sejarah internet di dunia

8/10/2019 Sejarah Internet Di Dunia

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Sejarah Internet di Dunia

Pada tahun 1957 Dephan AS (DoD = Departement of Defense) membentuk ARPA (Adan!ed

Resear!h Proje!ts A"en!#) seba"ai tan""apan terhadap pe$un!uran Sputnik%n#a &ni So#et'

ARPA bertu"as menin"katkan kemampuan tekno$o"i #an" dapat dimanfaatkan o$eh mi$iter'

ARPA menja$ankan tu"asn#a den"an memberikan bantuan dan me$akukan kontrak kerja

den"an uniersitas%uniersitas dan perusahaan%perusahaan #an" memi$iki ide #an" dian""ap

menjanjikan ba"i operasin#a'

Pada perten"ahan tahun 19%an* saat pun!ak Peran" Din"in* DoD in"in memi$iki komando

dan pen"enda$ian jarin"an #an" dapat mempertahankan diri bi$a terjadi peran" nuk$ir' &ntuk

men"atasi masa$ah ini DoD men"ubah arah risetn#a* ARPA' +ekerjasama den"an beberapa

uniersitas* ARPA memutuskan bah,a jarin"an #an" diper$ukan DoD ada$ah berbentuk pa!ket%

s,it!hin" #an" terdiri dari sebuah subnet dan komputer%komputer host' Pada Desember 19-*

ARPA memberikan kontrakn#a kepada ++.* sebuah biro konsu$tan di /ambrid"e*

0assa!husetts untuk memban"un jarin"an tersebut dan membuat soft,are%soft,are

pendukun"'

a$aupun masih terdapat kekuran"an pada masa$ah soft,are* pada Desember 199 berhasi$

di$un!urkan sebuah jarin"an eksperimen #an" men"hubun"kan empat buah simpu$ #aitu &/2A*

&/S+* SRI dan &tah &niersit#' 3arin"an ARPA.4 ini se"era berkemban" den"an pesat

me$iputi se$uruh ,i$a#ah AS da$am ti"a tahun pertaman#a' Seba"ai tambahan da$am membantu

pertumbuhan ARPA.4 #an" masih prematur ini* ARPA ju"a membia#ai pene$itian jarin"an

sate$it dan jarin"an radio paket #an" mobi$e'

Pen"amatan ini mendoron" semakin ban#akn#a pene$itian tentan" protoko$* #an" berpun!ak

pada penemuan mode$ dan protoko$ /P6IP' /P6IP se!ara spesifik diran!an" untuk

menan"ani komunikasi me$a$ui internet,ork* sesuatu #an" menjadi semakin pentin" den"an

semakin ban#akn#a jarin"an dan 2A. #an" dihubun"kan ke ARPA.4' &ntuk mendoron"

pemakaian protoko$%protoko$ baru tersebut* ARPA men"adakan beberapa kontrak den"an ++.

dan &niersitas /a$ifornia di +erke$e# untuk men"inte"rasikan protoko$%protoko$ tersebut ke

da$am +erke$e# &.I'

Pada tahun 19-8* ARPA.4 memi$iki jarin"an #an" besar dan sudah dapat dian""ap stabi$ dan

sukses' Se$ama tahun 19-%an* jarin"an%jarin"an tambahan* khususn#a 2A.* makin ban#ak

#an" dihubun"kan ke ARPA.4' Seja$an den"an bertambah $uasn#a jarin"an* host%pun


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semakin maha$' arena itu D.S (Domain .amin" S#stem) dibentuk untuk men"or"anisasi

mesin ke da$am domain%domain tertentu dan memetakan nama%nama host ke da$am a$amat%

a$amat IP'

Pada tahun 199* ARPA.4 te$ah tersusun o$eh jarin"an%jarin"an #an" baru* #an" sebenarn#a

di$ahirkan sendiri o$eh ARPA.4' Sete$ah itu ARPA.4 men"hentikan operasin#a dan

dibon"kar' Sampai saat ini* 0I2.4 masih tetap beroperasi'

Pada tahun 19-: .S; mu$ai meran!an" jarin"an ba!kbone berke!epatan tin""i #an" akan

men"hubun"kan keenam pusat superkomputern#a di San Die"o* +ou$der* /hampai"n*

Pittsbur"h* Itha!a dan Prin!eton' 3arin"an ini dipro#eksikan seba"ai pen""anti ARPA.4 dan

akan dibuka untuk se$uruh ke$ompok%ke$ompok riset uniersitas* $aboratorium riset*

perpustakaan dan musium untuk men"akses keenam superkomputern#a itu dan berkomunikasisatu den"an $ainn#a' 3arin"an ini ju"a terhubun" den"an ARPA.4' Se$anjutn#a .S; den"an

se"era membuat ren!ana jarin"an penerusn#a dan memberikan kontrak kepada konsorsium

0i!hi"an%based 04RI untuk me$aksanakan ren!ana tersebut' 3arin"an ini pun akhirn#a

ke,a$ahan sehin""a pada tahun 199 jarin"an ini se"era ditin"katkan kemampuann#a'

Pada tahun 1995* ba!kbone .S;.4 tidak diper$ukan $a"i untuk men"interkoneksikan jarin"an%

jarin"an re"iona$ .S;' &ntuk mempermudah dan me#akinkan bah,a setiap jarin"an re"iona$

dapat berkomunikasi den"an jarin"an re"iona$ $ainn#a* .S; memberikan kontrak kerja kepada

empat operator jarin"an untuk membuat .AP (.et,ork A!!ess Point)' ' komputer' Pada tahun 199>* host kesatu%juta te$ah terhubun" ke jarin"an'


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Tahun *962

De"artemen Pertahanan Ameri!a( +.S. De)ense Ad,an$ed -esear$h Proje$ts

A#en$yDA-PA/ memutus!an untu! men#ada!an riset tentan# ba#aimana $aranya

men#hubun#!an sejumah !om"uter sehin##a membentu! jarin#an or#ani!.

Pro#ram riset ini di!ena den#an nama A-PA%ET( yan# ta! ain untu! men#hindari

"emusatan in)ormasi di satu titi! yan# di"andan# ra&an untu! dihan$ur!an a"abia

terjadi "e"eran#an. Den#an $ara ini dihara"!an a"abia satu ba#ian dari jarin#anter"utus( ma!a jaur yan# meaui jarin#an tersebut da"at se$ara otomatis

di"indah!an !e sauran ainnya.

Tahun *90

Sudah ebih dari *0 !om"uter yan# berhasi dihubun#!an satu sama ain sehin##a

mere!a bisa sain# ber!omuni!asi dan membentu! sebuah jarin#an.

Tahun *92

-oy Tominson berhasi menyem"urna!an "ro#ram e'mai yan# ia $i"ta!an setahun

yan# au untu! A-PA%ET. Pro#ram e'mai ini be#itu mudah sehin##a an#sun#

menjadi "o"uer. Pada tahun yan# sama( i$on 1ju#a di"er!ena!an seba#ai ambin#

"entin# yan# menunju!!an at3 atau "ada3.

