8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

1/26

ETIKA BISNIS DAN

KEWIRAUSAHAAN 

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

2/26

NORMA DAN ETIKA

BISNISSalah satu aspek yang sangat

populer dan perlu mendapat

perhatian dalam dunia bisnis ini

adalah Norma dan Etika.Etika bisnis selain dapat menjamin

kepercayaan dan loyalitas dari

semua unsur yang berpengaruhdalam perusahaan, juga sangat

menetukan maju atau mundurnya

perusahaan.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

3/26

Menurut Zimmerer ,etika bisnis adalah

suatu kode etik perilaku perusahaan

berdasarkan nilai-nilai moral dan normayang dijadikan tuntunan dalam membuat

keputusan dan memecahkan

persoalan/permasalahan.Etika pada dasarnya adalah suatu

komitmen untuk melakukan apa yang

benar dan menghindari apa yang tidak

benar, dengan berperan melakukan yg

benar dan baik, menentang yang salah

dan buruk.

                S                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      m                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      s                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

                G                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                j                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      i                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      l                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

                /                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

4/26

Menurut Ronald J.Ebertdan Ricky M.Griffin

etika bisnis adalah istilah yang sering

digunakan untuk menunjukkan perilaku etikadari seseorang manajer atau karyawan suatu

organisasi.

Etika bisnis sangat penting untuk

dipertahankan loyalitas pemilik kepentingandalam membuat keputusan dan memecahkan

persoalan perusahaan.

Mengapa demikian ? , karena semua keputusan

perusahaan sangat memengaruhi dan

dipengaruhi oleh pemiliki kepentingan.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

5/26

Pemiliki kepentingan adalah semua individu

atau kelompok yang berkepentingan dan

berpengaruh terhadap keputusan perusahaan. Ada dua jenis pemiliki kepentingan yang

berpengaruh terhadap perusahaan yaitu :

1. pemiliki kepentingan internal (investor, karyawandan pimpinan perusahaan)

 2. pemilik kepentingan eksternal (pelangan, asosiasi-

  dagang,kreditor,pemasok,pemerintah,masyarakat  umum, dan kelompok khusus yang berkepentingan

  terhadap perusahaan)

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

6/26

Pihak-pihak ini sangat menetukan Kepu

tusan dan keberhasilan perusahaan.

 menurut Zimmerer (1996:21), yang termasuk kelompok pemiliki kepentingan yang memenga

 ruhi keputusan bisnis adalah :

 1. Para pengusaha/mitra usaha 2. Petani dan pemasok bahan baku

 3. 0rganisasi pekerja

 4. Pemerintah 5. Bank dan Investor

 6. Masyarakat umum dan pelanggan

  serta konsumen.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

7/26

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

8/26

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

9/26

(3). Organisasi Pekerja yang Mewakili Pekerja :

  organisasi serikat pekerja dapat memengaruhi

keputusan melalui tawar menawar secara kolektif  mengenai tingkat upah, jaminan sosial,kesehatan

 jaminan hari tua sangat berpengaruh langsung

dalam pengambilan keputusan oleh sebab itu

perusahaan tidak mau melibatkan organisasi pekerja

  tersebut dalam pengambilan keepeutusan dan

  menyebabkan terjadi protes-protes dari pihak

  pekerja.

  contoh : unjuk rasa buruh yang terjadi di Indonesia

  yg tidak puas atas keputusan yang diambil pihak

  perusahaan.

 

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

10/26

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

11/26

(5). Bank Penyandang Dana Perusahaan :

  Bank selain berfungsi sebagai jantung perekonomian

  secara makro, juga berfungsi sebagai lembaga yang

  dapat menyediakan dana perusahaan.  Bungga kredit bank dan persyaratan yang dibuat

bank penyandang dana sangat besar pengaruhnya

  terhadap keputusan yang diambil dalam bisnis.

sebagai contoh, krisis perbankan yang terjadi di

  Indonesia mengakibatkan krisis neraca perusahaan,  baik perusahaan skala kecil, menengah maupun

besar.

