LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGAN

ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Production and logistics

Research and development

HR and HRD/Human resource

management

Marketing and sales

PersonnelLeadership

•People are everywhere

Other companies

LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGAN

• Secara umum diartikan sebagai sesuatu Secara umum diartikan sebagai sesuatu yg tdk berhingga (yg tdk berhingga (infinitinfinit) dan mencakup ) dan mencakup seluruh elemen yang tdp di luar suatu seluruh elemen yang tdp di luar suatu organisasiorganisasi

• Untuk Analisis, lingkungan adalah Untuk Analisis, lingkungan adalah seluruh elemen yg tdp di luar batas-seluruh elemen yg tdp di luar batas-batas organisasi, yg mempunyai potensi batas organisasi, yg mempunyai potensi utk mempengaruhi sebagian ataupun utk mempengaruhi sebagian ataupun suatu organisasi secara keseluruhan.suatu organisasi secara keseluruhan.

(a) Competitors, industry size and competitiveness, related issues(b) Suppliers, manufacturers, real estate, services(c) Labor market, employment agencies, universities, training schools, employees in other companies, unionization(d) Stock markets, banks, savings and loans, private investors(e) Customers, clients, potential users of products and services(f) Techniques of production, science, computers, information technology

(g) Recession, unemployment rate,inflation rate, rate of investment,

economics, growth(h) City, state, federal laws

and regulations, taxes,services, court system,

political processes(i) Age, values, beliefs,

education, religion,work ethic, consumer

and greenmovements

(j) Competition fromand acquisition by

foreign firms,entry into overseas

markets, foreign customs, regulations,

exchange rates

An Organization’s An Organization’s EnvironmentEnvironment

(j)International

Sector

(d)Financial

ResourcesSector

(e)MarketSector

(f)Technolo

gySector

(g)EconomicConditions

Sector

(a)IndustrySector

(h)Government

Sector

(c)Human Resourc

esSector

(b)Raw

MaterialsSector

(i)Sociocultur

alSector

ORGANIZATION

DOMAIN

MarketSub-environment

Customers AdvertisingCompetitors agencies

Distributionsystem

ManufacturingSub-environment

Labor Raw Suppliersmaterials

Productionequipment

ScientificSub-environment

Scientific Researchjournals centers

Professionalassociations

Organizational Departments Organizational Departments Differentiate to Meet Needs Differentiate to Meet Needs

ofofSub-environmentsSub-environments

President

R & DDivision

SalesDivision

ManufacturingDivision

KETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGANKETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGAN

Pengaruh lingkungan thd organisasi dpt Pengaruh lingkungan thd organisasi dpt dianalisis melalui 2 dimensi :dianalisis melalui 2 dimensi :

• Uncertainty (Ketidakpastian)Uncertainty (Ketidakpastian)

Keadaan dimana pimpinan organisasi Keadaan dimana pimpinan organisasi tdk mempunyai informasi yg cukuptdk mempunyai informasi yg cukup

• Complexity (Keragaman)Complexity (Keragaman)

Heterogenitas/banyaknya elemen Heterogenitas/banyaknya elemen eksternal yg berpengaruh thd eksternal yg berpengaruh thd berfungsinya suatu organisasiberfungsinya suatu organisasi

Low Uncertainty

1. Mechanistic structure; formal, centralized2. Few departments

3. No integrating roles

4. Current operations orientation; low speed response

High-Moderate Uncertainty

1. Organic structure, teamwork; participative, decentralized2. Few departments, much boundary spanning3. Few integrating roles4. Planning orientation; fastresponse

High Uncertainty

1. Organic structure, teamwork; participative, decentralized2. Many departments differentiated, extensive boundary spanning3. Many integrating roles

4. Extensive planning, forecasting; high speed response

Low-Moderate Uncertainty

1. Mechanistic structure; formal, centralized2. Many departments, some boundary spanning3. Few integrating roles4. Some planning; moderate speed response

Contingency Framework for Contingency Framework for Environmental Uncertainty Environmental Uncertainty

and Organizational and Organizational ResponsesResponses

Uncertainty

Uncertainty

ENVIRONMENTALCHANGE

STABLE

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY

UNSTABLE

SIMPLE COMPLEX

Cara Adaptasi OrganisasiCara Adaptasi Organisasi

• Perubahan Internal (struktur, pola Perubahan Internal (struktur, pola kerja, perencanaan dll)kerja, perencanaan dll)

• Menguasai dan mengubah kondisi Menguasai dan mengubah kondisi lingkunganlingkungan

Struktur OrganisasiStruktur Organisasi

• Kompleksitas struktur organisasiKompleksitas struktur organisasi• Peredam (Buffers)Peredam (Buffers)

James Thompson menggambarkan James Thompson menggambarkan organisasi sbg suatu inti teknis organisasi sbg suatu inti teknis peleksana produksi yg dikelilingi peleksana produksi yg dikelilingi oleh sejumlah bagian peredam.oleh sejumlah bagian peredam.

ELEMEN PERBATASAN ELEMEN PERBATASAN ((BOUNDARY SPANNINGBOUNDARY SPANNING))

• Elemen perbatasan menghubungkan Elemen perbatasan menghubungkan dan menyelaraskan organisasi thd dan menyelaraskan organisasi thd unsur-unsur penting dari unsur-unsur penting dari lingkungannya, baik berupa individu lingkungannya, baik berupa individu maupun organisasi lain.maupun organisasi lain.

Fungsi Fungsi BOUNDARY SPANNINGBOUNDARY SPANNING

• Mendeteksi & memproses informasi Mendeteksi & memproses informasi mengenai perubahan yg terjadimengenai perubahan yg terjadi

• Mempresentasikan organisasi thd Mempresentasikan organisasi thd lingkunganlingkungan

CARA MENGUASAI / CARA MENGUASAI / MENGENDALIKAN MENGENDALIKAN

LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGAN• Mengusahakan Hubungan Baik Mengusahakan Hubungan Baik

Dengan Elemen Terpenting Dengan Elemen Terpenting OrganisasiOrganisasi– Integrasi melalui mergerIntegrasi melalui merger– Kontrak/Joint VenturesKontrak/Joint Ventures– Kooptasi & interlocking DirectoratesKooptasi & interlocking Directorates– Iklan & HumasIklan & Humas

CARA MENGUASAI / CARA MENGUASAI / MENGENDALIKAN MENGENDALIKAN

LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGANMembentuk Lingkungan Agar Tidak Membentuk Lingkungan Agar Tidak

Berbahaya & Menguntungkan Berbahaya & Menguntungkan OrganisasiOrganisasi

• Mengubah bidang kegiatanMengubah bidang kegiatan• Kegiatan PolitikKegiatan Politik• Assosiasi pengusaha sejenisAssosiasi pengusaha sejenis

Relationship Between Relationship Between Environmental Characteristics Environmental Characteristics

and Organizational Actionsand Organizational Actions

Environmentaldomain

(ten sectors)

High complexity

Establishment of favorable linkages:ownership, strategic alliances, cooptations,

interlocking directorates, executive recruitment, advertising, and public relations

Organic structure and systems with low formalization, decentralization,

and low standardization to enable a high-speed response

Many departments and boundary rolesGreater differentiation and more

integrators for internal coordinationHighuncertainty

High rateof change

Scarcity ofvalued

resources

Resourcedependence Control of the environmental domain:

change of domain, political activity,regulation, trade associations, and

illegitimate activities

Environment Organization