Tahun *94

5arin#an !om"uter A-PA%ET muai di!emban#!an !e uar Ameri!a Seri!at. om"uter

+ni,ersity 7oe#e di 8ondon meru"a!an !om"uter "ertama yan# ada di uar


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Ameri!a yan# menjadi an##ota jarin#an Ar"anet. Pada tahun yan# sama( dua oran#

ahi !om"uter ya!ni inton 7er) dan Bob ahn mem"resentasi!an sebuah #a#asan

yan# ebih besar( yan# menjadi $i!a ba!a "emi!iran internet. Ide ini

di"resentasi!an untu! "ertama !ainya di +ni,ersitas Susse.

Tahun *96

Te"atnya tan##a 26 ;aret *96( meru"a!an hari bersejarah( !eti!a -atu In##ris

berhasi men#irim!an e'mai dari -oya Si#nas and -adar Estabishment di ;a,ern.

Setahun !emudian( sudah ebih dari *00 !om"uter yan# ber#abun# di A-PA%ET

membentu! sebuah jarin#an atau net&or!.

Tahun *99

Tom Trus$ott( 5im Eis dan Ste,e Beo,in( men$i"ta!an ne&s#rou"s "ertama yan#

diberi nama +SE%ET.

Tahun *9


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Tahun *9


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Situs internet teah tumbuh menjadi 4000 aamat haaman( dan untu! "ertama

!ainya ,irtua'sho""in# atau e'retai mun$u di internet. Dunia an#sun# berubah.

Di tahun yan# sama ahoo didiri!an( yan# ju#a se!ai#us !eahiran %ets$a"e

%a,i#ator *.0.

Sedan#!an Sejarah Internet sendiri di Indonesia bermua "ada a&a tahun *990'an(

saat itu jarin#an internet di Indonesia ebih di!ena seba#ai "a#uyuban net&or!(

dimana seman#at !erjasama( !e!euar#aan C #oton# royon# san#at han#at dan

terasa diantara "ara "ea!unya. A#a! berbeda den#an suasana Internet Indonesia

"ada "er!emban#annya yan# terasa ebih !omersia dan indi,idua di seba#ian

a!ti@tasnya terutama yan# meibat!an "erda#an#an Internet. Dan baru bisa

meni!mati ayanan Internet !omersia "ada se!itar tahun *99=.

PT Anri oba 7onne$tion Tutoria : Sejarah Internet Dunia3

htt":anri.$omsejarah'internet'dunia dia!ses *G Se"tember *6:*6 ?IB

In this paper*8seera$ of us ino$ed in the dee$opment and eo$ution of the Internet share our ie,s of

its ori"ins and histor#' his histor# reo$es around four distin!t aspe!ts' here is the te!hno$o"i!a$

eo$ution that be"an ,ith ear$# resear!h on pa!ket s,it!hin" and the ARPA.4 (and re$ated

te!hno$o"ies)* and ,here !urrent resear!h !ontinues to epand the horiBons of the infrastru!ture a$on"

seera$ dimensions* su!h as s!a$e* performan!e* and hi"her%$ee$ fun!tiona$it#' here is the operations

and mana"ement aspe!t of a "$oba$ and !omp$e operationa$ infrastru!ture' here is the so!ia$ aspe!t*

,hi!h resu$ted in a broad !ommunit# of Internauts ,orkin" to"ether to !reate and eo$e the te!hno$o"#'

And there is the !ommer!ia$iBation aspe!t* resu$tin" in an etreme$# effe!tie transition of resear!h resu$tsinto a broad$# dep$o#ed and aai$ab$e information infrastru!ture'

he Internet toda# is a ,idespread information infrastru!ture* the initia$ protot#pe of ,hat is often !a$$ed

the .ationa$ (or C$oba$ or Ca$a!ti!) Information Infrastru!ture' Its histor# is !omp$e and ino$es man#

aspe!ts % te!hno$o"i!a$* or"aniBationa$* and !ommunit#' And its inf$uen!e rea!hes not on$# to the te!hni!a$

fie$ds of !omputer !ommuni!ations but throu"hout so!iet# as ,e moe to,ard in!reasin" use of on$ine

too$s to a!!omp$ish e$e!troni! !ommer!e* information a!uisition* and !ommunit# operations'

Origins of the Internethe first re!orded des!ription of the so!ia$ intera!tions that !ou$d be enab$ed throu"h net,orkin" ,as

aseries of memos,ritten b# 3'/'R' 2i!k$ider of 0I in Au"ust 19> dis!ussin" his ECa$a!ti! .et,orkE

!on!ept' Fe enisioned a "$oba$$# inter!onne!ted set of !omputers throu"h ,hi!h eer#one !ou$d ui!k$#

a!!ess data and pro"rams from an# site' In spirit* the !on!ept ,as er# mu!h $ike the Internet of toda#'2i!k$ider ,as the first head of the !omputer resear!h pro"ram at DARPA*

:startin" in ' hi$e

at DARPA he !onin!ed his su!!essors at DARPA* Ian Suther$and* +ob a#$or* and 0I resear!her

2a,ren!e C' Roberts* of the importan!e of this net,orkin" !on!ept'

2eonard $einro!k at 0I pub$ished thefirst paper on pa!ket s,it!hin" theor#in 3u$# 191 and thefirst

book on the subje!tin 19:' $einro!k !onin!ed Roberts of the theoreti!a$ feasibi$it# of !ommuni!ations

usin" pa!kets rather than !ir!uits* ,hi!h ,as a major step a$on" the path to,ards !omputer net,orkin"'

he other ke# step ,as to make the !omputers ta$k to"ether' o ep$ore this* in 195 ,orkin" ,ith
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motiated b# the need of the ARPA.4 dee$opers for an eas# !oordination me!hanism' In 3u$#* Roberts

epanded its uti$it# b# ,ritin" the first emai$ uti$it# pro"ram to $ist* se$e!tie$# read* fi$e* for,ard* and

respond to messa"es' ;rom there emai$ took off as the $ar"est net,ork app$i!ation for oer a de!ade'

his ,as a harbin"er of the kind of a!tiit# ,e see on the or$d ide eb toda#* name$#* the enormous

"ro,th of a$$ kinds of Epeop$e%to%peop$eE traffi!'

