protein
DESCRIPTION
PROTEIN. BIOKIMIA Minggu ke-4. PROTEIN. Apa pentingnya urutan asam amino bagi protein? Pentingkah konsumsi harian protein? Protein seperti apa yang diperlukan oleh seseorang? Bagaimana industri bioteknologi modern mematenkan penemuannya? Bagaimana penentuan adanya protein dalam contoh. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PROTEIN
BIOKIMIAMinggu ke-4
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PROTEIN
• Apa pentingnya urutan asam amino bagi protein?
• Pentingkah konsumsi harian protein?• Protein seperti apa yang diperlukan oleh
seseorang?• Bagaimana industri bioteknologi
modern mematenkan penemuannya?• Bagaimana penentuan adanya protein
dalam contoh
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PROTEIN
• Molekul makrobiopolimer yang tersusun dari monomer asam L,-amino yang berkaitan satu sama lain dengan ikatan peptida
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FUNGSI
1. Enzim• Amilase, pepsin, lipase
2. Struktur• Keratin, gelatin, fibroin, kolagen
3. Biosinyal• Insulin, reseptor hormon, ensefalin
4. Bufer• Albumin
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FUNGSI
5. Transpor• Lipoprotein, hemoglobin, histon
6. Pertahanan sel• Imunoglobin, antibiotik, toksin, bisa ular
7. Nutrien dan simpanan• Kasein, ovalbumin, gliadin
8. Pergerakan sel dan molekul intrasel• Aktin, miosin, tubulin, dinein, klatrin
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PROTEIN BERDASARKAN STRUKTUR
1. Primer2. Sekunder3. Tersier4. Kuarterner
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STRUKTUR PRIMER
• Hanya ikatan peptida
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STRUKTUR SEKUNDER
• Ikatan hidrogen antara gugus karbonil dengan gugus amina dari atom C yang berbeda
1. -heliks2. -pleated sheet
• Paralel• Antiparalel
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-heliks
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-sheet
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STRUKTUR TERSIER
• Distabilkan oleh interaksi gugus R• Ikatan disulfida• Ikatan hidrogen• Interaksi hidrofobik• Interaksi hidrofilik• Interaksi ionik
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Struktur tersier subunit HMG-KoA reduktase II bakteri
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STRUKTUR KUARTERNER
• Gabungan beberapa struktur tersier
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PROTEIN BERDASARKAN BENTUK
1. Protein serabut (fibrous)• Kurang larut, amorf, dapat
memanjang dan berkontraksi• Keratin, miosin, kolagen, fibrin
2. Protein globuler• Larut, dapat dikristalkan• Enzim, imunoglobulin
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PROTEIN MAJEMUK
1. Nukleoprotein: ssDNA binding protein2. Glikoprotein: musin3. Fosfoprotein: kasein4. Kromoprotein: hemoglobin5. Protein-koenzim: piruvat
dehidrogenase-NAD+
6. Lipoprotein7. Metaloprotein: kalmodulin-Ca2+
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REAKSI PROTEIN
1. Dengan garam• Kelarutan protein meningkat dengan
penambahan sedikit garam (salting in)• Protein mengendap dalam garam pekat
(salting out2. Dengan asam
• Sedikit asam mendenaturasi protein• Asam berlebih menyebabkan hidrolisis
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REAKSI PROTEIN
3. Dengan basa• Tidak mengendapkan tetapi menyebabkan
hidrolisis, dekomposisi oksidatif, dan rasemisasi4. Dengan logam berat
• Menghasilkan endapan yang tidak dapat larut kembali
5. Dengan pereaksi alkoloidal• Mengendapkan protein pada suasana asam• Asam trikloroasetat, asam tannat, asam
fosfotungstat, asam fosfomolibdat
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REAKSI PROTEIN
6. Dengan pelarut organik• Menurunkan konstanta dielektrik• Alkohol, kloroform
7. Dengan pemanasan• Terjadi denaturasi (terurainya
protein menjadi struktur primernya)• Terjadi koagulasi
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REAKSI UJI PROTEIN
1. Reaksi Millon: tirosin2. Reaksi Biuret: ikatan peptida3. Reaksi xantoprotein: asam amino
aromatik4. Reaksi Hopkins Cole: triptofan5. Reaksi ninhidrin: gugus karboksil
dan amino bebas
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REAKSI UJI PROTEIN
6. Reaksi Lowry (J. Biol. Chem, 1951)• Menggunakan pereaksi Folin fenol• Standar terbaik Human Albumin• Terganggu oleh ion K+, Mg2+, EDTA, Tris, pereaksi
tiol, dan karbohidrat7. Reaksi Bradford (Anal. Biochem, 1976)
• Menggunakan pewarna Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250
• Standar terbaik -Globulin• Terganggu oleh deterjen dan sedikit oleh aseton
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ISOLASI DAN PEMURNIAN PROTEIN
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SENTRIFUGASI
• Pemisahan molekul berdasarkan bobot jenis
• Teknik yang umum digunakan untuk protein spesifik: ultrasentrifugasi (>20.000 g)
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ULTRASENTRIFUGASI
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SENTRIFUGASI ZONA
• Pemisahan berdasarkan gradien densitas
• Umum digunakan sukrosa atau CsCl
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KROMATOGRAFI ELUSI
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KROMATOGRAFI PERTUKARAN ION
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KROMATOGRAFI AFINITAS
• Berdasarkan interaksi protein-ligan• Memisahkan satu jenis protein
spesifik dari lainnya• Ligan:
• Antigen• Substrat• kofaktor
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ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING
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PENENTUAN STRUKTUR PRIMER
• Sekuensing: penentuan urutan asam amino dalam protein
• Proteomik: ilmu yang menjelaskan urutan protein fungsional di dalam sel
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SEKUENSING
1. Preparasi protein• Menentukan jumlah subunit• Memotong ikatan disulfida• Pemisahan dan pemurnian subunit• Penentuan asam amino (kromatografi pertukaran
ion)2. Sekuensing subunit
• Memotong protein dengan protease spesifik• Sekuensing menggunakan degradasi Edman
3. Rekonstruksi protein• Mengurutkan protein berdasarkan fragmen yang
overlapping• Penentuan letak ikatan disulfida
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DEGRADASI EDMAN
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PENENTUAN STRUKTUR SEKUNDER
• Ramachandran Plot: penentuan struktur sekunder berdasarkan rotasi ikatan dan
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Ramachandran plot
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PENENTUAN STRUKTUR 3D PROTEIN
• Metode:• Kristalografi sinar X• Resonansi magnetik inti
• Visualisasi:• VMD: Windows• NAMD: Linux
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KROSTALOGRAFI SINAR X
• Digunakan untuk menentukan struktur 3D protein
• Langkah:• Salting out• Kristalisasi dalam pipa kapiler• Foto sinar X• Perhitungan matematis transformasi Fourier
(kepadatan elektron 2D)• Dilakukan beberapa kali
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NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR)
• Penentuan protein <30 kDa
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VMD-Visual Molecular Display
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Luaran VMD
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APLIKASI
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PENGERITINGAN RAMBUT
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PENGERITINGAN RAMBUT
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GEL ELEKTROFORESIS
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WESTERN BLOT
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ELISA
• Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay• Berdasarkan interaksi antigen-antibodi
dan pembentukan produk berwarna reaksi enzimatis
• Sangat spesifik, sensitif, dan hanya membutuhkan sedikit sampel
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SELESAI