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PROJEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR Periode LXXIII, Semester Genap, Tahun 2017/2018

LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM

MUSEUM PERGERAKAN PEMUDA INDONESIA DI JAKARTA

Tema Desain

Poetic Architecture

Fokus Kajian

Penggunaan Cahaya Untuk Menciptakan Ambience Ruang

Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur

Disusun oleh:

Winson Christian Anggoro NIM :14.A1.0041

Dosen pembimbing :

Dr. Ir. Rudyanto Soesilo, MSA. NIDN : 0020065402

PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR

FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA

Maret 2018

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .......................................................................... i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ....................................................................... ii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN .................................................... iii

PRAKATA .................................................................................................. iv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................ 1

1.1.1 Gagasan Awal ....................................................................... 1

1.1.2 Alasan Pemilihan Judul ....................................................... 2

1.2 Tujuan dan Sasaran Pembahasan ............................................. 5

1.2.1 Tujuan Pembahasan ............................................................. 5

1.2.2 Sasaran Pembahasan ........................................................... 6

1.3 Lingkup Pembahasan ................................................................. 7

1.4 Metodologi Pembahasan ............................................................ 8

1.4.1 Metode Pengumpulan Data .................................................. 8

1.4.2 Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisa Data ............................. 10

1.4.3 Metoda Pemrograman ........................................................ 10

1.4.4 Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur ........................................ 11

1.5 Sistematika Pembahasan ......................................................... 13

1.5.1 BAB I : Pendahuluan .......................................................... 13

1.5.2 BAB II : Tinjauan Proyek .................................................... 13

1.5.3 BAB III : Analisis Pendekatan Program Arsitektur .......... 14

1.5.4 BAB IV : Program Arsitektur .............................................. 14

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1.5.5 BAB V : Kajian Teori ........................................................... 15

1.5.6 KEPUSTAKAAN .................................................................. 15

1.5.7 LAMPIRAN ........................................................................... 15

BAB II TINJAUAN PROYEK MUSEUM PERGERAKAN PEMUDA INDONESIA DI

JAKARTA 16

2.1 Tinjauan Umum ......................................................................... 16

2.1.1 Gambaran Umum ................................................................ 16

2.1.2 Latar Belakang .................................................................... 26

2.1.3 Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ............................................... 31

2.2 Tinjauan Khusus ....................................................................... 32

2.2.1 Terminologi ......................................................................... 32

2.2.2 Kegiatan (Pelaku, Fasilitas, dan Prasarana) ..................... 33

2.2.3 Spesifikasi dan Persyaratan Desain ................................. 55

2.2.4 Deskripsi Konteks Kota ..................................................... 57

2.2.5 Studi Kasus Proyek Sejenis............................................... 64

2.2.6 Permasalahan Desain ......................................................... 77

2.3 Kesimpulan, Batasan, dan Anggapan ..................................... 78

2.3.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................... 78

2.3.2 Batasan ................................................................................ 78

2.3.3 Anggapan ............................................................................ 79

BAB III ANALISA PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR MUSEUM

PERGERAKAN PEMUDA INDONESIA DI JAKARTA 80

3.1 Analisa Pendekatan Arsitektur ................................................ 80

3.1.1 Studi Aktivitas dan Kebutuhan Ruang .............................. 80

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3.1.2 Studi Fasilitas Bangunan ................................................... 93

3.2 Analisa Pendekatan Sistem Bangunan ................................. 141

3.2.1 Studi Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure ............................. 141

3.2.2 Studi Sistem Utilitas ......................................................... 167

3.3 Analisa Pendekatan Konteks Lingkungan ............................ 182

3.3.1 Analisis Pemilihan Lokasi ................................................ 182

3.3.2 Analisis Pemilihan Tapak ................................................. 185

BAB IV PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR MUSEUM PERGERAKAN PEMUDA INDONESIA

192

4.1 Konsep Program ..................................................................... 192

4.1.1 Aspek Citra ........................................................................ 192

4.1.2 Aspek Fungsi .................................................................... 193

4.1.3 Aspek Teknologi ............................................................... 194

4.2 Tujuan, Faktor Penentu, dan Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan194

4.2.1 Tujuan Perancangan ........................................................ 194

4.2.2 Faktor Penentu Perancangan .......................................... 195

4.2.3 Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan .................................... 198

