Aparatus VestibularisInformasi penting untuk sensasi keseimbanganKoordinasi gerakan kepala dengan gerakan2 mata dan Postur tubuhMengandung endolimfe dan dikelilingi perilimfe2 sel struktur : UtrikulusSakulusKanalis SemisrkularisOrgan Otolit :

Mendeteksi akselerasi/ deselerasi anguler rotasional kepalaGerakan endolimfe

Mainly function of taste buds in the mouthCombination of 5 sensation :Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umamiUmamiA taste associated with amino acid glutamate and some nucleotides MSG

SUBSTANCE EVOKING PRIMARY TASTE SENSATIONS

CAN BE SENSED IN PHARYNX, PALATE, EPIGLOTTISBASIC TASTE MODALITIESSWEET: AT THE TOP OF THE TOUNGESOUR: ALONG EDGE OF THE TOUNGESALT: DORSUM ANTERIORLY OF THE TOUNGEBITTER: BACK OF THE TOUNGE

Diameter 1/30 mm, length 1/16 mmLife span of each taste cell 10 days

Receptor of Taste

Sweet resceptor: Activate adenyl cyclase (via heterometric G protein) > cAMP, reduces K conductance depolarization Alpha gusducin > cAMPBitter:alpha gusducin activates phosphodiesterase cAMP intracelular

FLAVOR-includes an element pain stimulation (hot)-smell play important role-texture-temperatureABNORMALITIES1. AGEUSIA (absence of the sense of taste)2. HYPOGEUSIA (diminished taste sensitivity)3. DYSGEUSIA (disturbed sense of taste) some drugs:captopril, penicilinamine-- loss of taste sensation.