(6). Investor Penanam Modal :

  Investor hanya bersedia menanam modalnya di  Indonesia apabila modal yang diinvestasikannya men

  jamin pengembalian investasi besar (menguntungkan)

  Loyalitas investor sangat bergantung pada tingkat ke-

  puasan mereka atas hasil modal yang ditanamkan.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

12/26

(7). Masyarakat Umum yang dilayani :

  Harga dan kualitas barang serta pelayanan

  perusahaan kepada masyarakat yang kurang

memuaskan akan menciptakan citra perusahaan

yang kurang baik.

  Ini berarti loyalitas masyarakat (sebagai bagian dari

  pemiliki kepentingan) terhadap perusahaan menjadi

  rendah, sebagai akibat rendahnya kepuasan yang

  mereka terima dari perusahaan)

(8). Pelanggan yang Membeli Produk :

  pelanggan yang membeli produk secara langsung  dapat memengaruhi keputusan bisnis.

  Barang dan jasa yang akan dihasilkan, jumlah, dan

  teknologi yang diperlukan sangat ditentukan oleh

  pelanggan dan memengaruhi keputusan2 bisnis.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

13/26

Dari uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa loyalitas

pemiliki kepentingan sangat bergantung pada kepuasan

yang mereka peroleh.Menurut Ronald J.Ebert(200: 182), jika sesorang

menyukai suatu pekerjaan, maka ia akan merasakan puas.

Bila merasa puas, maka ia akan memiliki sikap loyal

komitmen dan kerja keras, yang berarti memiliki moral

yang tinggi.

Seorang guru besarUniversity of La RochellePrancis

( Mathieu Paquerot - 2000) dalam makalanya “

Stakeholders Loyalty “ mengemukakan bahwa kepuasan

pemilik kepentingan akan mendorong loyalitas mereka

 terhadap perusahaan.

Menurutnya “ ... Loyalitas dari pemilik kepentingan dapat

mendorong perusahaan untuk menciptakan diferensiasi.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

14/26

Layalitas pemiliki kepentingan penting bagi perusahaan

untuk menciptakan diferensiasi dan menghambat para

pesaing, karena diferensiasi merupakan bagian daristrategi gtenerik untuk memenang persaingan

(Porter,1998).

Jelaslah bahwa etika bisnis merupakan landasan penting

dan harus diperhatikan terutama untuk menciptakan danmelindungi reputasi perusahaan. Oleh sebab itu, menurut

Zimmerer, etika bisnis merupakan masalah yang sangat

sensitif dan kompleks. Mengapa demikian ?

Menurutnya , membangun etika untuk mempertahankanreputasi adalah lebih sukar daripada menghancurkannya.

Selain etika dan prilaku, yang tidak kalah pentingnya

dalam bisnis adalah norma etika. Menurut Zimmerer

(1996: 22), ada tiga tingkatan norma etika, yaitu :

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

15/26

1.Hukum.

 berlaku bagi masyrakat secara umum yang

mengaturperbuatan yang boleh dilakukan dan tidak bolehdilakukan.

 Hukum hanya mengatur standar perilaku minimum’

2.Kebijakan dan prosedur organisasi, memberri arahan

khusus bagi setiap orang dalam organisasi dalam mengambil

keputusan sehari-hari. Para kaaryawan akan bekerja sesuai

dengan kebijakan dan prosedur perusahaan / organisasi.

3.Moral sikap mental individu, sangat penting untuk

menghadapi suatu keputusan yang tidak diatur oleh aturan

formal, Nilai moral dan sikap mental individual biasanya

berasal dari keluarga,agama dan sekolah

 

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

16/26

Menurut Zimmerer (1996), kerangka kerja etika dapat

dikembangkan melalui tiga tahap :

 1.mengakui dimensi-dimensi etika yang ada sebagai

  suatu alternatif atau keputusan.

  Artinya, sebelum wirausaha menginformasikan suatu

  keputusan etika yang dibuat, terlebih dahulu ia harus

  mengakui etika yang ada.

