STUDI LITERATUR FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG

BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN

GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK YANG MENJALANI TERAPI

HEMODIALISIS DI ASIA

SKRIPSI

Oleh:

CLAUDIA RIZKA FITRANIA

NIM 201610420311087

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2020

STUDI LITERATUR FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG

BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN

GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK YANG MENJALANI TERAPI

HEMODIALISIS DI ASIA

ii

SKRIPSI

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2020

Untuk Memenuhi Sebagai Persyaratan Mencapai Derajat Sarjana Keperawatan (S.Kep) pada Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang

Oleh:

CLAUDIA RIZKA FITRANIA

201610420311087

iii

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN

iv

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

v

SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENELITIAN

vi

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga

proposal skripsi ini dapat diselesaikan. Shalawat serta salam untuk tuntunan suri

tauladan Rasullullah SAW beserta keluarga dan sahabat beliau yang senantiasa

menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai islam yang sampai saat ini dapat dinikmati oleh semua

umat islam di penjuru dunia. Skripsi dengan judul “Studi Literatur Faktor – Faktor

Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Yang

Menjalani Hemodialisis Di Asia” merupakan salah satu syarat untuk mendapatkan

gelar Sarjana Keperawatan (S.Kep) pada Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Fakultas

Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Bersamaan dengan ini penulis

berterimakasih dengan setulus hati kepada semua pihak yang telah berperan atas

dorongan, bantuan, saran, kritik dan bimbingan sehingga skripsi ini dapat

terselesaikan antara lain kepada :

1. Dr. Fauzan, M. Pd selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang

telah memberikan kepercayaan dan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk

menempuh pendidikan di Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Program Studi Ilmu

Keperawatan.

2. Bapak Faqih Ruhyanudin, M.Kep., Sp.KMB selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu

Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

3. Ibu Nur Lailatul Masruroh, MNS selaku Ketua Program Studi Ilmu

Keperawatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

4. Terimakasih kepada Bapak Chairul Huda Al-Husna, S.Kep., Ns., M.Kep

selaku dosen pembimbing yang memberikan banyak ilmu, dorongan,

motivasi dan bimbingan dalam proses penyusunan skripsi ini sampai selesai.

vii

5. Terima Kasih kepada kedua orang tua saya Bapak Sabar dan juga Ibu

Nuriyati tercinta, yang telah menjadi orang tua terhebat, yang selalu

memberikan motivasi, perhatian, nasehat serta kasih sayang dan doa yang tak

pernah terputus.

6. Teman-teman PSIK-B 2016, terutama Lina, Sindy, Monica, Alfi, Ainun, Ima

dan Nurul yang telah memberikan semangat, motivasi dan bantuan dalam

pengerjaan skripsi ini.

7. Teman-teman kelompok 6 yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu yang

telah berjuang bersama dan memotivasi satu sama lain dari awal mulai masuk

hingga sekarang dan seterusnya.

8. Teman-teman bimbingan skripsi Ayusela, Richa Sekar yang selalu

memberikan do’a, semangat, masukan, saran, bantuan, motivasi sehingga

bisa menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

9. Sahabat KKN penulis Nevy, Emilda dan Agid yang selalu menyemangati,

memberikan saran serta mendoakan penulis agar lulus tepat waktu.

Serta semua pihak yang telah memberikan kontribusi untuk

menyelesaikan skripsi ini baik riil dan materi terimakasih yang sebesar-

besarnya. Penulis menyadari masih banyak kesalahan dan kekurangan. Oleh

karena itu penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun

demi perbaikan proposal ini.

Malang, 27 Juni 2020

Penulis,

Claudia Rizka Fitrania

x

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................................................... iii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................................................. iv

SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENELITIAN ................................................................ v

KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................................................ vi

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................................... viii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................................................. xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................................................. xvi

BAB I....................................................................................................................................................... 1

PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.4 Manfaat ........................................................................................................................................ 5

1.4.1 Manfaat Teoritis .................................................................................................................. 5

1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ................................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Keaslian Penelitian ..................................................................................................................... 6

BAB II ................................................................................................................................................... 11

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Konsep Gagal Ginjal Kronik .................................................................................................. 11

2.1.1 Definisi ............................................................................................................................... 11

2.1.2 Stadium Gagal Ginjal Kronik .................................................................................. .................12

2.1.3 Etiologi ............................................................................................................................... 13

2.1.4 Manifestasi Klinis.............................................................................................................. 14

2.1.5 Patofisiologi Gagal Ginjal Kronik .................................................................................. 15

2.1.6 Penatalaksanaan Gagal Ginjal Kronik ........................................................................... 16

2.2 Konsep Hemodialisis ............................................................................................................... 19