The Initial Internetting ConceptsThe original ARPANET grew into the Internet. Internet was based on the idea that there would bemultiple independent networks of rather arbitrary design, beginning with the ARPANET as the

pioneering packet switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks, groundbased

packet radio networks and other networks' he Internet as ,e no, kno, it embodies a ke# under$#in"

te!hni!a$ idea* name$# that of open ar!hite!ture net,orkin"' In this approa!h* the !hoi!e of an# indiidua$

net,ork te!hno$o"# ,as not di!tated b# a parti!u$ar net,ork ar!hite!ture but rather !ou$d be se$e!ted

free$# b# a proider and made to inter,ork ,ith the other net,orks throu"h a meta%$ee$ EInternet,orkin"

Ar!hite!tureE' &p unti$ that time there ,as on$# one "enera$ method for federatin" net,orks' his ,as the

traditiona$ !ir!uit s,it!hin" method ,here net,orks ,ou$d inter!onne!t at the !ir!uit $ee$* passin"

indiidua$ bits on a s#n!hronous basis a$on" a portion of an end%to%end !ir!uit bet,een a pair of end

$o!ations' Re!a$$ that $einro!k had sho,n in 191 that pa!ket s,it!hin" ,as a more effi!ient s,it!hin"

method' A$on" ,ith pa!ket s,it!hin"* spe!ia$ purpose inter!onne!tion arran"ements bet,een net,orks

,ere another possibi$it#' hi$e there ,ere other $imited ,a#s to inter!onne!t different net,orks* the#

reuired that one be used as a !omponent of the other* rather than a!tin" as a peer of the other in

offerin" end%to%end seri!e'

In an open%ar!hite!ture net,ork* the indiidua$ net,orks ma# be separate$# desi"ned and dee$oped and

ea!h ma# hae its o,n uniue interfa!e ,hi!h it ma# offer to users and6or other proiders' in!$udin" other

Internet proiders' 4a!h net,ork !an be desi"ned in a!!ordan!e ,ith the spe!ifi! enironment and user

reuirements of that net,ork' here are "enera$$# no !onstraints on the t#pes of net,ork that !an be

in!$uded or on their "eo"raphi! s!ope* a$thou"h !ertain pra"mati! !onsiderations ,i$$ di!tate ,hat makes

sense to offer'

he idea of open%ar!hite!ture net,orkin" ,as first introdu!ed b# ahn short$# after hain" arried at

DARPA in 197>' his ,ork ,as ori"ina$$# part of the pa!ket radio pro"ram* but subseuent$# be!ame aseparate pro"ram in its o,n ri"ht' At the time* the pro"ram ,as !a$$ed EInternettin"E' e# to makin" the

pa!ket radio s#stem ,ork ,as a re$iab$e end%end proto!o$ that !ou$d maintain effe!tie !ommuni!ation in

the fa!e of jammin" and other radio interferen!e* or ,ithstand intermittent b$a!kout su!h as !aused b#

bein" in a tunne$ or b$o!ked b# the $o!a$ terrain' ahn first !ontemp$ated dee$opin" a proto!o$ $o!a$ on$#

to the pa!ket radio net,ork* sin!e that ,ou$d aoid hain" to dea$ ,ith the mu$titude of different operatin"

s#stems* and !ontinuin" to use ./P'

Fo,eer* ./P did not hae the abi$it# to address net,orks (and ma!hines) further do,nstream than a

destination I0P on the ARPA.4 and thus some !han"e to ./P ,ou$d a$so be reuired' (he

assumption ,as that the ARPA.4 ,as not !han"eab$e in this re"ard)' ./P re$ied on ARPA.4 to

proide end%to%end re$iabi$it#' If an# pa!kets ,ere $ost* the proto!o$ (and presumab$# an# app$i!ations it

supported) ,ou$d !ome to a "rindin" ha$t' In this mode$ ./P had no end%end host error !ontro$* sin!e theARPA.4 ,as to be the on$# net,ork in eisten!e and it ,ou$d be so re$iab$e that no error !ontro$ ,ou$d

be reuired on the part of the hosts' hus* ahn de!ided to dee$op a ne, ersion of the proto!o$ ,hi!h

!ou$d meet the needs of an open%ar!hite!ture net,ork enironment' his proto!o$ ,ou$d eentua$$# be

!a$$ed the ransmission /ontro$ Proto!o$6Internet Proto!o$ (/P6IP)' hi$e ./P tended to a!t $ike a

dei!e drier* the ne, proto!o$ ,ou$d be more $ike a !ommuni!ations proto!o$'

;our "round ru$es ,ere !riti!a$ to ahnHs ear$# thinkin"?


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4a!h distin!t net,ork ,ou$d hae to stand on its o,n and no interna$ !han"es !ou$d be reuired

to an# su!h net,ork to !onne!t it to the Internet'

/ommuni!ations ,ou$d be on a best effort basis' If a pa!ket didnHt make it to the fina$ destination*

it ,ou$d short$# be retransmitted from the sour!e'

+$a!k boes ,ou$d be used to !onne!t the net,orks these ,ou$d $ater be !a$$ed "ate,a#s and

routers' here ,ou$d be no information retained b# the "ate,a#s about the indiidua$ f$o,s of pa!kets

passin" throu"h them* thereb# keepin" them simp$e and aoidin" !omp$i!ated adaptation and re!oer#

from arious fai$ure modes'

here ,ou$d be no "$oba$ !ontro$ at the operations $ee$'

bit IP
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address ,as used of ,hi!h the first - bits si"nified the net,ork and the remainin" >: bits desi"nated the

host on that net,ork' his assumption* that >5 net,orks ,ou$d be suffi!ient for the foreseeab$e future*

,as !$ear$# in need of re!onsideration ,hen 2A.s be"an to appear in the $ate 197s'

he ori"ina$ /erf6ahn paper on the Internet des!ribed one proto!o$* !a$$ed /P* ,hi!h proided a$$ the

transport and for,ardin" seri!es in the Internet' ahn had intended that the /P proto!o$ support a

ran"e of transport seri!es* from the tota$$# re$iab$e seuen!ed de$ier# of data (irtua$ !ir!uit mode$) to a

data"ram seri!e in ,hi!h the app$i!ation made dire!t use of the under$#in" net,ork seri!e* ,hi!h mi"ht

imp$# o!!asiona$ $ost* !orrupted or reordered pa!kets' Fo,eer* the initia$ effort to imp$ement /P

resu$ted in a ersion that on$# a$$o,ed for irtua$ !ir!uits' his mode$ ,orked fine for fi$e transfer and

remote $o"in app$i!ations* but some of the ear$# ,ork on adan!ed net,ork app$i!ations* in parti!u$ar

pa!ket oi!e in the 197s* made !$ear that in some !ases pa!ket $osses shou$d not be !orre!ted b# /P*

but shou$d be $eft to the app$i!ation to dea$ ,ith' his $ed to a reor"aniBation of the ori"ina$ /P into t,o

proto!o$s* the simp$e IP ,hi!h proided on$# for addressin" and for,ardin" of indiidua$ pa!kets* and the

separate /P* ,hi!h ,as !on!erned ,ith seri!e features su!h as f$o, !ontro$ and re!oer# from $ost

pa!kets' ;or those app$i!ations that did not ,ant the seri!es of /P* an a$ternatie !a$$ed the &ser

