DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................ i

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN............................................................................ ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. iii

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI............................................................. iv

RIWAYAT HIDUP.............................................................................................. v

RINGKASAN ....................................................................................................... vi

SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... vii

KATA PENGANTAR.......................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR ISI......................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................ xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN........................................................................................ xiv

DAFTAR SIMBOL.............................................................................................. xv

I. PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang.......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah..................................................................................... 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 3

1.4 Batasan Masalah ....................................................................................... 4

1.5 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................... 4

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................................................. 5

2.1 Absorpsi Oleh Benda Hitam ...................................................................... 5

2.2 Proses-Proses Dalam Kolektor .................................................................. 5

2.2.1 Radiasi..................................................................................................... 7

2.2.2 Konduksi................................................................................................. 8

2.2.3 Konduktivitas Termal ............................................................................. 9

2.2.4 Konveksi ................................................................................................. 10

2.3 Heat Collector............................................................................................ 11

2.4 Jenis Heat Collector................................................................................... 13

2.4.1 Flat Plate Collector ................................................................................ 13

2.4.2 Concentrating Collector ......................................................................... 13

2.4.3 Evacuated Tube Collector....................................................................... 14

2.4.4 Batch Collector ....................................................................................... 15

2.5 Kaca ........................................................................................................... 15

2.5 Energi yang Diserap Kolektor ................................................................... 17

2.6 Efisiensi Kolektor ...................................................................................... 18

2.7 Flooding dan Serpentine ............................................................................ 18

III.METODE PENELITIAN.............................................................................. 20

3.1 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian.................................................................... 20

3.2 Alat dan Bahan........................................................................................... 20

3.3 Rancangan Alat.......................................................................................... 21

3.3.1 Rancangan Fungsional............................................................................ 21

3.3.2 Rancangan Struktural.............................................................................. 23

3.4 Mekanisme Kerja Alat ............................................................................... 27

3.5 Prosedur Pengujian .................................................................................... 28

3.6 Pengujian Alat Pemanas Air Sistem Flooding Serpentine dengan Dua

Kaca Penutup .................................................................................... 29

3.7 Analisa Data............................................................................................... 30

3.7.1 Energi Panas Yang Diserap Kolektor ..................................................... 30

3.7.2 Energi Yang Dihasilkan Kolektor........................................................... 31

3.7.3 Efisiensi Kolektor ................................................................................... 31

3.8 Asumsi ....................................................................................................... 31

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN...................................................................... 33

4.1 Deskripsi Alat Hasil Modifikasi ................................................................ 33

4.1.1 Heat Collector......................................................................................... 33

4.1.2 Kotak (Bodi Luar)................................................................................... 34

4.1.3 Isolasi Panas............................................................................................ 35

4.1.4 Kaca Penutup .......................................................................................... 36

4.2 Hasil Pengamatan....................................................................................... 37

4.2.1 Suhu Air Masuk dan Suhu Air Keluar.................................................... 37

4.2.2 Suhu Kolektor ......................................................................................... 39

4.2.3 Intensitas Matahari, Waktu Mengalirnya air, Volume air dan Debit air. 40

4.3 Data Hasil Pengujian.................................................................................. 42

4.3.1 Energi Panas Yang Diserap Kolektor ..................................................... 32

4.3.2 Energi Panas Yang Dihasilkan Kolektor ................................................ 44

4.3.3 Efisiensi Kolektor ................................................................................... 48

4.4 Perbandingan Antara Kolektor Menggunakan Satu Kaca Penutup Dengan

Kolektor Hasil Modifikasi Menggunakan Dua Kaca Penutup ..... 49

4.4.1 Perbandingan Suhu Air Masuk dan Suhu Air Keluar............................ 49

4.4.2 Perbandingan Suhu Kolektor ................................................................. 51

4.4.3 Perbandingan Energi Panas Yang Dihasilkan Kolektor (Qo)................ 52

4.4.4 Perbandingan Efisiensi Kolektor ........................................................... 53

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................................... 54

