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Photographsofdiseasesweresuppliedby:Dr.JohnDonahoe,Dr.LouiseDufour-Zavala,Dr.WilliamGerencer,Dr.EricLovell,Dr.JeanSander,Dr.FranceneVanSambeekandDr.KevinWatkins.1998

Avian Encephalomyelitis: Avian encephalo-myelitis is often called endemic tremors sincebirds are ataxic and have slight muscle trem-ors of the head. This picture showsinfected birds with lack of coordination.

Fowl Pox: Picture 1 shows a pox lesion on the comb of a breeder.Picture 2 shows lesions in the trachea from the wet form of pox.Lesions can be severe enough to cause suffocation.

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Lymphoid Leukosis: Lymphoid leukosisis a viral disease which produces visceraltumors. Two livers from infected birds arecompared to the normal liver on the right.Note the enlargement and mottling of thelivers due to the tumors.

Tuberculosis: Tuberculosisproduces yellow caseated nodulesthroughout the body. This pictureshows nodules in the liver.

Mycoplasmosis:Mycoplasma gallisepticumaffects the respiratory tract causing swellingof the infraorbital sinuses and airsacculitis.When infection occurs in combination withother respiratory pathogens, birds can developchronic respiratory disease. Mycoplasmasynoviae causes mild respiratory problems.It is more often associated with joint infectionsleading to swollen joints.

Encephalomalacia: Encephalomalaciacan be caused by vitamin E deficiency.

Chicks will show signs of incoordina-tion. Minute hemorrhages canbe found on the surface of thecerebellum.

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Myeloid Leukosis: Myeloid leukosis is a complex disease causedby Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J. The virus can be spread bothvertically and horizontally. Lesions often consist of tumors of themyelocytic cell lineage in various tissues. Tumors associated withbones are commonly seen. Picture 1 shows tumors on the keelbone. Picture 2 shows a grossly enlarged liver due to tumor cellinfiltration.

Infectious Coryza:Avibacterium paragallinarum is the etiologi-cal agent for Infectious Coryza. The predominant feature isthe involvement of the nasal passages and sinuses. Notice thesevere facial edema and swelling. Sinuses and the subcutane-ous space contain caseous material.

Aspergillosis:Aspergillosis infection usually

occurs in young chicks. Chicks show signs ofrespiratory distress. White nodules are oftenfound throughout the lungs.

Chicken Anemia Virus: Chicken anemia

virus causes aplastic anemia and lymphoidatrophy resulting in immunosuppression.Affected birds often have severelybruised wings.

Riboflavin Deficiency: WithRiboflavin deficiency, birds arereluctant to walk. Inward curl-ing of the toes is a typical signof this deficiency.

T2 Oral Lesion:Trichothecenetoxins are produced when Fusari-umSp. of fungi grow in the feed.When ingested, these toxins pro-duce oral lesions or burns (arrow)

resulting in reduced growth rates.

Fowl Cholera: Fowl Cholera is caused by Pasteurella multocida. Swollenwattles are a common lesion with the chronic form (Picture 1). In theacute form, mature birds may be found dead with no lesions or have asevere yolk peritonitis (Picture 2).

Infectious Laryngotracheitis: Infectiouslaryngotracheitis produces hemorrhagic tracheitis.Infected birds may cough up blood clots. If dam-age is severe, the tracheal lumen will become

occluded with blood.

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Infectious Bronchitis: Infectious bronchitiscan damage the respiratory tract, reproduc-tive tract and the urogenital tract. Tracheitisis a common finding. Infection in maturebirds causes decreased egg production andpoor shell quality.

Vitamin A Deficiency: Vitamin A is requiredfor proper mucous membrane development.When deficient, the mucous gland ductsbecome blocked and secretions accumulateforming white pustules. Notice the forma-tion of white pustules in the esophagus. Necrotic Enteritis: Necrotic enteritis is caused

by Clostridium perfringens. The disease producessevere necrosis of the intestinal tract lining.Predisposing factors include coccidiosis.

Avian Influenza: Signs of disease with avianinfluenza are varied. Birds may show de-creased activity, respiratory signs, nervoussystem signs or diarrhea. This picture showssevere cyanosis of the unfeathered areason the head. The bird on the right is normalcompared to an infected bird on the left.