Data"ram Proto!o$ (&DP) ,as added in order to proide dire!t a!!ess to the basi! seri!e of IP'

A major initia$ motiation for both the ARPA.4 and the Internet ,as resour!e sharin" % for eamp$e

a$$o,in" users on the pa!ket radio net,orks to a!!ess the time sharin" s#stems atta!hed to theARPA.4' /onne!tin" the t,o to"ether ,as far more e!onomi!a$ that dup$i!atin" these er# epensie

!omputers' Fo,eer* ,hi$e fi$e transfer and remote $o"in (e$net) ,ere er# important app$i!ations*

e$e!troni! mai$ has probab$# had the most si"nifi!ant impa!t of the innoations from that era' 4mai$

proided a ne, mode$ of ho, peop$e !ou$d !ommuni!ate ,ith ea!h other* and !han"ed the nature of

!o$$aboration* first in the bui$din" of the Internet itse$f (as is dis!ussed be$o,) and $ater for mu!h of so!iet#'

here ,ere other app$i!ations proposed in the ear$# da#s of the Internet* in!$udin" pa!ket based oi!e

!ommuni!ation (the pre!ursor of Internet te$ephon#)* arious mode$s of fi$e and disk sharin"* and ear$#

E,ormE pro"rams that sho,ed the !on!ept of a"ents (and* of !ourse* iruses)' A ke# !on!ept of the

Internet is that it ,as not desi"ned for just one app$i!ation* but as a "enera$ infrastru!ture on ,hi!h ne,

app$i!ations !ou$d be !on!eied* as i$$ustrated $ater b# the emer"en!e of the or$d ide eb' It is the

"enera$ purpose nature of the seri!e proided b# /P and IP that makes this possib$e'Proving the IdeasDARPA $et three !ontra!ts to Stanford (/erf)* ++. (Ra# om$inson) and &/2 (Peter irstein) to imp$ement

/P6IP (it ,as simp$# !a$$ed /P in the /erf6ahn paper but !ontained both !omponents)' he Stanford

team* $ed b# /erf* produ!ed the detai$ed spe!ifi!ation and ,ithin about a #ear there ,ere three

independent imp$ementations of /P that !ou$d interoperate'

his ,as the be"innin" of $on" term eperimentation and dee$opment to eo$e and mature the Internet

!on!epts and te!hno$o"#' +e"innin" ,ith the first three net,orks (ARPA.4* Pa!ket Radio* and Pa!ket

Sate$$ite) and their initia$ resear!h !ommunities* the eperimenta$ enironment has "ro,n to in!orporate

essentia$$# eer# form of net,ork and a er# broad%based resear!h and dee$opment

!ommunit#' KR47-Lith ea!h epansion has !ome ne, !ha$$en"es'

he ear$# imp$ementations of /P ,ere done for $ar"e time sharin" s#stems su!h as ene and ' hen desktop !omputers first appeared* it ,as thou"ht b# some that /P ,as too bi" and !omp$e to

run on a persona$ !omputer' Daid /$ark and his resear!h "roup at 0I set out to sho, that a !ompa!t

and simp$e imp$ementation of /P ,as possib$e' he# produ!ed an imp$ementation* first for the ero

A$to (the ear$# persona$ ,orkstation dee$oped at ero PAR/) and then for the I+0 P/' hat

imp$ementation ,as fu$$# interoperab$e ,ith other /Ps* but ,as tai$ored to the app$i!ation suite and

performan!e obje!ties of the persona$ !omputer* and sho,ed that ,orkstations* as ,e$$ as $ar"e time%

sharin" s#stems* !ou$d be a part of the Internet' In 197* $einro!k pub$ished the first book on the
http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#REK78http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#REK78http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#LK76http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#REK78http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#LK76


12/22

ARPA.4'It in!$uded an emphasis on the !omp$eit# of proto!o$s and the pitfa$$s the# often introdu!e'

his book ,as inf$uentia$ in spreadin" the $ore of pa!ket s,it!hin" net,orks to a er# ,ide !ommunit#'

idespread dee$opment of 2A.S* P/s and ,orkstations in the 19-s a$$o,ed the nas!ent Internet to

f$ourish' 4thernet te!hno$o"#* dee$oped b# +ob 0et!a$fe at ero PAR/ in 1978* is no, probab$# the

dominant net,ork te!hno$o"# in the Internet and P/s and ,orkstations the dominant !omputers' his

!han"e from hain" a fe, net,orks ,ith a modest number of time%shared hosts (the ori"ina$ ARPA.4

mode$) to hain" man# net,orks has resu$ted in a number of ne, !on!epts and !han"es to the

under$#in" te!hno$o"#' ;irst* it resu$ted in the definition of three net,ork !$asses (A* +* and /) to

a!!ommodate the ran"e of net,orks' /$ass A represented $ar"e nationa$ s!a$e net,orks (sma$$ number of

net,orks ,ith $ar"e numbers of hosts) /$ass + represented re"iona$ s!a$e net,orks and /$ass /

represented $o!a$ area net,orks ($ar"e number of net,orks ,ith re$atie$# fe, hosts)'

A major shift o!!urred as a resu$t of the in!rease in s!a$e of the Internet and its asso!iated mana"ement

issues' o make it eas# for peop$e to use the net,ork* hosts ,ere assi"ned names* so that it ,as not

ne!essar# to remember the numeri! addresses'


13/22

hus* b# 19-5* Internet ,as a$read# ,e$$ estab$ished as a te!hno$o"# supportin" a broad !ommunit# of

resear!hers and dee$opers* and ,as be"innin" to be used b# other !ommunities for dai$# !omputer

!ommuni!ations' 4$e!troni! mai$ ,as bein" used broad$# a!ross seera$ !ommunities* often ,ith different

s#stems* but inter!onne!tion bet,een different mai$ s#stems ,as demonstratin" the uti$it# of broad based

e$e!troni! !ommuni!ations bet,een peop$e'

Transition to Widespread InfrastructureAt the same time that the Internet te!hno$o"# ,as bein" eperimenta$$# a$idated and ,ide$# usedamon"st a subset of !omputer s!ien!e resear!hers* other net,orks and net,orkin" te!hno$o"ies ,ere

bein" pursued' he usefu$ness of !omputer net,orkin" % espe!ia$$# e$e!troni! mai$ % demonstrated b#

DARPA and Department of Defense !ontra!tors on the ARPA.4 ,as not $ost on other !ommunities and

dis!ip$ines* so that b# the mid%197s !omputer net,orks had be"un to sprin" up ,hereer fundin" !ou$d

be found for the purpose' he &'S' Department of 4ner"# (Do4) estab$ished 0;4.et for its resear!hers

in 0a"neti! ;usion 4ner"#* ,hereupon Do4Hs Fi"h 4ner"# Ph#si!ists responded b# bui$din" F4P.et'

