfm |fsfmgfm |b~f dftq sa|at~b
|fsfmgfmmrf rfmg jfef* sa`bmggf ~atdam~qkjf` nqf NMf rfmg sfef |atsbs-
Gfedft; ^bgf efofe oftf ta|jbkfsb NMF8 (f" ~aitb kimsatf~bc* (d" ~aitb nbs|atsba* nfm
(o" ~aitb saeb kimsatf~bc-
Ta|jbkfsb NMF datjfmgsqmg |fnf sajsaj eqnf * sff~ bm~atcfsa (eb~isbs" - |tisas
ta|jbkfsb NMF bmb eajbdf~kfm dadatf|f amxbe fm~ftf jfbm sadfgfb datbkq~8
6- @ajbkfsa qm~qk eae|ateqnf` eaedqkf qjbt tfmgkf| NMF eamhfnb nqf dqf` qjbt
~qmggfj-
4- \ijreatfsa* qm~qk eamggfdqmgkfm naiksbtbdi mqkjaisbnf ~tbciscf~-
?- Jbgfsa* qm~qk eamrfedqmg dfgbfmdfgbfm qjbt ~qmggfj NMF rfmg dftq ~atdam~qk-
skaef ta|jbkfsb NMF saoftf saebkimsatf~bc
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3- TMF ^atnbtb Nftb Tfmgkfbfm Mqkjai~bnf ^qmggfj
_a|at~b `fjmrf namgfm NMF* TMF eae|qmrfb nfrf fdsit|sb efksbeqe ~at`fnf|
sbmft qj~tfbija~ namgfm |fmhfmg gajiedfmg 43< ebjbebktim* sat~f eamratf| wftmf
rfmg datsbcf~ dfsf-
Eamqtq~ |atfmfm nfm ~ae|f~ ~atnf|f~mrf* fnf ? efofe TMF rfb~q 8
f- TMF nq~f 8 nbsadq~ hqgf eTMF (eassamgat TMF"* nbdam~qk ija` NMF nbnfjfe
mqojaqs* dat|atfm eaedfwf kina gama~bkf nftb NMF-
d- TMF tbdisie (tTMF" 8 nbdam~qk ija` NMF * dfmrfk ~atnf|f~ nbnfjfe tbdisie-
o- TMF ~tfmscat (~TMF" 8 nbdam~qk ija` NMF* datfnf nfjfe sb~i|jfsef * dat|atfmeamgbkf~ fsfe febmi-
_~tqk~qt kbebf TMF sa|at~b |fnf NMF * rfb~q ~atsqsqm f~fs |ijbmqkjai~bnf rfmg
~atnbtb f~fs fsfe mqkjaf~ - fsfe mqkjaf~mrf eatq|fkfm dam~qk |ijbeatfsb nftb gqjf
|am~isa* dfsf M* nfm ciscf~- Mfeqm tfm~fb |ijbmqkjai~bnfmrf ~qmggfj* gqjfmrf tbdisa*nfm
dfsf mb~tigammrf dqkfm ~bebm* eajfbmkfm qtfsbj-
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Kie|imam cqmgsbimfj nfjfe Gam
Gam nbfmggf| sadfgfb kasf~qfm ~atkaobj nbnfjfe saj rfmgdat|atfm eama~qkfm `atanb~fs
(sbcf~ eamqtqm"- Namgfm |asf~mrf |atkaedfmgfm gama~bkf eijakqjat * kbmb ~ajf`
nbka~f`qb df`wf gam ~atnbtb nftb dadatf|f kie|imam rfmg efsbmg efsbmg sfmgf~
dat|amgftq` kagbf~fm gam- kie|imam kie|imam ~atsadq~ fm~ftf jfbm8
6" Takim* bfjf` kie|imam rfmg jadb` kaobj nftb gam rfmg ~atnbtb f~fs sf~q f~fq nqf |fsfmg
mqkjai~bnf sfhf-
4" Eq~im* bfjf` kie|imam rfmg ~atnbtb f~fs sf~q f~fq dadatf|f mqkjai~bnf-
?" _bs~tim * bfjf` kie|imam rfmg ~atnbtb f~fs tf~qsfm mqkjai~bnf-
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\fnf ~f`qm 623?* |amg`ftgffm midaj nb`fnbf`kfm ka|fnf C-hfoid nf H- eimin kftamf
eama~qkfm gam s~tqo~qtfj nfm gam gam tagqjf~it nftb `fsbj |amajb~bfm eatakf |fnf
dfk~atb Aso`ato`bf oijjb-
6" Gam s~tqo~qtfj bfjf` gam
gam rfmg eajfksfmfkfm |aedam~qkfm eTMF-4" Gam tagqjf~it bfjf` gam rfmg eamgim~tij kajie|ik kajie|ik gam s~tqo~qtfj*
nbsadq~ hqgf gam |amgf~qt- Gam tagqjf~it (|amgim~tij rfmg ja~fkmrf fef~ nakf~ namgfm
s~tqo~qtfj rfmg nbfwfsbmrf nbsadq~ gam i|atf~it- I|atf~it bfjf` sakajie|ik gam rfmg
~atnbtb nftb gam i|atf~it nfm gam s~tqo~qtfj rfmg ~atkiitnbmbt nfmeatq|fkfm kasf~qfm
|amgim~tij-
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