4.3 Program Arsitektur .................................................................. 200

4.3.1 Program Kegiatan ............................................................. 200

4.3.2 Program Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure ........................ 202

4.3.3 Program Sistem Pembangunan ....................................... 206

4.3.4 Program Sistem Utilitas ................................................... 206

BAB V KAJIAN TEORI 210

5.1 Kajian Teori Penekanan/ Tema Desain Poetic Architecture 210

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5.1.1 Uraian Interpretasi dan Elaborasi Teori Tema Desain ... 210

5.1.2 Studi Preseden .................................................................. 216

5.1.3 Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Tema Desain ................ 222

5.2 Kajian Teori Permasalahan Dominan .................................... 223

5.3.1 Uraian Interpretasi dan Elaborasi Teori Permasalahan Dominan 223

5.3.2 Studi Preseden .................................................................. 235

5.3.3 Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Permasalahan Dominan241

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2. 1 Peta DKI Jakarta .................................................................................. 58

Gambar 2. 2 Peta Administrasi Kota Jakarta Pusat .................................................. 59

Gambar 2. 3 Lokasi Museum Sumpah Pemuda Terhadap Monas ............................ 65

Gambar 2. 4 Eksterior Museum Sumpah Pemuda beserta Penulis .......................... 65

Gambar 2. 5 Display Diorama dan Benda Kuno beserta Informasinya ..................... 67

Gambar 2. 6 Diorama Skala 1:1 ................................................................................ 68

Gambar 2. 7 Diorama Skala 1:10 .............................................................................. 69

Gambar 2. 8 Gambar WR Soepratman yang dicetak ulang ...................................... 70

Gambar 2. 9 Patung Torso Tembaga ........................................................................ 71

Gambar 2. 10 Fragmen Vinyl Rekaman .................................................................... 71

Gambar 2. 11 Ruang Terbuka ................................................................................... 72

Gambar 2. 12 Patung Monumen Sumpah Pemuda ................................................... 73

Gambar 2. 13 Bangunan Kantor Pengelola yang Bersebelahan dengan Museum

Secara Langsung ...................................................................................................... 74

Gambar 2. 14 Display di Salah Satu Ruangan Kecil ................................................. 75

Gambar 2. 15 Perangkat Buku Digital ....................................................................... 76

Gambar 3. 1 Pendekatan Jarak Pandang terhadap Objek Monumental ................. 102

Gambar 3. 2 Penataan Patung Monumental pada Hall of Fame ............................. 103

Gambar 3. 3 Pendekatan Jarak Pandang terhadap Lukisan ................................... 104

Gambar 3. 4 Penataan Lukisan pada Ruang Lukisan Peristiwa.............................. 104

Gambar 3. 5 Pendekatan Jarak Pandang terhadap Layar ...................................... 105

Gambar 3. 6 Penataan Layout pada Ruang Audio Visual ....................................... 106

Gambar 3. 7 Pendekatan Jarak Pandang terhadap Koleksi Kecil ........................... 107

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Gambar 3. 8 Pendekatan Jarak Pandang terhadap Koleksi Sedang ...................... 108

Gambar 3. 9 Pendekatan Jarak Pandang terhadap Koleksi Besar ......................... 109

Gambar 3. 10 Penataan Layout Pusat Komunitas Alternatif 1 ................................ 110

Gambar 3. 11 Penataan Layout Pusat Komunitas Alternatif 2 ................................ 111

Gambar 3. 12 Penataan Layout Pusat Komunitas Alternatif 3 ................................ 112

Gambar 3. 13 Penataan Layout Ruang Workshop .................................................. 113

Gambar 3. 14 Pendekatan Jarak Pandang terhadap Panggung Seminar ............... 114

Gambar 3. 15 Penataan Layout Ruang Seminar ..................................................... 114

Gambar 3. 16 Penataan Layout pada Ruang Pagelaran ......................................... 115

Gambar 3. 17 Retaining Wall Jenis Sheet Pile ........................................................ 150

Gambar 3. 18 Pelaksanaan Konstruksi Diaphragma Wall ....................................... 152

Gambar 3. 19 Extention Jenis Grab Digging Bucket ............................................... 153

Gambar 3. 20 Konstruksi Lantai Sistem Flat Slab ................................................... 154

Gambar 3. 21 Konstruksi Lantai Jenis Waffle Slab ................................................. 155

Gambar 3. 22 Konstruksi Lantai Jenis One Way Slab ............................................. 156

Gambar 3. 23 Material Penutup Lantai Jenis Parket ............................................... 158

Gambar 3. 24 Material Penutup Lantai Jenis Keramik ............................................ 159

Gambar 3. 25 Material Penutup Lantai Jenis Ubin PC ............................................ 160