.ASA Spa!e Ph#si!ists fo$$o,ed ,ith SPA.* and Ri!k Adrion* Daid ;arber* and 2arr# 2and,eber

estab$ished /S.4 for the (a!ademi! and industria$) /omputer S!ien!e !ommunit# ,ith an initia$ "rant

from the &'S' .ationa$ S!ien!e ;oundation (.S;)' AMHs free%,hee$in" dissemination of the &.I

!omputer operatin" s#stem spa,ned &S4.4* based on &.IH bui$t%in &&/P !ommuni!ation proto!o$s*

and in 19-1 Ira ;u!hs and Cre#don ;reeman deised +I.4* ,hi!h $inked a!ademi! mainframe

!omputers in an Eemai$ as !ard ima"esE paradi"m'

ith the e!eption of +I.4 and &S4.4* these ear$# net,orks (in!$udin" ARPA.4) ,ere purpose%

bui$t % i'e'* the# ,ere intended for* and $ar"e$# restri!ted to* !$osed !ommunities of s!ho$ars there ,as

hen!e $itt$e pressure for the indiidua$ net,orks to be !ompatib$e and* indeed* the# $ar"e$# ,ere not' In

addition* a$ternate te!hno$o"ies ,ere bein" pursued in the !ommer!ia$ se!tor* in!$udin" .S from ero*

D4/.et* and I+0Hs S.A'-It remained for the +ritish 3A.4 (19-:) and &'S' .S;.4 (19-5) pro"rams to

ep$i!it$# announ!e their intent to sere the entire hi"her edu!ation !ommunit#* re"ard$ess of dis!ip$ine'

Indeed* a !ondition for a &'S' uniersit# to re!eie .S; fundin" for an Internet !onne!tion ,as that E''' the

!onne!tion must be made aai$ab$e to A22 ua$ified users on !ampus'E

In 19-5* Dennis 3ennin"s !ame from Ire$and to spend a #ear at .S; $eadin" the .S;.4 pro"ram' Fe

,orked ,ith the !ommunit# to he$p .S; make a !riti!a$ de!ision % that /P6IP ,ou$d be mandator# for the.S;.4 pro"ram' hen Stee o$ff took oer the .S;.4 pro"ram in 19-* he re!o"niBed the need

for a ,ide area net,orkin" infrastru!ture to support the "enera$ a!ademi! and resear!h !ommunit#* a$on"

,ith the need to dee$op a strate"# for estab$ishin" su!h infrastru!ture on a basis u$timate$# independent

of dire!t federa$ fundin"' Po$i!ies and strate"ies ,ere adopted (see be$o,) to a!hiee that end'

.S; a$so e$e!ted to support DARPAHs eistin" Internet or"aniBationa$ infrastru!ture* hierar!hi!a$$#

arran"ed under the (then) Internet A!tiities +oard (IA+)' he pub$i! de!$aration of this !hoi!e ,as the

joint authorship b# the IA+Hs Internet 4n"ineerin" and Ar!hite!ture ask ;or!es and b# .S;Hs .et,ork

e!hni!a$ Adisor# Croup of R;/ 9-5 (Reuirements for Internet Cate,a#s )* ,hi!h forma$$# ensured

interoperabi$it# of DARPAHs and .S;Hs pie!es of the Internet'

In addition to the se$e!tion of /P6IP for the .S;.4 pro"ram* ;edera$ a"en!ies made and imp$emented

seera$ other po$i!# de!isions ,hi!h shaped the Internet of toda#' ;edera$ a"en!ies shared the !ost of !ommon infrastru!ture* su!h as trans%o!eani! !ir!uits' he#

a$so joint$# supported Emana"ed inter!onne!tion pointsE for intera"en!# traffi! the ;edera$ Internet

4!han"es (;I%4 and ;I%) bui$t for this purpose sered as mode$s for the .et,ork A!!ess Points

and ENIE fa!i$ities that are prominent features of toda#Hs Internet ar!hite!ture'

o !oordinate this sharin"* the ;edera$ .et,orkin" /oun!i$9,as formed' he ;./ a$so

!ooperated ,ith other internationa$ or"aniBations* su!h as RAR4 in 4urope* throu"h the /oordinatin"
http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f8http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f8http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f9http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f9http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f8http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f9


14/22

/ommittee on Inter!ontinenta$ Resear!h .et,orkin"* //IR.* to !oordinate Internet support of the

resear!h !ommunit# ,or$d,ide'

his sharin" and !ooperation bet,een a"en!ies on Internet%re$ated issues had a $on" histor#' An

unpre!edented 19-1 a"reement bet,een ;arber* a!tin" for /S.4 and the .S;* and DARPAHs ahn*

permitted /S.4 traffi! to share ARPA.4 infrastru!ture on a statisti!a$ and no%metered%sett$ements

basis'

Subseuent$#* in a simi$ar mode* the .S; en!oura"ed its re"iona$ (initia$$# a!ademi!) net,orks of

the .S;.4 to seek !ommer!ia$* non%a!ademi! !ustomers* epand their fa!i$ities to sere them* and

ep$oit the resu$tin" e!onomies of s!a$e to $o,er subs!ription !osts for a$$'

mi$$ion from 19- to 1995)

% and the ua$it# of the proto!o$s themse$es % that b# 199 ,hen the ARPA.4 itse$f ,as fina$$#

de!ommissioned1* /P6IP had supp$anted or mar"ina$iBed most other ,ide%area !omputer net,ork

proto!o$s ,or$d,ide* and IP ,as ,e$$ on its ,a# to be!omin" F4 bearer seri!e for the C$oba$

Information Infrastru!ture'

The Role of DocumentationA ke# to the rapid "ro,th of the Internet has been the free and open a!!ess to the basi! do!uments*

espe!ia$$# the spe!ifi!ations of the proto!o$s'

he be"innin"s of the ARPA.4 and the Internet in the uniersit# resear!h !ommunit# promoted the

a!ademi! tradition of open pub$i!ation of ideas and resu$ts' Fo,eer* the norma$ !#!$e of traditiona$
http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f10http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f10


15/22

a!ademi! pub$i!ation ,as too forma$ and too s$o, for the d#nami! e!han"e of ideas essentia$ to !reatin"

net,orks'

In 199 a ke# step ,as taken b# S' /ro!ker (then at &/2A) in estab$ishin" theReuest for /omments(or

R;/) series of notes' hese memos ,ere intended to be an informa$ fast distribution ,a# to share ideas

,ith other net,ork resear!hers' At first the R;/s ,ere printed on paper and distributed ia snai$ mai$' As

the ;i$e ransfer Proto!o$ (;P) !ame into use* the R;/s ,ere prepared as on$ine fi$es and a!!essed ia