5.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 54

5.2 Saran .......................................................................................................... 54

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LAMPIRAN

DAFTRA TABEL

Nomor Teks Halaman

1. Emisifitas berbagai permukaan …………………………………… 8

2. Konduktivitas dari berbagai bahan ………………………………... 10

3. Hadil Pengujian suhu air masuk dan keluar heat collector ……….. 37

4. Suhu kolektor ………………………………………………………. 40

5. Intensitas radiasi matahari …………………………………………. 41

6. Hasil perhitungan energy panas yang dihasilkan kolektor ………… 45

7. Perbandingan suhu keluar pada kolektor …………………………… 51

8. Data efisiensi kolektor ………………………………………………. 53

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Nomor Teks Halaman

1. Konsep black body ……………………………………………… 5

2. Perpindahan kalor konveksi dari suatu plat …………………….. 11

3. Penyerapan radiasi matahari oleh kolektor ……………………… 11

4. Proses absorpsi dan refleksi pada kolektor ……………………… 12

5. Sistem Concertrating Collectors ………………………………… 14

6. Sistem Evacuated Tube Collectors ………………………………. 14

7. Sistem Batch Collectors ………………………………………….. 15

8. Bentuk metode serpentine ………………………………………… 19

9. Sketsa dari sistem flooding serpentine ……………………………. 22

10. Gambar tampak samping ………………………………………….. 23

11. Penampang lintang (tampak samping) ……………………………. 24

12. Hasil alur setelah penutupan ……………………………………… 24

13. Gambar diagram alir penelitian …………………………………… 29

14. Plat kolektor sebelum dirakit ……………………………………… 34

15. Plat kolektor setelah dirakit ……………………………………….. 34

16. Bodi luar (kayu) plat kolektor …………………………………….. 35

17. Grafik hubungan antara intensitas matahari dengan waktu …….... 42

18. Grafik hubungan anatara energi panas yang diserap kolektor ……. 43

19. Grafik hubungan antara energi panas yang dihasilkan kolektor terhadap

Waktu ………………………………………………………………. 47

20. Grafik efisiensi kolektor ……………………………………………. 48

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Nomor Lampiran Halaman

1. Heat collector tampak atas…………………………………..... 55

2. Heat collector tampak depan………………………………….. 56

3. Heat collector 3 dimensi………………………………………. 57

4. Heat collector tampak samping……………………………….. 58

5. Perhitungan volume kolektor………………………………….. 59

6. Pengukuran debit air…………………………………………... 60

7. Intensitas radiasi matahari.......................................................... 61

8. Data hasil pengujian alat………………………………………. 62

9. Tabel suhu lingkungan dan suhu kolektor.................................. 65

10. Perhitungan energi radiasi matahari total (ER)........................... 66

11. Perhitungan energi panas yang diserap kolektor (Qr)................. 68

12. Perhitungan energi panas yang dihasilkan kolektor (Qo)............ 69

13. Perhitungan efisiensi kolektor.................................................... 70

14. Perbandingan suhu kolektor........................................................ 71

15. Perbandingan suhu air masuk dan suhu air keluar...................... 72

16. Perbandingan energi yang dihasilkan kolektor........................... 73

17. Foto pengujian alat...................................................................... 74

DAFTAR SIMBOL

Simbol Keterangan Satuan Nomor

Persamaan

A

d

E

G

I

k

M

N

α

∂T

∂X

ε

ηс

λ

μ

ρ

σ

τ

τа

Cρ

hс

Qr

Luas permukaan

Garis tengah

Daya pancar benda yang beradiasi; Eλ,

daya pancar monokromatik per micron

pada panjang gelombangλ

Iradiasi-datang pada permukaan

satuan dalam waktu satuan

Radiasi matahari yang diterima

kolektor

Koefisien konduktivitas bahan

Massa air

Jumlah lapis penutup kaca transparan

Absorptansi

Gradient suhu pada perpindahan kalor

Emisifitas bahan

Efisiensi

Panjang gelombang λmax panjang

gelombang dimana daya pancar

monokromatik Ebλ maksimum

Viskositas fluida

Berat jenis air

Konstanta Stefan Boltzman

Efisiensi optic kaca

Transmitansi untuk radiasi

Panas Jenis air

Koefisien perpindahan kalor konveksi

Energy panas yang diserap kolektor

m²

m

W/m²

W/m²

W/m²

W/m²ºC

kg

(-)

ºC

(-)

%

10-6 m

Kg/ms

Kg/m³

N/m

0.85

(-)

kJ/kg

W/m²ºC

2,3

2

2

-

2,3

2

3

2

2

2

2

2,3

2

2

2

2

2

2,3

3

-

Tа

Tс

Tin

Tout

per satuan luas

Suhu lingkungan

Suhu kolektor

Suhu air masuk

Suhu air keluar

J

ºC

ºC

ºC

ºC

3

2

2

2,3

3