 2.mengindentifikasi pemilik kepentingan kunci yang

  terlibat dalam pengambilan keputusan. Setiap kepu –

  tusan bisnis akan memengaruhi dan dipengaruhi oleh

  berbagai pemilik kepentingan.  karena konflik dalam pemilik kepentingan dapat me –

  mengaruhi pembuatan keputusan, maka sebelum ke -

  putusana itu dibuat terlebih dahulu harus dihindari

konflik antar pemilik kepentingan.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

17/26

3. membuat pilihan alternatif dan membedakan antara

  tanggapan etika dan bukan etika.

  Ketika membuat pilihan alternatif tanggapan etika

  dan bukan etika serta mengevaluasi dampak positif

dan negatifnya, manajer akan menemukan beberapa

  hal berikut:

  (a). Prinsif-prinsi dan etika perilaku

  (b). Hak-hak moral

  (c). Keadilan  (d). Konsekuensi dan hasil

  (e). Pembenaran publik

  (f). Intuisi dan pengertian/wawasan.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

18/26

Kk t k j i ldlh

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

19/26

 Kekuatan yang menggerakan manajemen immoral adalah

Kerakusan/ketamakan, yaitu berupa prestasi organisasi -

 Atau keberhasilan personal.

 Manajemen tidak bermoral merupakan kutub yang berla-

Wanan dengan manajemen etika.

 Misalnya, pengusaha yang menggaji karyawannya dengan

 Gaji dibawah upah minimum atau perusahaan yang

 meniru Produk-produk perusahaan lain,

(2).Manajemen Amoral.  Tujuan utama dari manajemen amoral adalah laba,akan

  tetapi tindakannya berbeda dengan manajemen immoral

  Ada satu kunci yang membedakannya, yaitu mereka tdk

  dengan sengaja melanggar hukum atau norma etika.  Yang terjadi pada manajemen amoral adalah bebas ken –

  dali dalam mengambil keputusan.

.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

20/26

 Artinya mereka tidak mempertimbangkan etika

dalam mengambil keputusan. Salah satu contoh dari

manajemen amoral adalah penggunaan uji kejujuran

  Detektor bagi calon karyawan.

(3). Manajemen bermoral.

  manajemen bermoral juga bertujuan untuk meraih

  keberhasilan, tetapi dengan mengunakan aspek legal

  dan prinsip-prinsip etika.

  Filosofi manajer bermoral selalu melihat hukum seba

  gai standar minimum untuk beretika dalam prilaku.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

21/26

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

22/26

Memelihara janji , yaitu selalu menaati

 janji, patut dipercaya, penuhkomitmen, dan patuh’

Kesetiaan, yaitu hormat dan loyalkepada keluarga, teman, karyawan,

dan negara, tidak menggunakan atau

memperlihat informasi rahasia, danmenghindari hal-hal yg tidak pantas.

                S                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      m                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      s                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      G                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                j                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      i                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      l                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

                /                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

23/26

Kewajaran/keadilan., yaitu berlaku adil dan

berbudi luhur, bersedia mengakui

kesalahan, memperlihatkan komitmenkeadilan,persamaan perlakuan individual

dan toleren terhadap perbedaan,serta tidak

bertindak melampaui batas atau mengambil

keuntungan yang tidak pantas dari

kesalahan atau kemalangan orang lain.Suka membantu orang lain, yaitu saling

membantu, berbaik hati,belas kasihan,tolong menolong, kebersamaan dan

menghindari segala sesuatu yang

membahayakan orang lain.

8/15/2019 Materi Kwh

24/26

Hormat kepada orang lain, yaitu

menghormati martabat orang

lain,kebebasan dan hak menentukan

nasib sendiri bagi semua orang,

bersopan santun, tidak merendahkan

dan mempermalukan orang lain.

Warga negara yang bertanggung jawab,

yaitu selalu mentaati hukum/aturan,penuh kesadaran sosial, dan

menghormati proses demokrasi dlm

mengambil keputusan.

                S                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      m                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      s                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        t                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           e                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      r                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      G                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                j