;P' .o,* of !ourse* the R;/s are easi$# a!!essed ia the or$d ide eb at doBens of sites around

the ,or$d' SRI* in its ro$e as .et,ork Information /enter* maintained the on$ine dire!tories' 3on Poste$

a!ted as R;/ 4ditor as ,e$$ as mana"in" the !entra$iBed administration of reuired proto!o$ number

assi"nments* ro$es that he !ontinued to p$a# unti$ his death*

!onsistent set of ideas) had !ome to"ether a spe!ifi!ation do!ument ,ou$d be prepared' Su!h a

spe!ifi!ation ,ou$d then be used as the base for imp$ementations b# the arious resear!h teams'


16/22

arious resear!h pro"rams* as the Internet started to eo$e* the .et,ork orkin" Croup eo$ed into

Internet orkin" Croup'

In the $ate 197s* re!o"niBin" that the "ro,th of the Internet ,as a!!ompanied b# a "ro,th in the siBe of

the interested resear!h !ommunit# and therefore an in!reased need for !oordination me!hanisms* Jint

/erf* then mana"er of the Internet Pro"ram at DARPA* formed seera$ !oordination bodies % an

Internationa$ /ooperation +oard (I/+)* !haired b# Peter irstein of &/2* to !oordinate a!tiities ,ith

some !ooperatin" 4uropean !ountries !entered on Pa!ket Sate$$ite resear!h* an Internet Resear!h Croup

,hi!h ,as an in!$usie "roup proidin" an enironment for "enera$ e!han"e of information* and an

Internet /onfi"uration /ontro$ +oard (I//+)* !haired b# /$ark' he I//+ ,as an initationa$ bod# to

assist /erf in mana"in" the bur"eonin" Internet a!tiit#'

In 19-8* ,hen +arr# 2einer took oer mana"ement of the Internet resear!h pro"ram at DARPA* he and

/$ark re!o"niBed that the !ontinuin" "ro,th of the Internet !ommunit# demanded a restru!turin" of the

!oordination me!hanisms' he I//+ ,as disbanded and in its p$a!e a stru!ture of ask ;or!es ,as

formed* ea!h fo!used on a parti!u$ar area of the te!hno$o"# (e'"' routers* end%to%end proto!o$s* et!')' he

Internet A!tiities +oard (IA+) ,as formed from the !hairs of the ask ;or!es'

It of !ourse ,as on$# a !oin!iden!e that the !hairs of the ask ;or!es ,ere the same peop$e as the

members of the o$d I//+* and Dae /$ark !ontinued to a!t as !hair' After some !han"in" membership on

the IA+* Phi$$ Cross be!ame !hair of a reita$iBed Internet 4n"ineerin" ask ;or!e (I4;)* at the timemere$# one of the IA+ ask ;or!es' As ,e sa, aboe* b# 19-5 there ,as a tremendous "ro,th in the

more pra!ti!a$6en"ineerin" side of the Internet' his "ro,th resu$ted in an ep$osion in the attendan!e at

the I4; meetin"s* and Cross ,as !ompe$$ed to !reate substru!ture to the I4; in the form of ,orkin"

"roups'

his "ro,th ,as !omp$emented b# a major epansion in the !ommunit#' .o $on"er ,as DARPA the on$#

major p$a#er in the fundin" of the Internet' In addition to .S;.et and the arious &S and internationa$

"oernment%funded a!tiities* interest in the !ommer!ia$ se!tor ,as be"innin" to "ro,' A$so in 19-5* both

ahn and 2einer $eft DARPA and there ,as a si"nifi!ant de!rease in Internet a!tiit# at DARPA' As a

resu$t* the IA+ ,as $eft ,ithout a primar# sponsor and in!reasin"$# assumed the mant$e of $eadership'

he "ro,th !ontinued* resu$tin" in een further substru!ture ,ithin both the IA+ and I4;' he I4;

!ombined orkin" Croups into Areas* and desi"nated Area Dire!tors' An Internet 4n"ineerin" Steerin"Croup (I4SC) ,as formed of the Area Dire!tors' he IA+ re!o"niBed the in!reasin" importan!e of the

I4;* and restru!tured the standards pro!ess to ep$i!it$# re!o"niBe the I4SC as the major reie, bod#

for standards' he IA+ a$so restru!tured so that the rest of the ask ;or!es (other than the I4;) ,ere

!ombined into an Internet Resear!h ask ;or!e (IR;) !haired b# Poste$* ,ith the o$d task for!es

renamed as resear!h "roups'

he "ro,th in the !ommer!ia$ se!tor brou"ht ,ith it in!reased !on!ern re"ardin" the standards pro!ess

itse$f' Startin" in the ear$# 19-Hs and !ontinuin" to this da#* the Internet "re, be#ond its primari$#

resear!h roots to in!$ude both a broad user !ommunit# and in!reased !ommer!ia$ a!tiit#' In!reased

attention ,as paid to makin" the pro!ess open and fair' his !oup$ed ,ith a re!o"niBed need for

!ommunit# support of the Internet eentua$$# $ed to the formation of the Internet So!iet# in 1991* under

the auspi!es of ahnHs /orporation for .ationa$ Resear!h Initiaties (/.RI) and the $eadership of /erf*

then ,ith /.RI'

In 199>* #et another reor"aniBation took p$a!e' In 199>* the Internet A!tiities +oard ,as re%or"aniBed

and re%named the Internet Ar!hite!ture +oard operatin" under the auspi!es of the Internet So!iet#' A

more EpeerE re$ationship ,as defined bet,een the ne, IA+ and I4SC* ,ith the I4; and I4SC takin" a

$ar"er responsibi$it# for the approa$ of standards' &$timate$#* a !ooperatie and mutua$$# supportie

re$ationship ,as formed bet,een the IA+* I4;* and Internet So!iet#* ,ith the Internet So!iet# takin" on

as a "oa$ the proision of seri!e and other measures ,hi!h ,ou$d fa!i$itate the ,ork of the I4;'


17/22

he re!ent dee$opment and ,idespread dep$o#ment of the or$d ide eb has brou"ht ,ith it a ne,

!ommunit#* as man# of the peop$e ,orkin" on the hae not thou"ht of themse$es as primari$#

net,ork resear!hers and dee$opers' A ne, !oordination or"aniBation ,as formed* the or$d ide eb

/onsortium (8/)' Initia$$# $ed from 0IHs 2aborator# for /omputer S!ien!e b# im +erners%2ee (the

inentor of the ) and A$ JeBBa* 8/ has taken on the responsibi$it# for eo$in" the arious

proto!o$s and standards asso!iated ,ith the eb'

hus* throu"h the oer t,o de!ades of Internet a!tiit#* ,e hae seen a stead# eo$ution of or"aniBationa$

stru!tures desi"ned to support and fa!i$itate an eer%in!reasin" !ommunit# ,orkin" !o$$aboratie$# on

Internet issues'