2.2.1 Definisi ............................................................................................................................... 19

2.2.2 Jenis Hemodialisis ............................................................................................................. 19

2.2.3 Prinsip Dasar Hemodialisis ............................................................................................. 20

2.2.4 Komplikasi Hemodialisis ................................................................................................. 21

2.3 Konsep Kualitas Hidup ........................................................................................................... 23

2.3.1 Definisi Kualitas Hidup ................................................................................................... 23

xi

2.3.2 Domain Kualitas Hidup .................................................................................................. 24

2.3.3 Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kualitas Hidup ..................................................... 27

2.3.4 Dampak Hemodialisis terhadap Kualitas Hidup ......................................................... 35

2.3.5 Instrumen untuk Mengukur Kualitas Hidup ................................................................ 36

BAB III ................................................................................................................................................. 37

KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN ....................................... 37

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual .............................................................................................................. 37

3.2 Kerangka Teori ......................................................................................................................... 38

BAB IV ................................................................................................................................................. 39

METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................................................................ 39

4.1 Desain Penelitian ...................................................................................................................... 39

4.2 Kerangka Kerja Penelitian....................................................................................................... 40

4.2.1 Identifikasi Masalah .......................................................................................................... 41

4.2.2 Screening ............................................................................................................................ 42

4.2.3 Penilaian Kualitas .............................................................................................................. 42

4.2.4 Ekstrasi Data ..................................................................................................................... 42

4.3 Populasi, Sampel, dan Teknik Sampling ............................................................................... 43

4.3.1 Populasi .............................................................................................................................. 43

4.3.2 Teknik Sampling ............................................................................................................... 43

4.3.3 Sampel ................................................................................................................................ 44

4.4 Variabel Penelitian....................................................................................................... .................45

4.5 Analisa Data ........................................................................................................................ 45

4.6 Kesimpulan Penelitian ....................................................................................................... 45

BAB V ................................................................................................................................................... 47

HASIL PENELITIAN .................................................................................................................. 47

5.1 Karakteristik Responden ......................................................................................................... 48

5.2 Analisa Data .............................................................................................................................. 50

BAB VI ................................................................................................................................................. 81

PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................................................................. 81

6.1 Gambaran Populasi .................................................................................................................. 81

6.2 Gambaran Teknik Pengambilan Data, Desain Penelitian dan Instrumen ....................... 82

6.3 Gambaran Faktor – faktor yang berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis di Asia ......................................................................... 82

6.4 Hasil Analisis Faktor – Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis di Asia .............................................................121

6.5 Keterbatasan Penelitian .........................................................................................................126

6.6 Implikasi Keperawatan ..........................................................................................................126

BAB VII .............................................................................................................................................. 127

PENUTUP ......................................................................................................................................... 127

7.1 Kesimpulan.............................................................................................................................. 127

7.2 Saran ......................................................................................................................................... 127

xii

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................................................... 129

LAMPIRAN 1 ................................................................................................................................... 139

TAHAPAN PENCARIAN DATA MENGGUNAKAN DATA BASE ...............................139

LAMPIRAN 2 ....................................................................................................................................143

LAMPIRAN 3 ....................................................................................................................................149

LAMPIRAN 4 ....................................................................................................................................150

LAMPIRAN 5 ....................................................................................................................................151

DAFTAR TABEL

xiii

Tabel 5.1 Karakteristik Responden ............................................................... 49

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

xiv

Gambar 3.1 Kerangka Konsep .......................................................................... 37

Gambar 4.1 Tahapan Literature review .......................................................................40

xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

xv

Lampiran 1. Tahapan Pencarian Data Menggunakan Data Base ........... 139

Lampiran 2. Lembar Konsultasi .................................................................. 143

Lampiran 3. Angket Seminar Hasil ............................................................. 149

Lampiran 4. Hasil Deteksi Plagiasi.............................................................. 150

Lampiran 5. Kartu Kendali Deteksi Plagiasi ............................................. 151

xvi

xvi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

CDC : Center for Disease and Control Prevention

ESF : Erythropoetic Stimulating Factors

FANLTC : Functional Assesment For Non Life Threatening Conditions

GGK : Gagal Ginjal Kronik

HD : Hemodialisis

HRQOL : Health Related Quality of Life

IRR : Indonesian Renal Registry

KDQ : Kidney Disease Questionnaire

KDQOL SF 36 LFG

: Kidney Disease Quality Of Life Short Form 36

: Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus

Ped QOL : Pediatric Quality of Life

PERNEFRI : Persatuan Nefrologi Indonesia

SF 36 : Short Form 36

WHO QOL : World Health Organization Quality of Life

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