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Mareks Disease: Mareks disease is characterized by mononuclear infiltration ofvarious tissues. A common finding is swelling of the sciatic nerve as shown on theleft in Picture 1 (left arrow). Notice the normal striated appearance is lost comparedto the normal sciatic nerve on the right (right arrow). Picture 2 shows ocular lesionsfrom Mareks disease. Notice the irregular color and shape of the iris. The left irisis normal.

Infectious Bursal Disease: Infectious bursal disease causesimmunosuppression by damaging the bursa of Fabricius. Bursascan become swollen and yellow in color due to edema as shownin Picture 1 or severely hemorrhagic as in Picture 2.

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Coccidiosis: Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan para-sites of the genus Eimeria. The above picture showslesions from the more common species in chickens.1- E. acervulina infects the duodenum. White stria-tions are often found with infection. 2 - E. maximainfects the midgut region causing enteritis. Petechialhemorrhages can be seen through the intestinalwall.3 - E. tenella infects the ceca producing severedamage. Free blood can be found in the lumen. 4- E. necatrixinfects the midgut region. White spots(schizonts) and petechial hemorrhages are seentogether. 5 - E. brunettiinfects the lowerintestinal tract producing necrosis and bloody,mucoid enteritis.

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Newcastle Disease: Newcastle disease causes a range of problemsfrom mild airsacculitis to neurotropic and viscerotropic lesions. Pic-ture 1 shows a breeder with torticollis due to central nervous systemdamage. Picture 2 shows hemorrhages in the proventriculus glands.

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Tibial Dyschondroplasia:Tibialdyschondroplasia is the accumulationof irregular masses of cartilage near thegrowth plate. The affected bone on theleft is compared to a normal bone on theright. Birds are often reluctant to walk.

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Salmonellosis:Fowl Typhoid is caused by Salmonella gallinarum.Infection with Salmonella pullorum produces Pullorum Disease. Bothinfections can produce similar lesions. Picture 1 shows white, necroticfoci throughout the liver as may be seen with Pullorum Disease. Picture 2shows resorbed ovaries and increased spleen with necroses.

Reovirus: Reovirus causesboth malabsorption syndromeand viral arthritis. When reovi-rus infects the intestinal tractthe absorption of nutrientscan be compromised. Picturedis a ruptured tendon from abird with viral arthritis. Thevirus damages the tendonearly in life. As the bird gainsweight, the damaged tendoncan rupture producing lamebirds. Joints are often swollen.

Staphylococcosis: Infection with Staphylococcus spp.can cause a number of problems. Infections often resultin swollen joints. Infected joints are filled with purulentexudate (Picture 1 & 2).

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A.

B.

Intestinal Parasites:Common intestinal worms include:A. RoundwormsB. Tapeworms.

Egg Drop Syndrome: Egg drop syndrome affectslayers and breeders. Infection during productionwill cause a severe decrease in egg productionand poor shell quality. Eggs may have reducedpigmentation, soft shells or irregular shapes.Shell-less eggs may also be seen.

Trachea

Esophagus

Thymus

Vagus Nerve

Crop

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The disse cted bird is a seven week old broi ler. Please note that someorgans have been moved from their normal position for visualization.

Lung

Heart

Spleen

Proventriculus

Liver

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Gall Bladder

Ileum and Jejunum

Gizzard

Kidneys

Pancreas

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Duodenum

Bursa

Cloaca

Large Intestine

Cecal Tonsils

Ceca

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Gangrenous Dermatitis: Gangrenous dermatitis is a subcutaneousbacterial infection usually caused by Clostridium and Staphylococcusspecies. This disease is often seen in birds immunocompromised.Picture 1 shows dark, moist skin on an infected bird. In Picture 2the skin has been removed revealing subcutaneous gas production,hemorrhage and edema.

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Rickets: Rickets can be caused by calcium deficiency,phosphorous deficiency, vitamin D deficiency or animbalance between calcium and phosphorus levels.This picture shows increased width of the growthplate from calcium deficiency (arrows). Phosphorusdeficiency produces a similar problem with wideningof the hypertrophy zone. Birds are reluctant to walkand bones are soft.

Lohmann Animal Health International

375 China Road

Winslow, Maine 04901, USA

Phone: (+1) 207-873 3989

www.lahinternational.com

Guide to Poultry Anatomy and Diseases