Commercialization of the Technology/ommer!ia$iBation of the Internet ino$ed not on$# the dee$opment of !ompetitie* priate net,ork

seri!es* but a$so the dee$opment of !ommer!ia$ produ!ts imp$ementin" the Internet te!hno$o"#' In the

ear$# 19-s* doBens of endors ,ere in!orporatin" /P6IP into their produ!ts be!ause the# sa, bu#ers

for that approa!h to net,orkin"' &nfortunate$# the# $a!ked both rea$ information about ho, the te!hno$o"#

,as supposed to ,ork and ho, the !ustomers p$anned on usin" this approa!h to net,orkin"' 0an# sa, it

as a nuisan!e add%on that had to be "$ued on to their o,n proprietar# net,orkin" so$utions? S.A*

D4/.et* .et,are* .et+ios' he DoD had mandated the use of /P6IP in man# of its pur!hases but "ae

$itt$e he$p to the endors re"ardin" ho, to bui$d usefu$ /P6IP produ!ts'

In 19-5* re!o"niBin" this $a!k of information aai$abi$it# and appropriate trainin"* Dan 2#n!h in

!ooperation ,ith the IA+ arran"ed to ho$d a three da# ,orkshop for A22 endors to !ome $earn about ho,

/P6IP ,orked and ,hat it sti$$ !ou$d not do ,e$$' he speakers !ame most$# from the DARPA resear!h

!ommunit# ,ho had both dee$oped these proto!o$s and used them in da#%to%da# ,ork' About >5 endor

personne$ !ame to $isten to 5 inentors and eperimenters' he resu$ts ,ere surprises on both sides? the

endors ,ere amaBed to find that the inentors ,ere so open about the ,a# thin"s ,orked (and ,hat sti$$

did not ,ork) and the inentors ,ere p$eased to $isten to ne, prob$ems the# had not !onsidered* but ,ere

bein" dis!oered b# the endors in the fie$d' hus a t,o%,a# dis!ussion ,as formed that has $asted for

oer a de!ade'

After t,o #ears of !onferen!es* tutoria$s* desi"n meetin"s and ,orkshops* a spe!ia$ eent ,as or"aniBed

that inited those endors ,hose produ!ts ran /P6IP ,e$$ enou"h to !ome to"ether in one room for threeda#s to sho, off ho, ,e$$ the# a$$ ,orked to"ether and a$so ran oer the Internet' In September of 19--

the first Interop trade sho, ,as born' 5 !ompanies made the !ut' 5* en"ineers from potentia$

!ustomer or"aniBations !ame to see if it a$$ did ,ork as ,as promised' It did' h#Q +e!ause the endors

,orked etreme$# hard to ensure that eer#oneHs produ!ts interoperated ,ith a$$ of the other produ!ts %

een ,ith those of their !ompetitors' he Interop trade sho, has "ro,n immense$# sin!e then and toda# it

is he$d in 7 $o!ations around the ,or$d ea!h #ear to an audien!e of oer >5* peop$e ,ho !ome to

$earn ,hi!h produ!ts ,ork ,ith ea!h other in a seam$ess manner* $earn about the $atest produ!ts* and

dis!uss the $atest te!hno$o"#'

In para$$e$ ,ith the !ommer!ia$iBation efforts that ,ere hi"h$i"hted b# the Interop a!tiities* the endors

be"an to attend the I4; meetin"s that ,ere he$d 8 or : times a #ear to dis!uss ne, ideas for etensions

of the /P6IP proto!o$ suite' Startin" ,ith a fe, hundred attendees most$# from a!ademia and paid for b#the "oernment* these meetin"s no, often e!eed a thousand attendees* most$# from the endor

!ommunit# and paid for b# the attendees themse$es' his se$f%se$e!ted "roup eo$es the /P6IP suite in

a mutua$$# !ooperatie manner' he reason it is so usefu$ is that it is !omposed of a$$ stakeho$ders?

resear!hers* end users and endors'

.et,ork mana"ement proides an eamp$e of the interp$a# bet,een the resear!h and !ommer!ia$

!ommunities' In the be"innin" of the Internet* the emphasis ,as on definin" and imp$ementin" proto!o$s

that a!hieed interoperation'


18/22

As the net,ork "re, $ar"er* it be!ame !$ear that the sometime ad ho! pro!edures used to mana"e the

net,ork ,ou$d not s!a$e' 0anua$ !onfi"uration of tab$es ,as rep$a!ed b# distributed automated

a$"orithms* and better too$s ,ere deised to iso$ate fau$ts' In 19-7 it be!ame !$ear that a proto!o$ ,as

needed that ,ou$d permit the e$ements of the net,ork* su!h as the routers* to be remote$# mana"ed in a

uniform ,a#' Seera$ proto!o$s for this purpose ,ere proposed* in!$udin" Simp$e .et,ork 0ana"ement

Proto!o$ or S.0P (desi"ned* as its name ,ou$d su""est* for simp$i!it#* and deried from an ear$ier

proposa$ !a$$ed SC0P) * F40S (a more !omp$e desi"n from the resear!h !ommunit#) and /0IP (from

the

R4S


19/22

ne, app$i!ations % Internet te$ephone and* s$i"ht$# further out* Internet te$eision' It is eo$in" to permit

more sophisti!ated forms of pri!in" and !ost re!oer#* a perhaps painfu$ reuirement in this !ommer!ia$

,or$d' It is !han"in" to a!!ommodate #et another "eneration of under$#in" net,ork te!hno$o"ies ,ith

different !hara!teristi!s and reuirements* e'"' broadband residentia$ a!!ess and sate$$ites' .e, modes

of a!!ess and ne, forms of seri!e ,i$$ spa,n ne, app$i!ations* ,hi!h in turn ,i$$ drie further eo$ution

of the net itse$f'

he most pressin" uestion for the future of the Internet is not ho, the te!hno$o"# ,i$$ !han"e* but ho,

the pro!ess of !han"e and eo$ution itse$f ,i$$ be mana"ed' As this paper des!ribes* the ar!hite!ture of

the Internet has a$,a#s been drien b# a !ore "roup of desi"ners* but the form of that "roup has !han"ed

as the number of interested parties has "ro,n' ith the su!!ess of the Internet has !ome a pro$iferation

of stakeho$ders % stakeho$ders no, ,ith an e!onomi! as ,e$$ as an inte$$e!tua$ inestment in the net,ork'

e no, see* in the debates oer !ontro$ of the domain name spa!e and the form of the net "eneration

IP addresses* a stru""$e to find the net so!ia$ stru!ture that ,i$$ "uide the Internet in the future' he form

of that stru!ture ,i$$ be harder to find* "ien the $ar"e number of !on!erned stakeho$ders' At the same

time* the industr# stru""$es to find the e!onomi! rationa$e for the $ar"e inestment needed for the future

"ro,th* for eamp$e to up"rade residentia$ a!!ess to a more suitab$e te!hno$o"#' If the Internet stumb$es*

it ,i$$ not be be!ause ,e $a!k for te!hno$o"#* ision* or motiation' It ,i$$ be be!ause ,e !annot set a

dire!tion and mar!h !o$$e!tie$# into the future'

htt":&&&.internetso$iety.or#internet&hat'internethistory'internetbrie)'history'

internetH-oe

Internet So$iety Brie) istory o) the Internet3

Dia!ses *G Se"tember 20*= *6:4* ?IB

+ni!e te$hnoo#ies su$h as the i#ht bub or the tee"hone( the Internet has no

sin#e in,entor.3 Instead( it has e,o,ed o,er time. The Internet #ot its start in the

+nited States more than G0 years a#o as a #o,ernment &ea"on in the 7od ?ar. For

years( s$ientists and resear$hers used it to $ommuni$ate and share data &ith one


20/22

another. Today( &e use the Internet )or amost e,erythin#( and )or many "eo"e it

&oud be im"ossibe to ima#ine i)e &ithout it.