Gambar 3. 26 Material Penutup Lantai Jenis Beton Ekspos ................................... 161

Gambar 3. 27 Dinding Batu Bata Merah ................................................................. 162

Gambar 3. 28 Dinding Beton ................................................................................... 163

Gambar 3. 29 Material Plafon Jenis Kayu ............................................................... 164

Gambar 3. 30 Material Plafon Jenis Perforated Metal ............................................. 165

Gambar 3. 31 Copper Roof Cladding ...................................................................... 166

Gambar 3. 32 Zinc Roof Cladding ........................................................................... 167

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Gambar 3. 33 Roof Daylighting System .................................................................. 169

Gambar 3. 34 Side-Lighting System ........................................................................ 170

Gambar 3. 35 AC Split ............................................................................................ 171

Gambar 3. 36 Jenis-jenis Alat Pemadam Api Ringan .............................................. 181

Gambar 3. 37 Hydrant Box ...................................................................................... 181

Gambar 3. 38 Alternatif Tapak 1 ............................................................................. 187

Gambar 3. 39 Alternatif Tapak 2 ............................................................................. 189

Gambar 5. 1 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth ..................................................... 217

Gambar 5. 2 Kejujuran Material pada Museum Fort Worth ..................................... 218

Gambar 5. 3 Dialog Material pada Museum Fort Worth .......................................... 218

Gambar 5. 4 Kejujuran Struktur ............................................................................... 219

Gambar 5. 5 Jewish Museum .................................................................................. 220

Gambar 5. 6 Permainan Gelap Terang dan Skala pada Jewish Museum ............... 221

Gambar 5. 7 Implementasi Mimesis pada Fasad Bangunan ................................... 221

Gambar 5. 8 Penerapan Direct & Exaggerated Lighting ......................................... 227

Gambar 5. 9 Penerapan Direct & Dramatic Lighting ............................................... 228

Gambar 5. 10 Penerapan Direct & Screened Lighting ............................................ 229

Gambar 5. 11 Penerapan Partially Direct Lighting .................................................. 229

Gambar 5. 12 Penrapan Direct Lighting .................................................................. 230

Gambar 5. 13 Penerapan Selectively Direct Lighting .............................................. 231

Gambar 5. 14 Penerapan Direct/Indirect ................................................................. 232

Gambar 5. 15 Penerapan Spatial Indirect ............................................................... 233

Gambar 5. 16 Penerapan Indirect Lighting .............................................................. 234

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Gambar 5. 17 Penerapan Indirect & Diffuse ............................................................ 234

Gambar 5. 18 Kimbell Art Museum ......................................................................... 236

Gambar 5. 19 Penggunaan Reflector untuk Menyebarkan Cahaya Alami ke

Bangunan ................................................................................................................ 236

Gambar 5. 20 Atmosfer Elegan yang Diciptakan oleh Cahaya Alami ...................... 237

Gambar 5. 21 Gereja Saint Pierre de Firminy ......................................................... 238

Gambar 5. 22 Cahaya Matahari Menciptakan Suasana Sakral ............................... 239

Gambar 5. 23 Penggunaan Direct & Screened dalam Gereja ................................. 240

Gambar 5. 24 Bukaan Cahaya Sekaligus Elemen Estetis ....................................... 241

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2. 1 Pengelompokan Fasilitas ......................................................................... 43

Tabel 2. 2 Sarana pada Fasilitas Museum ................................................................ 52

Tabel 2. 3 Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Kecamatan di Jakarta Pusat 2011-2016 ....... 60

Tabel 2. 4 Data Angin Kota Jakarta Pusat Tahun 2015 ............................................ 63

Tabel 2. 5 Suhu Udara Kota Jakarta Pusat Berdasarkan Bulan ................................ 64

Tabel 3. 1 Pendekatan Kebutuhan Ruang Pengunjung ............................................ 80

Tabel 3. 2 Pendekatan Ruang Kebutuhan Pengelola ................................................ 82

Tabel 3. 3 Waktu Operasional Bangunan .................................................................. 92

Tabel 3. 4 Tabel Pendekatan Jumlah Pengelola ....................................................... 93

Tabel 3. 5 Data Pengunjung Museum Nasional di Jakarta ........................................ 98

Tabel 3. 6 Kebutuhan Luas Ruang .......................................................................... 116

Tabel 4. 1 Program Ruang ...................................................................................... 200

Tabel 4. 2 Perhitungan Luas Bangunan .................................................................. 202

Tabel 5. 1 Skala Ruang terhadap Kesan Ruang ..................................................... 216