pengantar biologi molekular.pdf

7/26/2019 PENGANTAR BIOLOGI MOLEKULAR.pdf

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Pendahuluan Biologi Molekular

Debbie S. Retnoningrum

Sekolah Farmasi

Institut Teknologi Bandung


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Molecular Biology?

Molecular biology is the study of biology at amolecular level.

The field overlaps with other areas of biology andchemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.

Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself withunderstanding the interactions between thevarious systems of a cell, including theinteractions between DNA, RNA and protein

biosynthesis as well as learning how theseinteractions are regulated.


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Molecular Biology

Biochemistry - Genetics Biochemistryis the study of the chemical

substances and vital processes occurring in livingorganisms. Biochemists focus heavily on the role,function, and structure of biomolecules. The studyof the chemistry behind biological processes andthe synthesis of biologically active molecules areexamples of biochemistry.

Genetics is the study of the effect of geneticdifferences on organisms. Often this can be inferredby the absence of a normal component (e.g. one

gene). The study of "mutants" organisms whichlack one or more functional components withrespect to the so-called "wild type" or normalphenotype. Genetic interactions (epistasis) canoften confound simple interpretations of such"knock-out" studies.

Molecular biologyis the study of molecularunderpinnings of the process of replication,transcription and translation of the geneticmaterial. The central dogma of molecular biologywhere genetic material is transcribed into RNA andthen translated into protein, despite being an

oversimplified picture of molecular biology, stillprovides a good starting point for understandingthe field. This picture, however, is undergoingrevision in light of emerging novel roles for RNA.


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Perkembangan awal genetika

W. Sutton (1903): gen

terletak pada

kromosom

T. H. Morgan (1910):

pemetaan genetik dan

pada tahun 1920

analisis komprehensif

posisi relatif 2000 gen

pada 4 kromosom pada

Drosophila

melanogaster


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Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944) dan

Hershey and Chase (1952): DNA adalah materi

genetik (sebelumnya gen terbuat dari protein)


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1952-1966: struktur DNA, kode genetik diketahui,

transkripsi dan translasi dideskripsikan

Watson and Crick (1953)

Double helix structure of

DNA

Stucture suggests function


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Kemajuan kloning gen danpolymerase

chain reaction

1971 1973: teknologi DNA rekombinan atau

rekayasa genetik, kloning gen, penentuan urutan

nukleotida

1972 Stanley Cohen dan Herbert

Boyer menciptakan DNA

rekombinan. Teknologi ini adalah

awal dari industri bioteknologi.


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Kemajuan kloning gen danpolymerase

chain reaction

1976: Herbert Boyer (Genentech) perusahaan

pertama di Amerika yang mengaplikasikan

teknologi DNA rekombinan

1978: Somatostatin yang meregulasi hormon

pertumbuhan manusia, adalah protein

pertama yang dibuat dengan teknologi

rekombinan


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Projek genom manusia

Project genom manusia: selesai pada tahun

2003. Human Genome Project (HGP) adalah

projek 13 tahun (the U.S. Department of

Energy and the National Institutes of Health). J. Craig Venter mendirikan

The Institute for Genomic

Research (pemetaan genomManusia)


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Kemajuan kloning gen dan polymerase

chain reaction

1980: revolusi kloning gen

1985: Kary Mullis menemukan polymerase

chain reaction (PCR)


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Techniques of molecular biology

Expression cloning

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Gel electrophoresis

Macromolecule blotting and probing

Southern blotting

Northern blotting

Western blotting Eastern blotting

Arrays


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Where are genes located?Chromosome Genes Total bases Sequenced bases[12]

1 3,148 247,200,000 224,999,719

2 902 242,750,000 237,712,649

3 1,436 199,450,000 194,704,827

4 453 191,260,000 187,297,063

5 609 180,840,000 177,702,766

6 1,585 170,900,000 167,273,992

7 1,824 158,820,000 154,952,424

8 781 146,270,000 142,612,826

9 1,229 140,440,000 120,312,298

10 1,312 135,370,000 131,624,737

11 405 134,450,000 131,130,853

12 1,330 132,290,000 130,303,534

13 623 114,130,000 95,559,980

14 886 106,360,000 88,290,585

15 676 100,340,000 81,341,915

16 898 88,820,000 78,884,754

17 1,367 78,650,000 77,800,220

18 365 76,120,000 74,656,15519 1,553 63,810,000 55,785,651

20 816 62,440,000 59,505,254

21 446 46,940,000 34,171,998

22 595 49,530,000 34,893,953

X (sex chromosome) 1,093 154,910,000 151,058,754

Y (sex chromosome) 125 57,740,000 22,429,293


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Gene locus vs alleles

Locus: the physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome

Allele: one of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome


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GENOM KROMOSOM - GEN


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KROMOSOM DAN DNA

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