>n >$tober =( *9G( the So,iet +nion aun$hed the &ordJs @rst manmade sateite

into orbit. The sateite( !no&n as S"utni!( did not do mu$h: It tumbed aimessy

around in outer s"a$e( sendin# bi"s and bee"s )rom its radio transmitters as it$ir$ed the Earth. Sti( to many Ameri$ans( the bea$h'ba'sied S"utni! &as "roo) o)

somethin# aarmin#: ?hie the bri#htest s$ientists and en#ineers in the +nited

States had been desi#nin# bi##er $ars and better tee,ision sets( it seemed( the

So,iets had been )o$usin# on ess )ri,oous thin#sKand they &ere #oin# to &in the

7od ?ar be$ause o) it.

Did ou no&L

Today( amost one'third o) the &ordJs 6.< biion "eo"e use the Internet re#uary.

A)ter S"utni!Js aun$h( many Ameri$ans be#an to thin! more seriousy about

s$ien$e and te$hnoo#y. S$hoos added $ourses on subje$ts i!e $hemistry( "hysi$s

and $a$uus. 7or"orations too! #o,ernment #rants and in,ested them in s$ienti@$

resear$h and de,eo"ment. And the )edera #o,ernment itse) )ormed ne& a#en$ies(

su$h as the %ationa Aeronauti$s and S"a$e Administration %ASA/ and the

De"artment o) De)enseJs Ad,an$ed -esear$h Proje$ts A#en$y A-PA/( to de,eo"

s"a$e'a#e te$hnoo#ies su$h as ro$!ets( &ea"ons and $om"uters.

TE BI-T >F TE A-PA%ET

S$ientists and miitary e"erts &ere es"e$iay $on$erned about &hat mi#ht ha""en

in the e,ent o) a So,iet atta$! on the nationJs tee"hone system. 5ust one missie(

they )eared( $oud destroy the &hoe net&or! o) ines and &ires that made eM$ient

on#'distan$e $ommuni$ation "ossibe. In *962( a s$ientist )rom ;.I.T. and A-PA

named 5.7.-. 8i$!ider "ro"osed a soution to this "robem: a #aa$ti$ net&or!3 o)

$om"uters that $oud ta! to one another. Su$h a net&or! &oud enabe #o,ernment

eaders to $ommuni$ate e,en i) the So,iets destroyed the tee"hone system.

In *96G( another ;.I.T. s$ientist de,eo"ed a &ay o) sendin# in)ormation )rom one

$om"uter to another that he $aed "a$!et s&it$hin#.3 Pa$!et s&it$hin# brea!s

data do&n into bo$!s( or "a$!ets( be)ore sendin# it to its destination. That &ay(

ea$h "a$!et $an ta!e its o&n route )rom "a$e to "a$e. ?ithout "a$!et s&it$hin#(


21/22

the #o,ernmentJs $om"uter net&or!Kno& !no&n as the A-PAnetK&oud ha,e

been just as ,unerabe to enemy atta$!s as the "hone system.

8>I%3

In *969( A-PAnet dei,ered its @rst messa#e: a node'to'node3 $ommuni$ation )rom

one $om"uter to another. The @rst $om"uter &as o$ated in a resear$h ab at +78A

and the se$ond &as at Stan)ordN ea$h one &as the sie o) a sma house./ The

messa#eK8>I%3K&as short and sim"e( but it $rashed the Oed#in# A-PA

net&or! any&ay: The Stan)ord $om"uter ony re$ei,ed the noteJs @rst t&o etters.

TE %ET?>- ->?S

By the end o) *969( just )our $om"uters &ere $onne$ted to the A-PAnet( but thenet&or! #re& steadiy durin# the *90s. In *9*( it added the +ni,ersity o) a&aiiJs

A8>Anet( and t&o years ater it added net&or!s at 8ondonJs +ni,ersity 7oe#e and

the -oya -adar Estabishment in %or&ay. As "a$!et's&it$hed $om"uter net&or!s

muti"ied( ho&e,er( it be$ame more diM$ut )or them to inte#rate into a sin#e

&ord&ide Internet.3

By the end o) the *90s( a $om"uter s$ientist named inton 7er) had be#un to

so,e this "robem by de,eo"in# a &ay )or a o) the $om"uters on a o) the &ordJs

mini'net&or!s to $ommuni$ate &ith one another. e $aed his in,entionTransmission 7ontro Proto$o(3 or T7P. 8ater( he added an additiona "roto$o(

!no&n as Internet Proto$o.3 The a$ronym &e use to re)er to these today is T7PIP./

>ne &riter des$ribes 7er)Js "roto$o as the handsha!eJ that introdu$es distant and

diQerent $om"uters to ea$h other in a ,irtua s"a$e.3

TE ?>-8D ?IDE ?EB

7er)Js "roto$o trans)ormed the Internet into a &ord&ide net&or!. Throu#hout the

*9


22/22

Sin$e then( the Internet has $han#ed in many &ays. In *992( a #rou" o) students

and resear$hers at the +ni,ersity o) Iinois de,eo"ed a so"histi$ated bro&ser that

they $aed ;osai$. It ater be$ame %ets$a"e./ ;osai$ oQered a user')riendy &ay to

sear$h the ?eb: It ao&ed users to see &ords and "i$tures on the same "a#e )or

the @rst time and to na,i#ate usin# s$robars and $i$!abe in!s. That same year(

7on#ress de$ided that the ?eb $oud be used )or $ommer$ia "ur"oses. As a resut($om"anies o) a !inds hurried to set u" &ebsites o) their o&n( and e'$ommer$e

entre"reneurs be#an to use the Internet to se #oods dire$ty to $ustomers. ;ore

re$enty( so$ia net&or!in# sites i!e Fa$eboo! ha,e be$ome a "o"uar &ay )or

"eo"e o) a a#es to stay $onne$ted.

htt":&&&.history.$omto"i$sin,entionsin,ention'o)'the'internet

istory : TE I%E%TI>% >F TE I%TE-%ET

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